MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES

ENGR. JOHN PHILIP T. NADAL III

Instructor 1
SIMPLE STRESS:
Simple stress are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the
resisting area or:
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝝈=
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are
subjected to external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately
describe and predict the deformation of a body.

Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress.
Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional
area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be
tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being stressed by
two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the
resisting area. Example of which is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its anchor.
Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis which
is called torsion. Another type of simple stress is bearing stress, wherein it is the
contact pressure between two bodies.
Normal Stresses
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is
the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi,
now in N/mm2 or MPa.
𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum
stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to

pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members
(members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.
 Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to
pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members
(members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other
hand will tend to lengthen the member.

Example 1:
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a
bronze section and a steel section as shown in the figure 1.1 below. Axial loads are
applied at the positions indicated. Determine the stress in each section.

Figure 1.1
Solution:
To calculate the stresses, we must first determine the axial load in each section.
The appropriate free-body diagrams are shown in figure 1.2 below from which we
determine Pbr=4000 lb (tension) and Pst=7000 lb (compression).

Figure 1.2

The stresses in each section are:

4000 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑏𝑟 = = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (tension) Note that neither the lengths
1.2 𝑖𝑛2
nor the materials from which
5000 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (compression) the sections are made after
1.8 𝑖𝑛2
calculations of the stresses.
7000 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = 𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (compression)
1.6 𝑖𝑛2
 Example 2:
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400
kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.

Solution:
Given:
𝑃 = 400 𝑘𝑁 = 400000𝑁
𝜎 = 120 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝜋
𝐴 = (𝐷 2 − 𝑑 2 )
4

𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
𝑁 𝜋 2 2
400 000 𝑁 = 120 𝐷 − 10 000 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚2 4
Solving for outside diameter, D:
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎

Figure 1.3
 Example 3:
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig.
Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze
and 120 MPa in steel.

For bronze cable:

Figure 1.4 𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜎𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟
Solution: 90 𝑁
By symmetry: 3924 𝑁 = 𝐴
Free-Body Diagram: 𝑚𝑚2 𝑏𝑟
1
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = (7848 𝑁) 𝑨𝒃𝒓 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐
2
For steel cable:
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 3924 𝑁
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 3924 𝑁 120 𝑁
3924 𝑁 = 𝐴𝑏𝑟
𝑚𝑚2
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
1. The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. 1.5 is supported by a smooth pin at C and a
cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if
its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb. (Answer: 10458.72 psi)

Figure 1.5
2.) A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze
sections, as shown in Fig. 1.6. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P = 3000
lb and the cross-sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in each section.
(Answer: 𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒔𝒊; 𝝈𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒔𝒊; 𝝈𝒃𝒓 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒔𝒊)

Figure 1.6
3.) An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in
Fig. 1.7. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P
that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of
100 MPa. (Answer: 10000 N)

Figure 1.7
Shear Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to
tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area
on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress. Figure 1.8 shows
the two types of shear stress namely single shear and double shear.
𝑽
𝜏=
𝑨
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area
A being sheared.

Figure 1.8
Example 4:
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The
shear strength is 350 MN/m2
Solution:
The resisting area is the shaded area along the
perimeter and the shear force V is equal to the
punching force P.
𝑽 𝑁
𝜏 = 𝑨; 𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴 = 350 𝑚𝑚2
(𝜋)(25 𝑚𝑚)(20𝑚𝑚)

𝜏 = 𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝟕𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟏 𝑵 = 𝟓𝟒𝟗. 𝟖 𝒌𝑵

Example 5:
As in Fig. 1.9, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in
which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine
the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.
Solution: a.) Maximum thickness of plate:
Based on puncher strength:
𝑙𝑏 𝜋
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴 = 50 000 2
2.5 𝑖𝑛 2
𝑖𝑛 4
= 245 436.93 𝑙𝑏 (equivalent shear force of the plate)
Based on shear strength of plate:
𝑉 𝑙𝑏 245 436.93 𝑙𝑏
𝜏= ; 40 000 2 = ; 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒊𝒏
Figure 1.9 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝜋(2.5 𝑖𝑛)(𝑡)
b.) Diameter of smallest hole:
Based on compression of puncher:
𝑙𝑏 𝜋 2
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴 = 50 000 𝑑 = 12 500𝜋𝑑 2 (equivalent shear force for plate)
𝑖𝑛2 4

Based on shearing of plate:

𝑉 𝑙𝑏 12 500𝜋𝑑 2
𝜏 = ; 40 000 2 = ; 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝒊𝒏
𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝜋(𝑑)(0.25 𝑖𝑛)
Example 6:
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1.10 if
P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
Solution:

The bolt is subject to double shear.

𝑉
𝜏 = ; 𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴
𝐴
1000 𝑁 𝑁 𝜋 2
400 𝑘𝑁 = 300 (2) 𝑑
Figure 1.10 1𝑘𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 4
𝒅 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒎
Example 6:
A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mm-diameter
shaft by a 70-mm-long key, as shown in Fig. 1.11 If a torque T = 2.2 kN·m is applied to
the shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa.
Solution:

Figure 1.11
𝑇 = 0.03𝐹
2.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = (0.03 𝑚)𝐹
𝐹 = 73.33 𝑘𝑁
𝑉
𝜏= ; 𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴
𝐴
1000 𝑁 𝑁
73.33 𝑘𝑁 = 60 70 𝑚𝑚 (𝑏)
1𝑘𝑁 𝑚𝑚2

𝒃 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎
Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
𝑷𝒃
𝝈𝒃 =
𝑨𝒃
 Example 6:
In Fig. 1.12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110
mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b)
the largest average tensile stress in the plates.

Figure 1.12
Solution:
a.) From shearing of rivet:
a.) Largest average tensile stress:
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
𝑁 𝜋
= 60 2 (20𝑚𝑚)2 = 18849.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 18849.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = σ(7.85)(110 − 20)
𝑚𝑚 4
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝒑𝒂
From bearing of plate material:
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏
18849.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎(20𝑡)
𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Example 7:
The lap joint shown in Fig. 1.13 is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate
the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited
to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load
is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

Figure 1.12
Solution:
Based on shearing of rivet: Based on bearing of plates:
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏

𝑙𝑏 𝜋 3
2 𝑙𝑏 3 7
𝑃 = 14000 2 4 𝑖𝑛. 𝑃 = 18000 4 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛 4 4 𝑖𝑛2 4 8

𝑃 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒍𝒃 𝑃 = 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃

∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒍𝒃