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Module 3-Mathematical Preliminaries: Sets and Relations

1. This module introduces fundamental mathematical concepts for data analysis, including sets, relations, matrices, and vectors. 2. Students are expected to learn to define sets and relations, perform matrix operations like addition and multiplication, and identify whether a matrix has an inverse. 3. Key concepts covered include the Cartesian product of sets, binary relations, sequences, strings, vectors, and common matrix operations like transpose, scalar multiplication, and exponentiation.

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Aerol Magpile
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53 views

Module 3-Mathematical Preliminaries: Sets and Relations

1. This module introduces fundamental mathematical concepts for data analysis, including sets, relations, matrices, and vectors. 2. Students are expected to learn to define sets and relations, perform matrix operations like addition and multiplication, and identify whether a matrix has an inverse. 3. Key concepts covered include the Cartesian product of sets, binary relations, sequences, strings, vectors, and common matrix operations like transpose, scalar multiplication, and exponentiation.

Uploaded by

Aerol Magpile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 6200 / Data Analyis

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Module 3-Mathematical Preliminaries

At the end of this module, you as and are expected t0:


1. Define sets and relations
2. Perform operations on matrices.
3. Identify the inverse of a matrix.

Sets and Relations


  set-collection of objects referred to as elements. The elements making up a set are assumed to be distinct

empty set or null set or void set  -set with no elements denoted by {    }   

equal sets-sets having identical elements

disjoint sets  -sets having no common element/s

Cartesian product of two sets-set of all the ordered pair of  sets X and Y

Ex. X={ 1,2}    Y={a,b} then X  x Y={[1,a},{1,b},{2,a},{2,b}}

Relation-elements of the first set relate to the elements of a second set

A  binary relation    R  is  a subset of the cartesian product of the two sets

Domain-the set of all  values in the first set (X) 

Range-the set of all values  in the second set (Y)

Ex. Let X= { 2,3,4}      Y={3,4,5,6,7}

(x,y) is an element of R if x divides y

R= { (2,4),(2,6),(3,3), (3,6),(4,4)}

Domain is {2,3,4} 

  Range is    {3,4,6}

Sequence-is a special type of a function  in which the domain is a set of consecutive integers

A string over X  ,where X is a finite set is  a finite sequence of elements from X
Course Module
Ex. X={ a,b,c}  then a string may be  baac or acab, Order is taken into account

Repetitions in a string can be specified by superscriipts for example the string  bbaaac may be written
b^2a^3c

null string-string with no elements  indicated by  λ

X^*-denote the t set of strings over X including the null string

X^+  -denote the set of all non null strings over X

The length of a    string      α is denoted by  /α/ which refers to the number of elements

Ex. if    α=aabab   and    β=a^3b^4a^32 then

/    α /=5      and        /β/=39

the string consisting of    α  followed by      β  written      α    β is called their  concatenation

A string      β  is a substring of the string  α  if there are strings  γ  and  δ with    α =  γβ  δ

Vector Algebra
matrix- rectangular array of data represented by capital letters. If A is a matrix the number of m rows
and n columns determines the size written as m x n.  It is either enclosed by parenthesis or bracket.

Operations:

Addition and Subtraction of matrices: It can only be made possible if the matrices are of the same
size. Addition and subtraction is done by adding and subtracting corresponding entries.

Scalar Multiplication: Obtained by multiplying a fixed number to each entry.

Multiplication of matrices:  To multiply any two matrices ,the number of columns of the first must be
equal to the number of rows of the second. A matrix  with a size of  3x2 and a 2x3 yields a 3x3 matrix

Transpose of a matrix: If the entries in the rows and columns are interchanged.Uses the symbol A^T.

Matrix raised to an exponent p:  M^p is equal to the matrix product taken p times

Inverse of a matrix: It exist if and only if  the the matrix is invertible such that ad-bc is not equal to 0.

However the inverse does not exist if the matrix is NOT invertible.
Math 6200 / Data Analyis
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References and Supplementary Materials


Books and Journals
1. Sanjiv Ranjan Das; 2016; Data Science :Theories ,Models ,Algorithms and Analytics ; S.
R. Das
2. Richard Johnsonbough; 2005; Introduction to Discrete Mathematics; Pearson
Education South Asia Pacific

Course Module

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