Post task - Final activity

Individual work

ALEJANDRO IMBACHI BOLAÑOS

203058_27

76.333.387

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

The following work is a compilation of exercises from other workshops, which begins with

the calculation of loss tangent for waves in a single medium combining this with some basic

geometry.

The second point is a clear example of Snell's law combined with loss tangent and basic

geometry.

Finally, the last one is a new topic, which deals with transmission networks and all the

variables that imply having an account for the development of the objectives.
 Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group

number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 763 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a ship to

a receiver located at 𝑝 = 1 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an advance angle of

𝑎 = (5 + 27)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to reach the receiver.

For development, follow the following steps:

a) Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿).

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜

identifying the environment as seawater, the following table lists the necessary data

Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]

1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1

2. Sea water 4 80

3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14

4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3

5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80

𝛆𝐨 = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

for Sweet water we have to:

 𝜎 = 1.00𝑥10−3

εr = 80

And:

𝛆𝐨 = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

𝑓 = 763𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 7.63 ∗ 108 𝐻𝑧

𝜎 𝜎 1.00𝑥10−3 𝑆⁄𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 763 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 ⁄𝑁𝑚2

= 0.0002944869737

𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (0.0002944803218) = 0.0168724791014°

 b) Classify the behavior of the medium.

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

(Dielectrics with
3. Dissipative dielectrics 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
losses)

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

It's in the Good Insulators = Lost low dielectric

c) Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽.

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors

 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

Propagation constant  (gamma).

  = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 √𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟

 = 𝑗 2 𝜋 763𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 √1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁⁄𝐴2 ∗ 1 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 ⁄N𝑚2 ∗ 80

 = 143.0285024𝑗

Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

 = 𝜎 𝜂⁄2 = 𝜎 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 ⁄2 = 𝜎 √𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 ⁄𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 ⁄2

 = 1.00𝑥10−3 𝑆⁄𝑚 √1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁⁄𝐴2 ∗ 1 / 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 ⁄N𝑚2 ∗ 80 ⁄2

= 0.0210𝑁𝑃/𝑚

Phase constant  (Beta).

 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 = 2𝜋𝑓√𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟

 = 2 𝜋 763𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 √1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁⁄𝐴2 ∗ 1 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 ⁄N𝑚2 ∗ 80

= 143.028 𝑅𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚
 d) Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave.

𝜔 2𝜋𝑓 2 𝜋 7.63𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
𝑣𝑝 = = = = 3.351𝑥10−7 𝑚⁄𝑠.
𝛽 𝛽 143.028𝑅𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚

Calculate the distance between the ship and the receiver 𝑑.

𝑝
cos(𝑎) =
𝑑
𝑝
𝑑=
cos(𝑎)

1
𝑑=
cos(450 )

𝑑 = 1.41𝑘𝑚

e) Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route.

Figure 1: wave propagation in open media.

Image recovered from https://www.ee.co.za/article/new-economics-marine-
environmental-monitoring.html

𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡
𝑑
𝑡=
𝑣
1410𝑚
𝑡=
3.351𝑥10−7 𝑚/𝑠
 𝑡 = 4.207 ∗ 109

2. From an airplane, which is 1250 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 = 763 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is

emitted to a submarine that is 800 𝑚 deep, the angle of incidence of the signal on the

sea surface is 𝑎 = (5 + 27)°. Determine the time it takes for the signal to reach the

submarine.

Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.

Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/
characteristics-of-sound-wavesamplitude/
For development, follow the following steps:

a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea 𝑑1 .

𝑑1
𝑑1 =
sin

1250𝑚
𝑑1 =
sin(450 )

𝑑1 = 1767.2𝑚

b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (𝑉𝑝 = 𝐶𝑜/𝑛)

𝐶𝑜
𝑉𝑝1 =
𝑛

3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝1 =
1

𝑉𝑝1 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.

𝑛1 sin(𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 )

𝑛1 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1

𝑛2 = seawhater = 1,5

𝜃1 = 900 − 450 = 450

𝑠𝑒𝑛(450 )
sin(𝜃2 ) = = 0. .471
1.5

𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (0,471) = 𝜃2 = 28.10

d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the submarine.

ℎ2
𝑑2 =
sin(θ)

800𝑚
𝑑2 =
sin(28.10 )

𝑑2 = 1698.4𝑚
e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave 𝑉𝑝2 at sea (it is 𝑉𝑝 from exercise 1).

𝜔
𝑉𝑝2 =
𝛽

2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓
𝑉𝑝2 =
143.028

2𝜋 ∗ 7.63 ∗ 10−6
𝑉𝑝2 =
143.028

𝑉𝑝2 = 3.351 ∗ 10−7 𝑚/𝑠

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path (𝑡1 = 𝑑1 /𝑉𝑝1 ).

𝑑1
𝑡1 =
𝑉𝑝1

1767.2𝑚
𝑡1 =
3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡1 = 5.89 ∗ 10−6

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path.

𝑑2
𝑡2 =
𝑉𝑝2

1698.4𝑚
𝑡2 =
3.351 ∗ 10−7 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡2 = 5.068 ∗ 109 𝑠

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2.

𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

𝑡 = 5.89 ∗ 10−6 𝑠 + 5.068 ∗ 109 𝑠

𝑡 = 5.068 ∗ 109 𝑠
3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 75Ω, a length of

𝐿 = 5𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is connected to an

antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into account that 𝑉𝑝 =

3𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:

a. Wavelength 𝜆.

𝑉𝑝
𝜆=
𝑓

3𝑥107
𝜆=
5.0 ∗ 108

𝜆 = 0.15𝑚

b. Electrical length ℓ.

𝐿
ℓ = 2𝜋
𝜆

5𝑚
ℓ = 2𝜋
0.15𝑚

ℓ = 209.43
 c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

first, we calculate the 𝛽

ω
𝛽=
𝑉𝑝

2𝜋 ∗ 5.0 ∗ 108
𝛽=
3𝑥107

104.7𝑅𝑎𝑑
𝛽=
𝑚
𝟐𝝅
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝑳) 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝑳)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 𝝀 = 𝒁𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝑳)
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( 𝑳)
𝝀

(45 + 𝑗45) + 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝝅 ∗ 209.43)

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟕𝟓 ∗
𝟕𝟓 + (45 + 𝑗45) ∗ 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟐 ∗ 209.43)

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 + 𝒋𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟖 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟓 < 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟗𝟎 >

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
𝛤=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

= (45 + 𝑗45)Ω − 75Ω

𝛤=
(45 + 𝑗45)Ω + 75Ω

𝛤 = −0.095 + 𝑗0.410 = 0421∡103. 130

𝜏 = 1 + 𝛤 = 0.904 + 𝑗0.410 = 0.993∡24. 440

e. VSWR

1 + |𝛤|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |𝛤|

1 + |0.42|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |0.42|

𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 2.44

f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.

g. Using the Smith 4.1 software, get an input impedance that is only real.

Figure 3: Transmission line.

 Conclusions

Conclusion 1: the things developed in the first exercise such as the tangent of loss and the

speed of propagation is very applicable and can be combined with Snell's law to obtain an

exercise closer to reality.

Conclusion 2: Smith 4.1 software is very useful for buying exercises with real-life

applications, comparing the values with the data thrown by the software.
 Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. (pp. 525-

537). Recovered from

https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct

=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site

Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line Circuits.

Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-45). Recovered from

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true&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site

http://dago60.blogspot.com/2015/05/carta-de-smith.html

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp. 519-524).

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rect=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless.

(pp. 31-51). Recovered from

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true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site