C Programming

Introduction

week 1: Setting up
environment
 Introduction
• C Programming practice in UNIX
(LINUX) environment
• Methods to write and execute simple
programs in C language
• Basic grammar
• Usage of functions in standard
libraries.

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 Some Rules to be Followed
• Attendance is mandatory.
• Regular assignments should be done
fully in the lab class.
• If you face any problems catching
up, draw the attention of one of the
teachers.

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 Environment and tools
• Operating System: Linux Fedora 8.
• Programming language: C
• Compiler: gcc
• Editor : emacs
• Window manager: KDE / Gnome

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 Linux login
• You have already
your account and
password

• Use them to open

a working
session, then
setting up your
directory, editor
and compiler.

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Linux file system
• Structured like an
upside-down tree.
• Directories / sub-
directories: Special
files used for
grouping. The Root
directory is /
• Each user has a
home directory: ~
or home/userid

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 Important Directories and
Files
• The root - /
/root – Home directory for root
/boot – static files of the boot loader
/bin – files needed to boot the system
/sbin – /usr/sbin
system admin. utilities
/dev – device files
/etc – admin. and configuration files

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 Open a command window
• Click on Terminal icon (or press Alt-
F2: type xterm or konsole)
• Then you can use Linux commands.
• You may create other windows from
the first one by typing xterm &

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 Some Linux Commands
• ls: Lists the directory contents.
• pwd: Show current working directory.
• cd: Change working directory.
• mkdir : Make directories.
• cp : Copy files and directories.
• cat: view the content of a file.
• mv : Move / rename files.
• man: Display on-line manual pages.
• which: print the directory contain the command.
which gcc

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 Exercise
• Go to your home directory
• Create a directory named Cprogramming
• Then a subdirectory of Cprogramming:
week1
• In this session, your files will be stored in
this directory.
• And in the ~/Cprogramming/week2 for the
next session, and so on.
• Organize well your files in each week
during this course.
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Steps in Running a Program
Emacs A file on
C program
disc, say
on paper Editor hedspi.c
or in your
head

C Compiler
gcc
The
executable
file a.out Library
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 Start the emacs Editor
• Select a window and enter the command
emacs & or emacs –nw
• To use Emacs to edit a file, type:
emacs filename

• An emacs window is created. You can

select the font size. You can now type in a
program.
• To close the emacs window
– Select menu Files of emacs
– Select exit emacs
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GUI of Emacs

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 GUI of Emacs
• The display in Emacs is divided into three
basic areas.
• The top area is called the text window. The text
window takes up most of the screen, and is where
the document being edited appears.
• Below the text window, there is a single mode line (in
reverse type). The mode line gives information about
the document, and about the Emacs session.
• The bottom line of the Emacs display is called the
minibuffer. The minibuffer holds space for commands
that you give to Emacs, and displays status
information.

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 Emacs Commands
• Emacs uses Control and Escape (or
Alt) characters to distinguish editor
commands from text to be inserted in
the buffer.
– Control-x means to hold down the control
key, and type the letter x.
(You don't need to capitalize the x, or any
other control character)
– [ESCAPE] x means to press the escape key
down, release it, and then type x.
– Abreviation: C-x for Ctrl-X and M-x means
Meta-x
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Emacs commands for a file
• Find and open a file
– C-x C-f file_name
– You can use TAB key to view the list of file in
current directory
– When you tape a character, all files whose
name start with this character will be
displayed.
• Save a file as you are working on it, type:
– C-x C-s
• Exit emacs: C-x C-c

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 Moving Around
• The arrow keys on the keyboard
work for moving around one line or
one character at a time.
• Some navigation commands:
• Move to the Top of the file: M-<
• Move to the End of the file: M->
• Next screen (page down): C-v
• Previous screen (page up): M-v
• Start of the current line: C-a
• End of the current line: C-e
• Forward one word: M-f
• Backward one word: M-b
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 Type Text
• Once you move the cursor to the
location in the file where you want to
do some editing, you can just start
typing - just like in an ordinary word
processor.

• The delete key should work to

remove characters and inserted text
will push existing text over.

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 Cut, Copy, and Paste
• You can delete or move blocks of text.
– First move the cursor to the beginning (or
end) of the block of text.
– Then set a mark with: C-spacebar
– Now move to the other end of the block of
text and Delete or Copy the block:
• Delete: C-w
• Copy: M-w
– To Paste a copied block, move to the new
location and insert with : C-y

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 Another userful commands
• C-g: keyboard-quit (stop a comman which
is taking too long)
• C-x 1 One window (i.e., show only one
window)
• C-x 2 Splits the screen into two windows
• C-x o Move the cursor to the bottom
window.
• C-x b Switch to buffer
• C-s search a string
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 Exercise 1.2 : Emacs
Configuration
• In the Emacs command line, find and
open ~/.emacs
• Add the following line to configure Emacs
as you want (use the command as much
as possible).
• Set font
(global-font-lock-mode 1 t)
• Set time and Date
(setq display-time-day-and-date t)

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 Exercise: Emacs
Configuration
• Set working mode for C coding
(defun linux-c-mode ()
"C mode with adjusted defaults for use
with the Linux kernel."
(interactive)
(c-mode)
(c-set-style "K&R")
(setq tab-width 8)
(setq indent-tabs-mode t)
(setq c-basic-offset 8))
• Save the change, and restart emacs

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 Exercise 1.3: Edit your first
program
• Use emacs to open a new file name hello.c in
your ~/Cprogramming/week1
• Enter the following line:
/* Your name – your class */
/* This is my first program in C */

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("Welcome to C Programming Introduction.\n");
}

• Save file.

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Exercise 1.4 Creating simple
algorithm
• Write an algorithm for choosing clothes
to wear for different activities
involving different weather conditions
(e.g., going to the beach when it is hot,
skiing in the snow, etc.). The algorithm
should make it clear how the choice of
clothes depends on the weather and the
activity, and should be able to cope with a
range of weather conditions.
• Hint: Use selection.
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Exercise 1.5 Creating simple
algorithm
• Suppose that you have been given a
$100 music store gift voucher. Write
an algorithm for buying some CDs
with the voucher.
• Hint: Use selection and iteration.

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