EEE4016 Electric Vehicles

Contents

What is HEV?

HEV introduction

EV dynamics
The Vehicle drive train (ICE) configuration

How to calculate range and cost?

3
What is HEV?
• A hybrid vehicle combines any two power (energy) sources.
• Possible combinations include diesel/electric, gasoline/fly wheel, and
fuel cell (FC)/battery.
• Typically, one energy source is storage, and the other is conversion of
a fuel to energy.
• The combination of two power sources may support two separate
propulsion systems.
• Thus to be a True hybrid, the vehicle must have at least two modes of
propulsion.
ICE/ HEV/ EV
HEVs are a combination of electrical and mechanical components

Conventional Hybrid Battery Electric

Fuel Battery Fuel Battery

Motor/
Engine Motor/
Engine
Generator Generator

Transmission Transmission Transmission

HEV

 Three main sources of electricity for hybrids are batteries, FCs, and
capacitors.
 Each device has a low cell voltage, and, hence, requires many cells
in series to obtain the voltage demanded by an HEV.

Difference in the source of Energy can be explained as:

• The FC provides high energy but low power.

• The battery supplies both modest power and energy.
• The capacitor supplies very large power but low energy.
 HEV
• The Electric Vehicle (EV) has an M/G which
allows regenerative braking for an EV
• For the HEV, the M/G is tucked directly behind
the engine.
Battery Fuel
• In Honda hybrids, the M/G is connected
directly to the engine.
• The transmission appears next in line. Motor/
Generator
Engine

• This arrangement has two torque producers;

the M/G in motor mode, and the gasoline
Transmission
engine.
• The battery and M/G are connected
electrically.
Merging of EV as HEV
Merging of EV as HEV

• Engineers recognized that the good features of the

gasoline engine could be combined with those of the
electric motor to produce a superior car.
• A marriage of the two yields the hybrid automobile.
 Current Models of HEVs
•Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
•Honda Accord Hybrid
•Honda Civic Hybrid
•Ford Escape Hybrid
•GMC Silverado Hybrid
•GMC Sierra Hybrid
•Toyota Prius
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•Lexus 400h
 Disadvantages of HEVs
Emissions reduced, but not emission-free

HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) – they

produce zero emissions only when engine is not running

 More expensive than conventional Vehicles

 Motion and dynamic equations for vehicles
• The fundamentals of vehicle design involve the basic principles of physics,
specially the Newton's second law of motion.
• The propulsion unit of the vehicle delivers the force necessary to move the
vehicle forward.
• This force of the propulsion unit helps the vehicle to overcome the resisting
forces due to gravity, air and tire resistance.
• The acceleration of the vehicle depends on:

the power delivered by the propulsion unit

the road conditions
the aerodynamics of the vehicle
the composite mass of the vehicle
Dynamic equations
When the vehicle moves, it encounters a resistive force that
tries to retard its motion. The resistive forces are

Rolling resistance
Aerodynamic drag
Uphill resistance
Rolling resistance
• The rolling resistance of tires on hard surfaces is due to hysteresis in
the tire material. In Figure 2 a tire at standstill is shown. On this tyre a
force (P), is acting at its centre. The pressure in the contact area
between the tire and the ground is distributed symmetrically to the
centre line and the resulting reaction force (Pz) is aligned along P.
rolling resistance moment
• The moment produced by forward shift of the resultant ground
reaction force is called rolling resistance moment (Figure 4a) and can
expressed as
Fr
• To keeps the wheel rolling, a force Fr, acting on the centre of the
wheel is required to balance this rolling resistant moment. This force
is expressed as
Fr
Coefficient of RR
Aerodynamic drag
• A vehicle traveling at a particular speed in air encounters a force
resisting its motion. This force is known as aerodynamic drag. The
main causes of aerodynamic drag are:
• shape drag
• skin effect
Shape drag
• The shape drag is due to the shape of the vehicle. The forward motion of
the vehicle pushes the air in front of it.
• However, the air cannot instantaneously move out of the way and its
pressure is thus increased.
• This results in high air pressure in the front of the vehicle. The air behind
the vehicle cannot instantaneously fill the space left by the forward motion
of the vehicle.
• This creates a zone of low air pressure. Hence, the motion of the vehicle
creates two zones of pressure.
• The high pressure zone in the front of the vehicle opposes its movement by
pushing.
• On the other hand, the low pressure zone developed at the rear of the
vehicle opposes its motion by pulling it backwards.
Shape drag
Skin effect
• The air close to the skin of the vehicle moves almost at the speed of
the vehicle while the air away from the vehicle remains still.
• Between these two layers (the air layer moving at the vehicle speed
and the static layer) the molecules move at a wide range of speeds.
• The difference in speed between two air molecules produces friction.
• This friction results in the second component of aerodynamic drag
and it is known as skin effect.
Skin effect
Grading or Uphill resistance
• When a vehicle goes up or down a slope, its weight produces a
component of force that is always directed downwards, Figure 5.
• This force component opposes the forward motion, i.e. the grade
climbing.
• When the vehicle goes down the grade, this force component aids the
vehicle motion. The grading resistance can be expressed as
Grading resistance
Fg
Road Resistance
• In some literature, the tire rolling resistance and the grading
resistance taken together and is called road resistance. The road
resistance is expressed as
Acceleration resistance
• In addition to the driving resistance occurring in steady state motion,
inertial forces also occur during acceleration and braking. The total
mass of the vehicle and the inertial mass of those rotating parts of
the drive accelerated or braked are the factors influencing the
resistance to acceleration:
Total driving resistance
• The traction force (Ft) required at the drive wheels is made up of the
driving resistance forces and is defined as
Mechanical drive train

An automotive drive train is shown in Figure 1. It consists of

• a power plant
• a clutch in a manual transmission or a torque converter in automatic
transmission
• a gear box
• final drive
• differential shaft
• driven wheels

3
Mechanical drive train

3
 Mechanical drive train
• The torque and rotating speed from the output shaft of the power plant are
transmitted to the driven wheels through the clutch or torque converter,
gearbox, final drive, differential and drive shaft.
• The clutch is used in manual transmission to couple or decouple the
gearbox to the power plant.
• The torque converter in an automatic transmission is hydrodynamic device,
functioning as the clutch in manual transmission with a continuously
variable gear ratio.
• The gearbox supplies a few gear ratios from its input shaft to its output
shaft for the power plant torque-speed profile to match the requirements
of the load.
• The final drive is usually a pair of gears that supply a further speed
reduction and distribute the torque to each wheel through the differential.
3
Vehicle power plant
Vehicle power plant There are two limiting factors to the maximum
tractive effort of the vehicle:
• Maximum tractive effort that the tire-ground contact can support
• Tractive effort that the maximum torque of the power plant can
produce with the given driveline gear ratios.

• The smaller of these factors will determine the performance potential

of the vehicle. Usually it is the second factor that limits the vehicles
performance. The classification of various types of power plants used
in a vehicle is shown in Figure 2.
 Various types of power plants
The classification of various types of power plants used in a vehicle is
shown in Figure 2

3
 Suitable power plant

In selecting a suitable power plant, the following

factors are considered:
• Operating performance
• Economy
• Environment friendliness

3
Ideal performance characteristic of the power
plant
• For vehicular applications, the ideal performance characteristic of a
power plant is constant power output over the full speed range.
Consequently, the torque varies hyperbolically with respect to speed
as shown in Figure 3.
• This ideal performance characteristic of the power plant will ensure
that the maximum power is available at any vehicle speed, thus
resulting in optimal vehicle performance.
Ideal performance characteristic of the power
plant
Shortcomings of ICE Vehicles
Internal combustion engines today drive most of the automobiles. These
internal combustion engines work either on the principle of spark ignition or
diesel principle. In addition to the many advantages of the internal
combustion engine, such as high power to weight ratio and relatively
compact energy storage, it has three fundamental disadvantages:
• Unlike the electric motors, the internal combustion engine cannot
produce torque at zero speed.
• The internal combustion engine produces maximum power at a certain
engine speed.
• The efficiency of the engine, i.e. its fuel consumption, is very much
dependent on the operating point in the engine’s performance map.
Vehicle performance (FoM)
The performance of a vehicle is determined by the following factors:
• Maximum cruising speed
• Grade ability
• Acceleration
Maximum Cruising Speed
• The maximum speed of a vehicle is defined as the constant cruising
speed that the vehicle can achieve with full power plant load on a flat
road.
• The maximum speed of a vehicle is determined by the equilibrium
between the tractive effort of the vehicle and the resistance and
maximum speed of the power plant and gear ratios of the
transmission.
Gradeability
• Gradeability is defined as the grade angle that the vehicle can
negotiate at a certain constant speed.
• For heavy commercial vehicles the gradeability is usually defined as
the maximum grade angle that the vehicle can overcome in the whole
speed range.
Acceleration Performance
• The acceleration of a vehicle is defined by its acceleration time and
distance covered from zero speed to a certain high speed on a level
ground.
 Range

What is the range?---Km/Charge

40kwh energy capacity of the battery

20kw to run the vehicle at 50km/h
Then battery can release 20 kw for 2 hours
Then range is 50*2= 100km/charge

3
 Cost analysis
EV
Conventional vehicle
40kwh with 120km range
Avg milage 15km/lt One kwh—rs 8
One lt=rs 65 320 rs for 120km
4.3rs/km 2.6 rs/km