Scribd
Upload
60 views13 pages

MATH F311 (Introduction To Topology) : BITS Pilani

The document discusses topological concepts including product spaces, subspaces, and order topologies. It provides definitions and theorems about the product topology on X×Y, subspaces, and the order topology. Examples are given to illustrate these concepts, such as the order topology on R2 under the lexicographic ordering and the order topology on the space {1,2}×N.

Uploaded by

Nandita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
60 views13 pages

MATH F311 (Introduction To Topology) : BITS Pilani

The document discusses topological concepts including product spaces, subspaces, and order topologies. It provides definitions and theorems about the product topology on X×Y, subspaces, and the order topology. Examples are given to illustrate these concepts, such as the order topology on R2 under the lexicographic ordering and the order topology on the space {1,2}×N.

Uploaded by

Nandita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

MATH F311
(Introduction to Topology)
Module-2
Product Spaces & Subspace
Dr Trilok Mathur,
BITS Pilani Assistant Professor,
Pilani Campus Department of Mathematics
Let X & Y be two topological spaces. The product
topology on XxY is the topology having as basis the
collection B of all sets of the form UxV, when U is an
open subset of X and V is an open subset of Y.
* The collection B is not a topology on XxY. The union of
two rectangles pictured in following figure, for instance is
not a product of two sets, so it can not belong to B,
however it is open in XxY.
(
V2
(
)

V1
)

( ( ) )
U1 U2
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Theorem 15.1: If B is a basis for the topology of X and C
is the basis for topology of Y, then the collection :
D ={BxC: B ∈ B, C ∈ C}
is a basis for the topology of XxY.

Projections:
Let  1 : X  Y  X be defined as :  1 ( x, y )  x

Let  2 : X  Y  Y be defined as :  2 ( x, y )  y

The map π1 and π2 are called projection map of XxY on to


its first and second factors respectively. 4
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
If U is an open subset of X , then  11 (U )  U  Y (Open in X  Y )

If V is an open subset of Y , then  21 (V )  X V (Open in X  Y )

Subbasis: A subbasis S for a topology on X is a


collection of subsets of X, whose union is X. The
topology generated by the subbasis S is defined to be
the collection τ of all unions of finite intersections of
elements of S.
5
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Theorem: The collection B of all finite intersections of
elements of S is a basis for S.
Theorem 15. 2: The collection
S =  11 (U ) : U is open in X   21 (V ) : V is open in Y 
is a subbasis for the product topology on XxY.

V {  21 (V )

 11 (U )
6
{
U BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Subspace Topology: Let (X,τ) be a topological space.
Let Y⊂X, then the collection τY = {U⋂Y: U ∈ τ} is a
topology on Y, called the subspace topology. With this
topology Y is called subspace of X.

Lemma 16.1: If B is a basis for the topology on X, then


the collection BY = {B⋂Y: B ∈ B} is a basis for τY.

Lemma 16.2: Let Y be a subspace of X. If U is open in Y


and Y is open in X, then U is open in X. 7
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Theorem 16.3: If A be a subspace of X and If B be a
subspace of Y, then the product topology on AxB is
same as the topology AxB inherits as a subspace of
XxY.
Example: Y = [0, 1]⊂ℝ
BY = {(a, b)⋂Y: a < b & a, b ∈ℝ}
 (a, b), if a, b  Y
 [0, b), if a  Y , b  Y

( a, b)  Y  
 (a,1], if a  Y , b  Y
Y or  if a  Y , b  Y
8
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Example: Y = [0, 1)∪{2}⊂ℝ

In the subspace topology on Y, the one point set A ={2}


is open because A = (1.5, 2.5)∩Y. But in the order
topology on Y, A is not open, since any basis element for
the order topology on Y that contains 2 is of the form:

B = {x: x ∈ Y & a < x ≤ 2} for some a ∈ Y

such a set necessarily contains the point of Y less than


2.
9
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Let X be a set with a simple order relation and assume
X has more than one element. Let 𝔹 be the collection of
all sets of the following types:
(1) All open intervals (a, b) in X.
(2) All intervals of the form [a0, b) where a0 is the least
element (if one exists) of X.
(3) All intervals of the form (a, b0] where b0 is the
greatest element (if one exists) of X.

The collection 𝔹 is a basis for a topology on X called the


order topology.
10
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Example 1. The standard topology on ℝ is the order
topology based on the usual “less than” order on ℝ.
Example 2. We can put a simple order relation on ℝ2 as
follows: a×b < c×d if either a < c or a = c and b < d. This
is often called the lexicographic/dictionary ordering
These two types of open intervals under this simple order
relation are then as follows:

11
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Example 3. Let X = {1, 2} ×ℕ with the dictionary order.
Then 1×1 is the least element of X, though there is no
greatest element of X.
The ordering produces the inequalities: 1×1 < 1×2 <
1×3 < · · · < 2×1 < 2×2 < · · · where the first “· · ·”
indicates that all elements of the form 1×n are present.
Notice that all but one singleton is in the basis 𝔹 for the
order topology: {1×1} = [1×1, 1×2)

{1×n} = (1×(n − 1), 1×(n + 1)) for n > 1,

{2×n} = (2×(n − 1), 2×(n + 1)) for n > 1, 12


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
But a basis element containing 2×1 must be of the form
(a, b) where a < 2×1 < b. But then a is of the form 1×n
for some n ∈ ℕ, so (a, b) contains an infinite number of
elements of X less than 2×1. Now any open set
containing 2×1 must contain a basis element about
2×1.

So the singleton {2×1} is the lone singleton in the


topological space which is not open.

13
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

You might also like