Gamma-Beta Function

Gamma function.
∞
The integral ∫
0
x n-1e − x dx defined for n>0 is called gamma function and is
∞
denoted by n . i.e.: n = ∫0 x n-1e− x dx .
Beta function.
1
The integral ∫
0
x m-1 (1 − x) n −1 dx defined for m>0, n>0 is called beta
1∞
function and is denoted by β (m,n) . i.e.: =
β (m,n) ∫0
x m-1 (1 − x) n −1 dx .

Some properties of gamma and beta function

(1) 1 = 1
1
(2) = π
2
(3) n + 1= n n= n

(4) β (m, n) = β (n, m)

mn
(5) β (m, n) =
m+n
x
(6) m=
1− m , (0 < m < 1)
sin mx

m +1 n +1 m +1 n +1
1
π 1
∫
(7) 2 =
sin m
θ cos n θ dθ = 2 2 2 2
0 2 m +1 n +1 m+n+2
+ 2
2 2 2

m +1
1
π
1
π π
∫=
sin θ dθ ∫ =
(8) 2 cos θ dθ
m 2 m 2
0 0 2 m+2
2
Proof (1):
 1 =1
From Gamma-Beta function we know,
α
n = ∫ e − x x n −1 dx ; n > 0
0
α
1
e dx = −[e ] = −  x  = −[0 − 1] = 1
α −x α
Now putting n = 1 we get, 1 = ∫
−x

e 0
0 0

Proof (2):
We know,
m +1 n +1
π
.
2 2
∫ 0
2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx =
m+n+2
2
2
put , m = q = 0 then,
1 1
π
.
2 2
∫ 0
2 dθ =
21
2
1  1 
.
π
2  2 
⇒ [θ ]02 =
21
2
 1
⇒ π =  . 
 2
1
∴ = π (Pr oved .)
2

Proof (3):
n + 1 = n!
From Gamma-Beta function we know,
α
n = ∫ e − x x n −1 dx ; n > 0 Now putting n = 1 we get,
0
α
∴ n + 1 = ∫ e − x x n+1−1dx
0

[ ] α α
= x n (−e − x ) 0 − n ∫ x n−1 (−e − x )dx
0
α
= 0 + n ∫ x e dx = 0 + n n
n −1 − x
0

∴ n + 1 = n n ...............(1)
Now, replacing ‘n’ by n − 1, n − 2, n − 3,................in (1)
 n = n − 1(n − 1)
n − 1 = (n − 2)( n − 2 )
n − 2 = (n − 3)( n − 3 )
i.e, n − 1 = n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)..........3.2.1 = n!
∴ n + 1 = n! (Proved.)
Proof (4):
1
β (m, n) = ∫ x m−1 (1 − x) n−1 dx
0
But, we know,
a a
∫0
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0
1 1
∴∫ x m −1
{1 − (1 − x)}n −1 dx = ∫ x m−1 (1 − x) n −1 dx
0 0

= β (n, m)
∴ β (m, n) = β (n, m) (Pr oved .)
Proof (5):
We know that,
α
n = ∫ e − xy x n y n −1dy.................(1)
0
α
or , n = ∫ e − x x n −1dy.................(2)
0

Multiplying both sides of (1) by e − x x m−1 then,

α
e − x x m−1 . n = e − x x m−1 ∫ e − xy x n y n −1dy
0
Integrating both sides w. r. to ‘x’ we get,
α α α
n∫
0
e − x x m−1 . = ∫ ∫
0 0
e −( y +1) x x n + m−1dx  y n −1dy

But, as
α
n = ∫ e − xy x n y n −1dy
0

n α
⇒ n
= ∫ e − xy y n −1dy
x 0

α n+m
∴ ∫ e −(1+ y ) x x ( n + m )−1dx =
0 (1 + y ) n + m
α α y n −1
∴ n ∫ e − x x m−1dx = ∫ m + n dy
0 0 (1 + y ) n + m
α α y n −1
⇒ n . m ∫ e − x x m−1dx = m + n ∫ dy = m + n .β (m.n)
0 0 (1 + y ) n + m
 n. m
β (m, n) = (Pr oved .)
m+n

Proof (7):
m +1 n +1
π
.
2 2
Prove that ∫
0
2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx =
m+n+2
2
2
let,
π
I = ∫ 2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx
0
π
= ∫ 2 Sin m−1 x.Cos n −1 x.Sinx.Cosx dx
0
π m −1 n −1
= ∫ 2 ( Sin 2 x) 2
.(Cos 2 x) 2
.Sinx.Cosx dx
0

Sin 2 x = z∴ 2SinxCosdsx = dz
Again, Let, dz
∴ SinxCosdx =
2
when, x = 0, then. z = 0
π
and , when, x = then, z = 1
2
Now we get,
m −1 n −1
1
=∫ z 2
.(1 − z ) 2
.dz
0
1 1
1 1 ( m+1) −1 ( n +1) −1
= ∫ z2 .(1 − z ) 2 .dz
2 0
1 m +1 n +1
= β( , )
2 2 2
m +1 n +1
.
1 2 2
= .
2 m +1 n +1
+
2 2
 m +1 n +1
π
.
2 2
∴ ∫ 2 Sin m x.Cos n xdx = (Pr oved .)
0
m+n+2
2
2

 m. n 
 Since, β (m, n) = 
 2 m + n 

Proof (08):
put , x = sin 2 θ
dx = 2 SinθCosθdθ
when, θ = 0, then. x = 0
π
and , when, θ = , then, x = 1
2
dx
= sin θCosθdθ
2
dx
∴ sin θdθ =
2 1− x
m −1 m −1
1 1 dx
π
( Sin θ )
2 2
Sinθdθ = ∫ x 2
∴∫ 2
2 0 1− x
0

m −1 1
1 1 −1 −1
= ∫ x 2 (1 − x) 2 dx
2 0
1  m +1 1 
= β , 
2  2 2

m +1 1
.
2 2
=
m +1 1
2 +
2 2
m +1
.
π 2
= . (Pr oved .)
2 m+2
2
Question-01:
π m. n
Prove that, ∫ 0
2 ( Sinθ ) 2 m−1 .(Cosθ ) 2 n −1 dθ =
2 m+n
Question-02:
p +1 q +1
π
.
2 2
Prove that, ∫ 0
2 Sin p x.Cos q xdx =
p+q+2
2
2
Solution: Try your self.

π
Question-03: Evaluate ∫ 0
2 Cos 7θdθ by G.B. function
Solution:
π
= ∫ 2 Sin 0θ .Cos 7 dθ
0

0 +1 7 +1
.
2 2
=
0+7+2
2
2
1
.4
2
=
9
2
2

1 1
. 3 +1 .4
2 2
= =
9 7 7
2 2. .
2 2 2
1
.3.2.1
2
=
7 5 3 1 1
2. . . . .
2 2 2 2 2
16
=
35
π
16
∴ ∫ 2 Cos 7 dθ = (Ans.)
0 35
 π
Question-04: Evaluate ∫
0
2 Sin 9 xdx by G.B. function.
Solution:
π
= ∫ 2 Sin 9θ .Cos 0 dθ
0

9 +1 0 +1
.
2 2
=
9+0+2
2
2
1
5.
2
=
11
2
2

1 1
. 4 +1 .4!
2 2
= =
11 9 7 5 3 1
2 2. . . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
.4.3.2.1
2
=
9 7 5 3 1 1
2. . . . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2
124
=
315
π
124
∴ ∫ 2 Sin 9 xdx = ( Ans.)
0 315

1 dx
Question-05: Evaluate ∫
0 1
by G.B. function.
(1 − x )
6 6

Solution:
Let,
1 dx
I =∫ 1
0
(1 − x )
6 6

1
put , x = sin θ ∴ x = Sin θ
6 2 3

2
1 −
∴ dx = Sin 3θ .Cosθ .dθ
3
 when, x = 0, then. θ = 0
π
and , when, x = 1 then, z =
2

We get,
2
π −
Sin θ .Cosdθ
3
I = ∫2 1
0
(1 − Sin 2θ ) 6
π 2 2
1 2 −
= ∫
3 0
Sin 3θ .Cos 3θdθ

2 2
− +1 +1
3 . 3
2 2
1
=
6 2 2
− + +2
2 3 3
2

1 5
1 3 3
= .
6 2 2

1 1 5
= .
6 6 6
1 π
= .
6 π
Sin
6
1 π π
= . =
6 1 3
2
1 dx π
∴∫ 1
= (Ans.)
0 3
(1 − x )
6 6

1
1
Question-06: Evaluate ∫
0
x(8 − x 3 ) 3 dx by G.B. function.
Solution:
1
1
Let , I = ∫ x(8 − x 3 ) 3 dx
0
 1
putting x = z ∴ x = z
3 3

2
1 −
dx = z 3 dz
3
when, x = 0, then. θ = 0
and , when, x = 1 then, z = 1
We get,
1 1 2
1 1 −
I = ∫ z 3 (8 − z ) 3 . z 3 dz
0 3
1 1
1 1 −
= ∫ z 3 (8 − z ) 3 dz
3 0
5
1
Question-07: Evaluate ∫
0
x 3 (1 − x 2 ) 2 dx by G.B. function.
Solution:
5
1
Let , I = ∫ x (1 − x ) dx 3 2 2
0
5
1 +1−1
=∫ x 3+1−1
(1 − x ) 2 2
dx
0

5
= β (3 + 1, + 1)
2
7
= β (4, )
2
7
4.
2
=
7
4+
2
7
4.
2
=
15
2
 7
4.
2
=
7
4+
2
7
4.
2
=
15
2
5 3 1 1
3 + 1. . .
2 2 2 2
=
13 11 9 7 5 3 1 1
. . . . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3!.
=
13 11 9 7
. . . .
2 2 2 2
96
( Ans.)
9009
Question-08: Evaluate by G.B. function flowing problem,

π
(i ). ∫ 2 Sin 4 x.Cos 6 xdx
0
π
(ii ). ∫ 2 Sin 4 x.Cos 2 xdx
0
Solution: (i)
π

∫
0
2
Sin 4 x.Cos 6 xdx
4 +1 6 +1
.
2 2
=
4+6+2
2
2
5 7
.
2 2
=
2 6
5 5
. 1+
2 2
=
2 6
 5 5 5
.
2 2 2
=
2 6
3 3 3 3
. .
52 2 2 2
=
4 5!
1 1
. . π π
5 9 2 2
= . .
4 4 5!
5 9 1 π
= . . . ( Ans.)
4 4 4 5!

Solution: (ii)
π

∫ 0
2
Sin 4 x.Cos 2 xdx
4 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
=
4+2+2
2
2
5 3
.
2 2
=
2 4
3 3
. 1+
2 2
=
2 4
3 3 3
.
2 2 2
=
2 4
1 1 1 1
. .
32 2 2 2
=
4 3!
3 1 π π
= . .
4 4 3!
3 1 π
= . . ( Ans.)
4 4 3!
Question-09: Evaluate by G.B. function flowing problem, (H.W.)

π
(i ). ∫ 2 Sin 6 x.Cos 3 xdx
0
π
(iii ). ∫ 2 Sin 3 x.Cos 5 xdx
0

π
1 5 7 3π
Question-10: Prove that, = ∫ 2 Sin 4 x.Cos 4 xdx = β( , ) = .
0 2 2 2 512
1 dx
Question-11: Evaluate ∫ (1 − x
0 2
) 1− x2
by G.B. function.

Solution:
Let,
1 dx
I =∫
0
(1 − x ) 1 − x 2
2

put , x = sin θ
∴ dx = Cosθ .dθ
π
when, x = 1, then. θ =
2
and , when, x = 0 then, z = 0

We get
π
Cosθ .dθ
I = ∫2
0
1 + Sin 2θ 1 − Sin 2θ
1
π dθ
= ∫ 2 Cos θ 2
2

0 1 + Sin θ

Cos 2θ
π
Sec 2θdθ
= ∫2
0 Sec 2θ + tan 2 θ

π
Sec 2θdθ
= ∫2
0 1 + 2 tan 2 θ

put , z = 2 tan θ
∴ dz = 2 Sec 2θ .dθ
π
when, θ = , then. z = α
2
and , when, θ = 0 then, z = 0
 αdz
∴I = ∫
0 1+ z2

=
1
[ α
tan −1 z 0 ]
2
=
1
[ α
tan −1 α − tan −1 0 0 ]
2
α
1 π 
=
2  2  0
1 π
= . ( Ans.)
2 2
1 dx
Question-12: Evaluate ∫ by G.B. function.
0
1− xn
Solution:
Let,
1 dx
I =∫
0
1− xn
2
put , x n = sin 2 θ ∴ x = Sin n θ
2
2 ( −1)
∴ dx = Sin n θ .Cosθ .dθ
n
when, x = 0, then. θ = 0
π
and , when, x = 1 then, z =
2

We get,
2
2 ( −1)
π ( ).Sin
n
θ .Cosθdθ
I =∫ 2 n
0
1 − Sin 2θ
π 2 2
2 −
= ∫ 2 Sin 3θ .Cos 3θdθ
n 0
 12  1
 − 1 + 1 . (0 + 1)
2 2n  2
=
n 12 
2  −1+ 0 + 2
2n 
1 1
.
1 n 2
=
n 12 
 + 1
2n 
1
.π
n
=
1 1
n  + 
n 2

p +1
π
π
2 by G.B. function
Question-13: Evaluate ∫ 2 Sin pθdθ = .
0 2 p + 2
2
Solution:
put , x = sin 2 θ
dx = 2 SinθCosθdθ
when, θ = 0, then. x = 0
π
and , when, θ = , then, x = 1
2
dx
= sin θCosθdθ
2
dx
∴ sin θdθ =
2 1− x
p −1 p −1
1 1 dx
π
( Sin θ )
2 2
Sinθdθ = ∫ x 2
∴∫ 2
2 0 1− x
0

p −1 1
1 1 2 −1 −1
= ∫
2 0
x (1 − x) 2 dx

1  p +1 1 
= β , 
2  2 2
 p +1 1 m +1 1
. .
2 2 π 2 2
= = (Pr oved .)
p +1 1 2 m+2
2 +
2 2 2

Error Function

2 x

π ∫
−t 2
Definition: the function erf ( x) = e dt is called error function of ‘x’.
0

2 α

π ∫
erf c ( x) = e −t dt is called the complement error function.
2

2 0
And, erf (0) = ∫ e −t dt = 0
2

π 0

Question-01: Prove that, erf ( x) = −erf ( x)

Solve:
From the definition of error function we have,
2 x −t 2
erf ( x) = ∫ e dt π 0

Put , t = −u ∴ dt = −du
when, t = 0, then. u = 0
and , when, t = − x , then, u = x
2 x −u 2
∴ erf (− x) = − ∫ e du π 0

= −erf ( x)
∴ erf ( x) = −erf ( x) (Pr oved .)
Question-02: Prove that, erf ( x) = 1 (H.W.)
 AREA

 The area bounded by a curve y = f (x) the axis of x and two ordinates x=a, and y=b
b
is given by the definite initial ∫
a
f ( x) dx
 The area bounded by a curve x=f(y) the axis of Y and the two axis y=c and y=d is
given by the definite integral.
 Cartesian Equations:
x2 y2
• Ellipse: 2 + 2 = 1
a b
• Parabola: y = 4ax
2

• Cissoids: y 2 (a − x) = x 3
• Folium: x 3 + y 3 = 3axy
2 2
• Asteroid: x 3 + y 3 = a 3
• Cycloid: x = a (θ  Sinθ ) , y = a (1  Cinθ )
• Cardioids: r = a (1 ± Cosθ )
l
• Conic: = 1 + eCosθ
r
• Three leaved raze: r = aSin3θ
• Four leaved raze: r = aSin 2θ
x2 y2
• Hyperbola: 2 − 2 = 1
a b
x
• Catenary’s: y = e cosh( )
c
• Strophoid: ( x + y ) x = a 2 ( x 2 − y 2 )
2 2

• Lemniscates : ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a 2 ( x 2 − y 2 )
Some properties:
 For Cartesian:
b b
 If y = f(x) then area A = ∫ y.dx = ∫ f ( x)dx .
a a
b b
 If x =f(y) then area A = ∫ x.dy = ∫ f ( y )dy
a a

 Area bounded between two curves y1 = f1 ( x) and y 2 = f 2 ( x) is

A = ∫ ( y 2 − y1 )dx = ∫ { f 2 ( x) − f1 ( x)}dx
b b

a a
 For Polar Form:
1 β β
r dθ = ∫ { f (θ )} dθ
1 2
 If r = f (θ ) then A = ∫
2
α 2 2 α

β1 2 1 β
 If θ = f (r ) then A = ∫ θ dr = ∫ { f (r )} dr
2
α 2 2α

12
  Area between bounded r1 = f1 (θ ) and r2 = f 2 (θ ) is
1 β 2
A = ∫ (r2 − r1 )dθ
2

2 α

x2 y2
Example-01: Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
Solution:
Here Given that,
x2 y2
+ = 1...................(1)
a2 b2
The ellipse is symmetric about both axes,
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
 x2 
⇒ y 2 = b 2 1 − 2 
 a 
b
∴y =± a2 − x2
a
when, x = 0 then, y = ±b
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a

(o, b)

X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −b)

Y/

The curve meets at (0,b) ,(0,-b), (a,0) and (-a,0)

Now, draw a graph roughly,
Hence, the area of the given ellipse,
a
A = 4 ∫ ydx
0

13
 a b
= 4∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
0 a
4b a 2
=
a ∫0
a − x 2 dx
a
4b  x a 2 − x 2 a 2 x
=  + Sin −1 
a  2 2 a 
0

4b  a2 
=  0 + Sin −11 − 0 − 0
a  2 
4b  a 2 π 
=  . 
a  2 2
= π ab ( Ans.)

Example-02: Find the area of the parabola y 2 = 4ax cut off by its lotus rectum.
Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4ax...............(1)
Since, the distance from vertex to lotus rectum is x = a
∴ y 2 = 4a 2
or , y = ±2a
when, y = 0 then, x = 0
when, x = 0, then, y = ±2a

Y
(o, 2a )

2a

X/ X
o a

(o, −2a )

Y/

Now, we draw the graph roughly,

Therefore, the required area of the parabola is,

14
 a
A = 2 ∫ y.dx
0
a
= 2∫ 4ax dx
0
1
a
= 4 a ∫ x 2 .dx
0
a
 3
x2 
= 4 a 
 3 
 2  0
8a 2
= ( Ans.)
3

Example-03: Show that the area enclosed between the parabola

16a 2
y 2 = 4a(x + a ), y 2 = −4a( x − a ), is
3

Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4a(x + a )............(1)
y 2 = −4a( x − a )...........(2)
Now, the vertex of (1) is (-a,0) and (2) is (a,0)
From (1) and (2) we have,
4a(x + a ) = −4a(x − a )
∴x = 0
when, x = 0 then, y = ±2a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a

Y
(o, 2a )

X/ X
(−a, 0) (a, 0)

(o, −2a )

Y/

Therefore, the intersecting point (0,2a) and (0,-2a)

Now, we draw the curve roughly.
From (1) we get,
y2
x= − a = x1
4a

15
From (2) we get,
y2
x=a− = x2
4a
Therefore, the area is,
2a
A = ∫ ( x 2 − x1 )dy
0

2a y2 y2
= ∫ (a − − + a )dy
0 4a 4a
2a 2y2
= ∫ ( 2a − )dy
0 4a
2a y2
= ∫ (2a − )dy
0 2a
1 2 a
=
2a ∫0
(4a 2 − y 2 )dy
2a
1  2 y3 
=  4 a y − 
2a  3 0

1  2 8a 3 
=  4 a 2 a − 
2a  3 
16a 3
=
6a

i.e, the total area,=16a 3 16a 2 (Showed.)

2. =
6a 3
Example-04: Find the whole area of the curve a 2 y 2 = x 3 (2a − x ) .

Solution:
Given that,
a 2 y 2 = x 3 (2a − x )................(1)
Equation (1) is symmetrical about x-axis
3
x 2a − x
2
We have, y =
a
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0,2a

16
 Y

X/ X
o (a, 0)

Y/

The curves meets at (0,0) and (2a,0)

Therefore, the area is,

2a
A = ∫ ydx
0
3
2a x 2 2a − x
= 2∫ dx
0 a
3
π
(2aSin 2θ ) 2 2a − 2a sin 2 θ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
3
π
(2aSin θ ) 2 2
2a .Cosθ .4aSinθ .Cosθ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
3
π
(2a ) 2 4aSin 3θ 2a .Cosθ .4aSinθ .Cosθ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
3 1
π +
( 2a ) 2 2
4aSin 4θ .4aSin 4θ .Cos 2θ
= 2∫ 2 dθ
0 a
π
4a 3. 4
= 2∫ 2 Sin 4θ .Cos 2θ .dθ
0 a
π
= 32a 2 ∫ 2 Sin 4θ .Cos 2θ .dθ
0
By using Gamma-beta function,

17
 4 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 32a 2
4+2+2
2
2
5 3
.
2 2
= 32a 2
2 4
3 1 1 1 1
. . . .
2 2 2 2 2
= 16a 2
3 +1
3πa
= 16a 2 .
8 × 3!
= π a 2 ( Ans.)
Example-05: Find the area of the loop of the curve y 2 = x 2 ( x + a ) .

Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = x 2 ( x + a ).................(i )
The curve (1) is symmetric about x-axis,
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, − a
Now, draw the graph roughly,
Therefore, the required area is,
Y

X/ o X
(−a, 0)

Y/

18
 0
A = ∫ y.dx
−a
0
= 2 ∫ x. x + a .dx
−a
0
= 2 ∫ ( a + x − a). x + a .dx
−a

 0
3

= 2 ∫ ( a + x) 2 − a. x + a dx
−a
 
2 5
2
3

= 2  (a + x) − a.(a + x) 2 
2

5 3 
0  
3
= 2 ∫ (a + x) 2 − a. x + a dx
−a
 
 2 52 2 3

= 2  a − a.a 2 
5 3 
2 5 2 5 
= 2 a 2 − a 2 
5 3 
2 2
5
= 2a  − 
2

5 3
 6 − 10 
5
= 2a 2  
 15 
5
8a 2
=−
15
5
8a 2
= ( Ans.) [ Area is always (+)ve]
15
Example-06: show that the area between the parabola y 2 = 4 x and the straight line
y = 2 x − 4 is 9.

Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = 4 x................(1)
And, y = 2 x − 4.............(2)
From (1) and (2) we have,
(2 x − 4) 2 = 4 x
⇒ 4 x 2 + 16 − 16 x − 4 x = 0
⇒ x 2 − 5x + 4 = 0
⇒ x 2 − 4x − x + 4 = 0
⇒ x( x − 4) − ( x − 4) = 0
⇒ ( x − 4)( x − 1) = 0
∴ x = 4,1

19
 when, x = 4 then, y = 4
when, x = 1, then, y = −2

Y
B (4, 4)
P

X/ X
o

Q
c(1, 0)

Y/

The perpendicular BP and CQ are drawn on the directory.

Trapezium BPQC,
1
= ( BP + CQ ).PQ
2
= (4 + 1)( PO + OQ)
1
= .5.(4 + 2) = 15
2
‘o’ is the vertex of the parabola,
Area between the parabola and the straight line,
= Trapezium-(OPB+OQC)
= 15 −  ∫ xdy + ∫ xdy 
0 4

 − 2 0 
2
4 4 y
= 15 − ∫ xdy = 15 − ∫ dy
−2 −2 4

1 1
= 15 − . . y 3 − 2
4 3
4
[ ]
= 15 −
12
1 3
[
4 + 23 ]
72
= 15 −
12
= 9 ( Showed .)
Example-07: Find the area bounded by the cardioids r = a (1 − Cosθ ) .

Solution:
Given that,
r = a(1 − Cosθ )...............(1)
θ θ
= a (1 − cos 2. ) = 2aSin 2
2 2

20
 θ 0 π θ −π
2 2
r 0 2a 0 -2a

π
2

X/ X
o
π
−
2

Y/

Therefore, the required area is,

π
1
A = 2 ∫ 2 πr 2 dθ
0 2

π
1 θ
= 2 ∫ 2 4a 2 Sin 4 .dθ
0 2 2
π
θ θ
= 4a ∫ dθ
2 2 Sin 4 .Cos 0
0 2 2

By using Gamma-beta function,

4 +1 0 +1
.
2 2
= 4a 2
4+0+2
2
2
5 1
.
2 2
= 4a 2
23
3 1 1 1
. . . .
2 2 2 2
= 4a 2
2.2!
4a 3π
2
= ( Ans.)
16
3a 2π
= ( Ans.)
4

21
 (
Example-08: Find the whole area of the loops of the curve (i). a 2 y 2 = x 2 a 2 − x 2 . (ii). )
y 2 = x 2 (4 − x) (iii). r = a cos 2θ (iv). r 2 = a 2 cos 2θ

(i) Solution:
Given that,
( )
a 2 y 2 = x 2 a 2 − x 2 ................(1)
Equation (1) is symmetrical about x-axis
x a2 − x2
We have, y = ±
a
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, ± a
The curves meets at (0,0), (a,0) and (-a,0)
Therefore, the area is,

X/ o X
(−a, 0) (a, 0)

Y/

a
A = ∫ ydx
0

a x a2 − x2
= 4∫ dx
0 a
π Let , x = a sin θ
4 2
=
a ∫0
aSinθ a 2 (1 − Sin 2θ ) .aCosθdθ dx = aCos.dθ
π when, x = 0, θ = 0
4 2
a ∫0
= aSinθ .aCosθ .aCosθ dθ π
x = a, θ =
π 2
4 2 3
=
a ∫0
a Sinθ .Cos 2θ . dθ
π
4a 3 2
=
a ∫0
Sinθ .Cos 2θ . dθ

By using Gamma-beta function,

22
 1+1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 4a 2
1+ 2 + 2
2
2
3
1
2
= 4a 2
5
2
2
1 1
. .
2 2
= 4a 2
3 1 1
.2. . .
2 2 2
4a 2
= ( Ans.)
3
(ii) Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = x 2 (4 − x ).................(i )
The curve (1) is symmetric about x-axis,
when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, 4
Now, draw the graph roughly,
Therefore, the required area is,
a
A = ∫ y.dx
0

Let , x = 4 sin 2 θ
4
= 2 ∫ x. 4 − x .dx
0
π dx = 42 Sinϑ.Cosθ .dθ
= 2 ∫ 2 4.Sin 2θ .2Cos.8Cosθ .Sinθ dθ when, x = 0, θ = 0
0
π π
= 64 × 2 ∫ 2 Sin 3θ .Cos 2θ . dθ x = 4, θ =
0 2
π
= 128∫ 2 Sin 3θ .Cos 2θ . dθ
0
By using Gamma-beta function,

23
 Y

X/ X
(0, 0)
(4, 0)

Y/

3 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 128
3+ 2+ 2
2
2
3
2
2
= 128
7
2
2
3
.1!
2
= 64
7 5
.
2 2
3
2
= 64
7 5 3
.
2 2 2
128
= ( Ans.)
35

(iii). Solution:
Given that,
r = aCos 2θ ...............(1)
i.e, 2 is even so 2.2 = 4 loop of the curve (1)
when, r = 0, then aCos 2θ = 0
π
∴θ = ±
4

24
 Y
π
4

X/ o X

π
−
4

Y/

Therefore, the required area is,

π
1
A = 2 ∫ 4 r 2 dθ
0 2

π
= 2 ∫ 4 a 2 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
=a ∫ Cos 2 2θ dθ
2 4
0
π
a2
=
2 ∫0
4 2Cos 2 2θ dθ
π
a2
=
2 ∫0
4 (1 + Cos 4θ ) dθ
π
a2  Sin 4θ  2
=
2 θ + 4 
0

a2  π Sinπ 
=  4 + 4 − 0
2
a2 π
= .
2 4
πa 2
=
8
Total length = 4a
πa 2 πa 2
= 4. = ( Ans.)
8 2
(iv). Solution:
Given that,
r 2 = a 2 Cos 2θ ...............(1)
The curve (1) is symmetrical about both axis,
when, r = 0, then, aCos 2θ = 0
π
∴θ = ±
4

25
 Y

X/ o X

Y/

Therefore, the required area is,

π
1
A = 2 ∫ 4 r 2 dθ
0 2

π
= ∫ 4 a 2 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
=a ∫ Cos 2 2θ dθ
2 4
0
π
 Sin 2θ  4
= a2  
 2 0
a2  π 
=  Sin 2. 4 − 0
2
a2
=
2
a2
Total area, = 2. = a 2 Sq.Unit ( Ans.)
2
Example-09: Find the area of the region bounded by y 2 = x(2a − x) and y 2 = ax .

Solution:
Given that,
y 2 = x(2a − x)..............(1)
And, y 2 = ax................(2)
From (1) we have,
y 2 = x ( 2a − x )
⇒ y 2 − 2ax + x 2 = 0
⇒ ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = a 2 .............(3)
Equation (2) represent a circle whose centre is (a,0) and radius ‘a’

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, x = a, then, y = ± a

26
 Y
P ( a, a )

X/ X
o C

( a, − a )

Y/

Hence, they intersect at p(a, a) and Q(a, -a)

Let us consider the area in the first quadrant
1 1
Area OPC = (area of the circle) = πa 2
4 4
Area bounded y the quadrant y = ax and the X-axis is OPC
2

1 3
a a a 2 2
= ∫ ydx = ∫ ax dx = a ∫ x 2 dx = a . .a 2 = .a 2
0 0 0 3 3
Area between the circle and the parabola,
Since, two circles intersect at Q(a, − a )
1 2  1 4 
∴ Area = 2  πa 2 − a 2  = a 2  π − a 2  ( Ans.)
4 2  2 3 
2 2 2
Example-10: Find the whole area of the hypocycloid x + y = a . 3 3 3

Solution:
Given that,
2 2 2
x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ...................(1)
2 2 2

⇒ y3 = a3 − x3
3
 2 2

⇒ y =  a 3 − x 3  ................(2)
2

 
when, x = 0 then, y = ± a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a

27
 Y

(0, a )

X/ o X
(−a, 0) B (a, 0)

C (0, −a )

Y/

Points are (a,0), (-a,0) (0,a) and (0,-a)

Now, we draw curve roughly,
a
Therefore, the required volume is, A = ∫ ydx..........(2)
0

Put x= aCos θ ; y = aSin θdθ , and dx = −3aCos 2θ .Sinθ .dθ

3 3

when, x = 0, then, θ = 0
π
when, x = 0, then, θ =
2
0
∴ A = 4 ∫π aSin θ .(−3aCos 2θ .Sinθ )dθ
3

2
0
= −4.3∫π a 2.Cos 2θ .Sin 4θdθ
2
0
= 12a ∫π Cos θ .Sin θdθ
2 2 4

2
By using Gamma-Beta function,
4 +1 2 +1
.
2 2
= 12a 2

4+2+2
2
2
5 3
.
2 2
= 12a 2
2 4
3 1 1 1 1
. . . .
2 2 2 2 2
= 12a 2
2.6
3πa2
= ( Ans.)
8

28
Example-11: Find the area of the region lying above x-axis and included between the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 2ax and the parabola y 2 = ax .

Solution:
Given that,
x 2 + y 2 = 2ax............(1)
∴ y = 2ax − x 2
And, y 2 = ax................(2)
From (1) and (2) we have,
2ax − x 2 = ax
⇒ x(a − x) = 0
∴ x = 0, a and y = 0,± a

P ( a, a )
B
A
X/ X
o C

Y/

Hence, two curves intersect at (0, 0 ), (a, a)and (a, -a)

a
Area OBPCO = ∫ 0
ax dx
a a
Therefore, the required area, = ∫ 2ax − x 2 dx − ∫ ax dx
0 0
a a
Now, ∫
0
2ax − x 2 dx = ∫
0
a 2 − (a − x) 2 dx
a 0
Put, a − x = aSinθ then, ∫ 0
2ax − x 2 dx = ∫π (a cos θ ).(−aCosθ ) dθ
2

0 1 π πa 2
= ∫π a 2 cos 2 θ dθ = a 2 . . =
2 2 2 4
3 a
a 2 2a 2
Also, ∫
0
ax dx = a .x 2
3
=
3
0

π 2
Therefore, the required area = a 2  −  ( Ans.)
 4 3

29
Example-12: Find the area of the surface revolution formed by revolving the curve
r = 2aCosθ about the initial axis.

Solution:
Given that,
r = 2aCosθ ...............(1)
dr
= −2aSinθ
dθ
2
 dr 
⇒  = 4a Sin θ
2 2

 d θ 
2
 dr 
∴r2 +   = 4a Cos θ + 4a Sin θ = 4a
2 2 2 2 2

 dθ 
θ 0 π π −π
2 2
r 2a 0 -2a 0

Therefore, the required area is,

π
dr 2
A = ∫ 2 2πr Sinθ r 2 + ( ) dθ
0 dθ
π
= 2π .2a ∫ 2 2aCosθ .Sinθ dθ
0
π
= 4aπ .2a ∫ 2 Cosθ .Sinθ dθ
0
By using Gamma-Beta function,
1+1 1+1
.
2 2
= 8a 2π
1+1+ 2
2
2
1.1
= 8a 2 π
2 2
= 4πa 2 ( Ans.)
Example-14: Find the whole area of the loops of the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2θ

Solution:
Given that,
r 2 = a 2 Cos 2θ ...............(1)
The curve (1) is symmetrical about both axis,
when, r = 0, then, aCos 2θ = 0
π
∴θ = ±
4
Therefore, the required area is,

30
 π
1 2
A = 2∫ 4 r dθ
0 2
π
= ∫ 4 a 2 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
= a 2 ∫ 4 Cos 2 2θ dθ
0
π
 Sin 2θ  4
=a  2

 2 0
a2  π 
=  Sin 2. 4 − 0
2
a2
= ( Ans.)
2

31
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

LENGTH

Rectification Length of plane curve:

 Cartesian equation:
y = f (x) the length of the arc of the curve y = f (x) included between two points
ds b dy
whose abscissa a and b is = ∫ 1 + ( ) 2 .dx
dx a dx

 Expression for length of arc:

ds dy
= 1 + ( ) 2 dx
dy dx
ds dx dy
= ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 .dθ
dt dt dt
ds dr
= r 2 + ( ) 2 .dθ
dt dθ

 Cartesian equation:
x = f ( y)

ds b dx
= ∫ 1 + ( ) 2 .dy
dy a dy

 Parametric equation:
x = f (t ) , y = ϕ (t ) . The length of the arc of the curves x = f (t ) , y = ϕ (t )
included between two points whose parametric values are α , β is

2 2
β  dx   dy 
S=∫   +   dθ
α
 dt   dt 

 Polar equation:
2
β  dr 
S=∫ r2 +   dθ
α
 dθ 

2 2 2
Example-01: For the curve x + y = a show that the centre length of the curve is 6a.
3 3 3

Solution:

Given that,

2 2 2

x + y = a ...................(1)
3 3 3

1
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

The curve (1) is symmetrical about both axis and curve (1) is symmetrical also x = y line.

when, x = 0 then, y = ± a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a

(o, a )

X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −a )

Y/

The curves meets the axis at (a,0), (-a, 0), (0,a) and (0,-a)

Now, we draw the curve roughly:

Now, differentiating (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we have,

2 2
2 3 −1 2 3 −1 dy
x + y =0
3 3 dx
1
dy x −
⇒ = (− ) 3
dx y

Now, the required length is,

2
a dy 2 a  x − 13  a
2
x −3
S = 4∫ 1 + ( ) .dx = 4 ∫ 1 + (− )  .dx = 4 ∫ 1 + ( ) .dx
0 dx 0
 y 
0 y
2 2 2
x3 + y3
2 2 1 2 1
a y a a a3 a −
= 4∫ 1 + ( ) 3 .dx = 4 ∫ 2
.dx = 4 ∫ 2
.dx = 4 ∫ ( a 3 ) 2 .( x 3 ) 2 .dx
0 x 0 0 0
x3 x3
a a
 − 1 +1   2  1
.
2
1
a −
1 1
 x 3 . 1
 x 3 
. 4 a 3
.a 3
= 4a 3 ∫ x 3 .dx = 4a 3   = 4a 3   =
0
 − 1 + 1  2  2
 3  0  3  0 3
1+ 2

= 6a 3
= 6a ( Ans.)

2
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Example-02: Find the length of the loop of the curve 3ay 2 = x( x − a ) .

2

Solution:

Given that,

3ay 2 = x( x − a ) .............(1)
2

Here, even power of ‘y’ is present. So (1) is symmetrical about x-axis.

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, a

X/ X
(0, 0)
(a, 0)

Y/

Again, when x < 0 then y is imaginary. No part of the curve for x < 0 .

Now, we draw the curve roughly.

Differencing (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we have,

dy
6ay. = 2 x( x − a ) + ( x − a ) 2 = ( x − a )(2 x + x − a )
dx
dy ( x − a )(3 x − a )
∴ =
dx 6ay
( x − a ) 2 (3 x − a ) 2 (3 x − a ) 2 9 x 2 − 6ax + a 2
2
 dy 
∴  = = =
 dx  36a 2 y 2 12ax 12ax

3
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Hence, the required length is,

a dy 2 a 9 x 2 − 6ax + a 2 a 12ax + 9 x + a − 6ax
2 2
S = 2∫ 1+ ( ) .dx = 2 ∫ 1 + .dx = 2 ∫ .dx
0 dx 0 12ax 0 12ax
 − 
−1
a (3 x + a ) 2 2 a 3x + a 1 a
1
= 2∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫  3 x. x 2
+ ax 2 

0
12a . x 12a 0
x 3a 0  
  3 a  1 
a
 3 3 
 2  
   2    a.a 2 
1 1
1 a − 1 x x 1 3a 2
= ∫
3a 0 
 3 x 2
+ ax 2 
dx = 3   + a    =  +
1 
 3a   3  1   3a  3
  2  0
  2  0   2 2 
3
1  2
3 3
 4a 2 4a
=  2a + 2a 2  = = ( Ans.)
3a   1
 3a 2
3

Example-03: Find the length of the curve 8a 2 y 2 = x 2 a 2 − x 2 . ( )

Solution:

Given that,

( )
8a 2 y 2 = x 2 a 2 − x 2 ...............(1)

Equation (1) is symmetrical about x-axis.

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, ± a

X/ X

(−a, 0) (a, 0)

Y/

Again, when x < 0 then y is imaginary. No part of the curve for x < 0 .

Now, we draw the curve roughly.

4
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Differencing (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we have,

2 x 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) = 8a 2 y 2 ⇒ a 2 x 2 − x 4 = 8a 2 y 2
dy
∴ a 2 2 x − 4 x 3 = 8a 2 .2 y.
dx
dy a x − 2 x
2 3
∴ =
dx 8a 2 y
(a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 2
2
 dy 
⇒  = 2 2
 dx  8a (a − x 2 )
(a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 2 8a 4 − 8a 2 x 2 + a 4 4 x 4 − 4a 2 x 2
2
 dy 
⇒ 1+   = 1+ 2 2 =
 dx  8a (a − x 2 ) 8a 2 (a 2 − x 2 )
9a 4 − 12a 2 x 2 + 4 x 4 (3a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 2
= =
8a 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) 8a 2 (a 2 − x 2 )

(3a 2 − 2 x 2 )
2
 dy 
∴ 1+   =
 dx 
1
2 2a ( a − x )2 2 2

Hence, the required length is,

a dy 2 a (3a 2 − 2 x 2 ) 4 a 2(a 2 − x 2 ) + x 2
S = 4∫ 1+ ( ) .dx = 4 ∫ 1
.dx = ∫ .dx
0 dx 0
2 2a 0 (a2 − x2 )
2 2a (a − x ) 2 2 2

a
2 2 a  x2  2 2 a  x (a 2 − x 2 ) a 2 x  x
a

=
2a
∫ 0
2(a 2 − x 2 ) +
 (a2 − x2 )
.dx =
 a ∫ 0

 2
+
2
Sin −1  + 2a  Sin −1
a  a  0
0

a2 −1  a2 π  π aπ aπ
=
2 2
∫
a
−1
 Sin 1 + 2a Sin 1 =
2 2
[ ] ∫
a
 .  + 2a. = + = 2 aπ
a 0
2  a 0
 2 2 2 2 2
= aπ 2 ( Ans.)

Example-04: Find the length of the arc y 2 = 4ax . Extended from the vertex to one extremity of
lotus rectum.

Solution:

Given that,

y 2 = 4ax...............(1)

The curve (1) is present even power of y. So (1) is symmetrical about 𝑥𝑥 −axis.

5
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

The vertex of the parabola is (0, 0)

The lotus rectum x = a

∴ y 2 = 4a 2
∴ y = ±2a

Y
(o, 2a )

2a

X/ X
o a

(o, −2a )

Y/

Therefore, the curves meets on x = a at (a. 2a) and (a, -2a)

Now, draw the graph roughly:

Differentiating (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we get,

dx
2 y = 4a
dy
2
 dx  y  dx  y2
⇒   = ⇒   = 2
 dy  2a  dy  4a
2
 dx  y2 4a 2 + y 2
∴ 1 +   = 1 + 2 =
 dy  4a 2a

Therefore, the required length is,

2a dx 2 2a 4a 2 + y 2
S=∫ 1+ ( ) .dy = ∫ dy
0 dy 0 2a

2a
1 2a 1  4a + y
2 2
4a 2 
2a ∫0
= 4 a 2
+ y 2
dy =  + log( y + 4 a 2
+ y 2
) 
2a 

2 2  0

6
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

1  2a 4a 2 + 4a 2 4a 2 
=  + log(2a + 4a 2 + 4a 2 )
2a  2 2 
1  2a 2 2 a 4a 2  1
=  + log(2a + 2a 2 ) − 2a 2 log 2a  = 2a + .2a 2 log(2a + 2a 2 ) − a log 2a
2a  2 2  2a

= a  2 + . log
2a (1 + 2 ) 
2a
 = a 2 + . log(1 + 2 ) [ ] ( Ans.)
 

Example-05: Find the length of the arc x 2 = 4ay . Extended from the vertex to one extremity of
lotus rectum. (H.W.)

a Y
(−2a, a ) (2a, a )
2a

X/ (0, 0) X

Y/

Example-06: Find the perimeter of the cardioids r = a (1 − Cosθ ) .

Solution:

Given that,

r = a(1 − Cosθ )...............(1)

θ θ
= a (1 − cos 2. ) = 2aSin 2
2 2

7
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

θ 0 π π −π
2 2

r 0 a 2a -a

Now, draw the graph roughly,

π
2

X/ X
o
π
−
2

Y/

Therefore, the required perimeter is,

π dr 2
S = 2∫ r2 + ( ) .dθ
0 dθ
π θ θ θ
= 2∫ 4a 2 Sin 4 + 4a 2 Sin 2 Cos 2 .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ θ θ
= 2∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 ( Sin 2 + Cos 2 ) .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ
= 2∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 .dθ
0 2

π θ
= 2 ∫ 2aSin dθ
0 2
π θ
= 4a ∫ Sin dθ
0 2
π
 θ
= 4a − Cos 
 2 0
= 8a[− 0 + 1]
= 8a ( Ans.)

Example-07: Find the perimeter of the cardioids r = a (1 + Cosθ ) . (H.W.)

8
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Example-08: Show that the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = 4ax . Cut off y = 2 x . is
[
a 2 + . log(1 + 2 ) ]
Solution:

Given that,

y 2 = 4ax...............(1)

and, y = 2x...............(2)

From (1) and (2) we have,

4 x 2 − 4ax = 0
⇒ ( x − a)4 x = 0
∴ x = 0, a

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, x = a, then, y = 2a

(o, 2a )

X/ (0, 0) X

(o, −2a )

Y/

The curve (2) cut the parabola at (0, 0) and (a, 2a)

Now, draw the graph roughly:

Differentiating (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we get,

9
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

dx
2 y = 4a
dy
 dx  y
⇒   =
 dy  2a
2
 dx  y2
⇒   = 2
 dy  4a
2
 dx  y2 4a 2 + y 2
∴ 1 +   = 1 + 2 =
 dy  4a 2a

Therefore, the required length is,

2a dx 2
S=∫ 1+ ( ) .dy
0 dy

2a 4a 2 + y 2
=∫ dy
0 2a

1 2a
=
2a ∫0
4a 2 + y 2 dy
2a
1  4a + y
2 2
4a 2 
=  + log( y + 4a 2 + y 2 )
2a 

2 2  0

1  2a 4a 2 + 4a 2 4a 2 
=  + log(2a + 4a 2 + 4a 2 )
2a  2 2 
1  2a 2 2 a 4a 2 
=  + log(2a + 2a 2 ) − 2a 2 log 2a 
2a  2 2 
1
= 2a + .2a 2 log(2a + 2a 2 ) − a log 2a
2a
 2a (1 + 2 ) 
= a  2 + . log 
 2a 
[
= a 2 + . log(1 + 2 ) ] ( Ans.)

Example-09: Find the perimeter of the cardioids x = a (θ − Sinθ ) .and y = a (1 − Cosθ )

Solution:

Given that,

10
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

x = a(θ − Sinθ )...............(1)

dx θ θ
= a (1 − cos 2. ) = 2aSin 2
dθ 2 2

and,

y = a (1 − Cosθ )
dy θ θ
∴ = aSinθ = 2aSin .Cos
dθ 2 2

when, x = 0 then, sin θ = 0 , θ = 0

when, y = 0, then, Cosθ = 1 , θ = 2π

X/ X
0 2π

Y/

Now, draw the graph roughly,

Therefore, the required perimeter is,

2π dx 2 dy
S=∫ ( ) + ( ) 2 .dθ
0 dθ dθ
π θ θ θ
=∫ 4a 2 Sin 4 + 4a 2 Sin 2 Cos 2 .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ θ θ
=∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 ( Sin 2 + Cos 2 ) .dθ
0 2 2 2
π θ
=∫ 4a 2 Sin 2 .dθ
0 2

11
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

π θ
= 2a ∫ Sin dθ
0 2
π θ
= 4a ∫ Sin dθ
0 2
π
 θ
= 2 a − Cos 
 20
= 4a[1 + 1]
= 8a ( Ans.)

Example-10: Show that the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = 4ax . Cut off 3 y = 8 x . is
 2 15 
log 2 + 16 
 

Solution:

Given that,

y 2 = 4ax...............(1)

and, 3 y = 8 x...............(2)

From (1) and (2) we have,

64 x 2 − 36ax = 0
⇒ (16 x − 9a)4 x = 0
9a
∴ x = 0,
16

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
9a 3a
when, x = , then, y =
16 2

12
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

 3a 3a 
 , 
 16 2 

X/ (0, 0) X

Y/

The curve (2) cut the parabola at (0, 0) and (a, 2a)

Now, draw the graph roughly:

Differentiating (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we get,

dx
2 y = 4a
dy
 dx  y
⇒   =
 dy  2a
2
 dx  y2
⇒   = 2
 dy  4a
2
 dx  y2 4a 2 + y 2
∴ 1 +   = 1 + 2 =
 dy  4a 2a

Therefore, the required length is,

3a
dx 2
S = ∫ 2 1+ ( ) .dy
0 dy

3a
4a 2 + y 2
=∫2 dy
0 2a

13
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

1 32a
2a ∫0
= 4a 2 + y 2 dy
3a

1  y 4a 2 + y 2 4a 2 2
=  + log( y + 4a 2 + y 2 )
2a 

2 2  0
 3a 9a 2 
 4a 2 + 2 2 
=
1  2 2 + 4a log( 3a + 4a 2 + 9a )
2a  2 2 2 2 
 
 

  3a 5a 
 2  + 
1 3a 25a  2 2 
=  + 2 a 2
log
2a  8  2 
 
  
1  3a 5a  8a 2  
=  . + 2a log 
2

2a  4 2  4a 
3a 5a 2a 2
= . + log 2
2a 8 2a
15a
= + a log 2
16
 15 
= a log 2 +  ( Showed .)
 16 

Example-11: Find the length of the loop of the curve 9ay 2 = ( x − 2a )( x − 5a ) .

2

Solution:

Given that,

9ay 2 = ( x − 2a )( x − 5a ) .........(1)
2

Here, even power of ‘y’ is present. So (1) is symmetrical about x-axis.

when, y = 0, then, x = 2a, 5a

Again, when x < 0 then y is imaginary. No part of the curve for x < 0 .

Now, we draw the curve roughly.

Differencing (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we have,

14
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

( x − 5a )
1

y = ( x − 2a ) 2 +
2 x − 2a

X/ (0, 0) X

(2a, 0) (5a, 0)

Y/

dy   1
1 1
1 −
∴ = ( x − 2a ) + ( x − 2a ) 2 ( x − 5a ).
2
dx  2 3 a
 1
( x − 5a )  1
= ( x − 2a ) 2 + .
 2 x − 2a  3 a
 2( x − 2a ) + ( x + 5a )  1
= .
 2 x − 2a 3 a
=
1
[2 x − 4a + x − 5a].
3 a 2 x − 2a
dy x − 3a
∴ =
dx 2 a x − 2a

( x − 3a) 2
2
 dy 
⇒  =
 dx  4a ( x − 2a )
( x − 3a) 2 4a ( x − 2a )( x − 3a ) 2 a 2 + x 2 − 2ax
2
 dy 
⇒1+   =1+ = =
 dx  4a ( x − 2a ) 4a ( x − 2a ) 4a ( x − 2a )
( x − a) 2
=
4a ( x − 2a )
dy 2 x−a
∴ 1+ ( ) =
dx 2 a x − 2a

Hence, the required length is,

15
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

5a dy 2
S = 2∫ 1+ ( ) .dx
2a dx
5a x−a
= 2∫ . dx
2 a x − 2a
2a

1 5 a ( x − 2a ) + a
= 2. ∫ . x − 2a dx
2 a 2a
1  5a a 5a dx 
=  ∫2 a . x − 2a dx + ∫ . 
a a 2a
x − 2a 
5a
 3 
=

1 ( x − 2a ) 2

a 3

 + a .2 x − 2a [ ]5a
2a

 2  2 a
2
= 3a. 3. a + 2 a.3. a
3 a
= 2a. 3 + 2a. 3
= 4a 3 ( Ans.)

 12 − 
1
1 a
= ∫ 3x + ax 2 dx

3a 0  
  3  1 
a a

1  x2  x2  
= 3  + a   
3a   3  1  
  2  0
  2  0 
 3 3 
1 3a 2
a.a 2 
=  3 + 1 
3a  
 2 2 
1  2
3 3

2 
=  2 a + 2 a
3a  

3
4a 2
= 1
2
3a
4a
= ( Ans.)
3

2 2 2
33 2
Example-11: If x 3 + y 3 = a 3 then show that the length of the curve is S = ax from (0, 0)
2
to (x, y).

16
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Solution:

Given that,

2 2 2

x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ...................( 1)

Differentiating (1) w. r. to ‘x’ we obtain,

1 1
2 − 3 2 − 3 dy
.x + . y . = 0
3 3 dx
1
− 1
dy x 3 y
⇒ = − 1 = ( )3
dx − x
y 3
2 2 2
x +y
2
 dy 
2 3 3 3
y a
∴1 +   = 1 + ( ) = = 2 3

 dx 
2
x
x3 x3

Hence, the required length is,

x dy 2
S=∫ 1+ ( ) .dx
0 dx

2
x a3
=∫ 2
dx
0
3
x
1 2
x −
=a 3
∫ 0
x 3
dx
1 2 1 1 1
x − . x −
=a 3
∫ 0
x 3 2
..dx =a 3
∫
0
3
x ..dx
x
 − 1 +1 
1
 x 3 .. 
= a3  
 − 1 + 1
 3  0
1 2
.
3 3
a x
=
2
3
3
= 3 ax 2 ( Showed .)
2

17
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

2 2
x y
Example-12: Find the length of the perimeter of the hypocycloid ( ) 3 + ( ) 3 = 1 (H.W.)
a b

Example-13: Find the length of the curves x = aCos 3 t .and y = bSin 3 t

Solution:

Given that,

x = a cos 3 t...............(1)
dx
= a.3Cos 2 t − S int = −3aCos 2 tS int
dt
and,

y = bSin 3 t
dy
∴ = 3bSin 2 t.Cost
dt

π
when, x = 0 then, cos t = 0 , t =
2
when, y = 0, then, S int = 1 , t = 0

X/ (0, 0) X

Y/

Now, draw the graph roughly,

18
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

dx 2 dy
∴( ) + ( ) 2 = 9a 2 cos 4 t sin 2 t + 9b 2 Sin 4 t cos 2 t
dθ dθ
= 9 cos 2 t sin 2 t (a 2 cos 2 t + b 2 sin 2 t )
{
= 9 cos 2 t sin 2 t a 2 (1 − sin 2 t ) + b 2 sin 2 t }
= 9 cos t sin2 2
t {a 2
+ (b − a ) sin t
2 2 2
}
dx 2 dy
∴ ( ) + ( ) 2 = 3 cos t sin t a 2 + (b 2 − a 2 ) sin 2 t
dθ dθ

Therefore, the required perimeter is,

2π dx 2 dy
S = 4∫ ( ) + ( ) 2 .dθ
0 dθ dθ
π
= 4 ∫ 2 3 cos t sin t a 2 + (b 2 − a 2 ) sin 2 t
0

Let ,
a 2 + (a 2 + b 2 ) Sin 2 t = z
2S int .Cost (b 2 − a 2 )dt = dz
dz
or sin t. cos t.dt =
2(b − a 2 )
2

Limit:

when, t = 0 then, a 2 + (b 2 − a 2 ).0 = z ,∴ z = a 2

π
when, t = then, z = b 2
2

19
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

1
b2 dz 12 b2
∴ S = 4∫ 2 3 z .
2(b 2 − a 2 ) 2(b 2 − a 2 ) ∫a
= 2
z 2 dz
a

b2
 1 +1 
12  z2 
=  
2(b 2 − a 2 )  1
+ 1
 2  a 2

=
12 2
. b3 − a3 ( )
2(b − a ) 3
2 2

=
(
4 b3 − a3 )
b2 − a2
4(b − a )(b 2 + ab + a 2 )
=
(b − a )(b + a )
4(b 2 + ab + a 2 )
= ( Ans.)
(b + a )

Example-14: Find the perimeter of the cardioids x = aSin 2θ (1 + Cos 2θ ) .and

y = aCos 2θ (1 − Cos 2θ )

Solution:

Given that,

x = aSin 2θ (1 + Cos 2θ ).............(1)

= a[Sin 2θ (− Sin 2θ ) + (1 + Cos 2θ )Cos 2θ .2]

dx
dθ
[
= 2a − Sin 2 2θ + Cos 2θ + Cos 2 2θ ]
= 2a[Cos 2θ + (Cos 2
2θ − Sin 2 2θ )]
= 2a[Cos 2θ + Cos 4θ ]

and,

y = aCos 2θ (1 − Cos 2θ )

= a[Cos 2θ (0 + Sin2θ .2) + (1 − Cos 2θ ).( Sin 2θ )2]

dy
dθ
= 2a[Cos 2θ .Sin 2θ − Sin 2θ + Sin 2θ .Cos 2θ .]
= 2a[2Cos 2θ . sin 2θ − Sin 2θ ]
= 2a[Sin 4θ − Sin 2θ ]

20
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Limit:

when, x = 0 then, sin θ = 0 , θ = 0

π
when, y = 0, then, Cosθ = 1 , θ =
2

∴ (
dx 2
dθ
dy
[
) + ( ) 2 = 4a 2 Cos 2 2θ + Cos 2 4θ + 2Cos 2θ .Cos 4θ + Sin 2 4θ + Sin 2 2θ − 2 Sin 4θ .Sin 2θ
dθ
]
= 8a 2 [Cos 2θCos 4θ − Sin 4θ .Sin 2θ ]
= 8a 2 Cos (2θ + 4θ ) = 8a 2 Cos 6θ

Now, draw the graph roughly,

Therefore, the required length is,

π
dx 2 dy
S = 4∫ 2 ( ) + ( ) 2 .dθ
0 dθ dθ
π 1 1

= 4 ∫ 2 2 2a.Cos 2 6θ .Sin 2 6θ
0

By using Gamma-beta function,

1 1
+1 +1
2 . 2
2 2
= 8 2a
1 1
+ +2
2 2
2

3
2.
2
= 8 2a
3
2
= 16 2a ( Ans.)

21
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Volume

b b
1. For Cartesian: V = ∫ πy dx or , V = ∫ πx 2 dx
2
a a
2π 3
2. For Polar: V = ∫ 3
r Sinθdθ .

2 2 2
Example-01: For the curve x 3 + y 3 = a 3 show that the volume of the solid formed by the
32a 3
revolution about x-axis is
105

Solution:

Given that,

2 2 2
x + y = a ...................(1)
3 3 3

2 2 2

⇒ y =a −x 3 3 3

3
 23 2


⇒ y =  a − x 3  ................(2)
2

 

when, x = 0 then, y = ± a
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a

(o, a )

X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −a )

Y/

1
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

3
 23 2
 b
Therefore, the required volume is, V = ∫ πy dx = 2π ∫ a − x 3  dx
b
 2
a  
 
a

Put x = aSin 3θ ; dx = 3aSin 2θ .Cosdθ

when, x = 0, then, θ = 0
π
when, x = 0, then, θ =
2
3
 23 2π

∴V = 2π ∫  a − a 3 Sin 2θ  . 3aSin 2θ .Cosdθ
2 
 
0

π
= 2π ∫ 2 a 2. 3aSin 2θ .Cos 7 dθ
0
π
= 6πa 3 ∫ 2 Sin 2θ .Cos 7 dθ
0

By using Gamma-Beta function,

2 +1 7 +1 3 3
. .4 .3.2.1
2 2 2 2
= 6πa 3 = 6πa 3 = 6πa 3
2+7+2 11 9 7 5 3
2 2 2. . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2
32πa 3
= ( Showed .)
105

Example-02: Find the volume of the region obtained by revolving the curve r = a (1 + Cosθ ) about
the initial line.

Solution:

Given that,

r = a (1 + Cosθ )...............(1)

Equation (1) is symmetrical with the initial line,

when, r = 0, then a (1 + Cosθ ) = 0

⇒ Cosθ = −1
∴θ = ±π

2
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

So the equation (1) lies between θ = −π to + π

X/ X
o

Y/

Therefore, the required volume is,

π
2 3 2 π
V =∫ πr Sinθdθ = π ∫ a 3 (1 + Cosθ )3 Sinθdθ
0 3 3 0
π π
2πa 3 θ θ θ 2πa 3 θ θ
= .2 ∫ 2 (2Cos 2 )3 2 Sin Cos dθ = .32 ∫ 2 Sin Cos 7 dθ
3 0 2 2 2 3 0 2 2
3 π
64πa 2 θ θ
=
3 ∫0
Sin Cos 7 dθ
2 2

By using Gamma-beta function,

1+1 7 +1
.
6πa 3
2 2
=
3 1+ 7 + 2
2
2

64πa 3 1. 4
=
3 25
1.3.2.1
= 6πa 3
2.4.3.2.1
8πa 3
= ( Ans.)
3

3
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Example-03: Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolved of an ellipse round its minor
4 3
axis is πa b .
3

Solution:

The equation of ellipse is,

x2 y2
+ = 1...................(1)
a2 b2

From (1),

x2 y2
= 1− 2
a2 b
a2
⇒ x 2 = 2 (b 2 − y 2 )..........(2)
b

when, x = 0 then, y = ±b
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a

(o, a )

X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −a )

Y/

The curve meets at (0,b) ,(0,-b), (a,0) and (-a,0)

Now, draw a graph roughly,

Therefore, the required volume is,

b
V = ∫ πx 2 dy
a

4
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

= 2π ∫
ba2 2
0 b2
(
. b − y 2 dy )
 a2  y3  
b
 2 b a2 b 2 
= 2π a ∫ dy − 2 ∫ y .dy  = 2π a [ y ]0 − 2   
2 b

 0 b 0   b  3 a 

 2 a 2 b3   2 a 2b 
= 2π a b − 2 .  = 2π a b −
 b 3  3 
4π a 2b
= ( Ans.)
3

 3a − x 
Example-04: The curve y 2 = x 2   revolves about the axis of X. Find the volume generated
 a+x 
by the loop.

Solution:

Given that,

 3a − x 
y2 = x2  ............(1)
 a+x 

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0,3a

X/ X
o

Y/

5
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Therefore, the required volume is,

3a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0

 3a − x  2  a + x + 2a − 2 x 
3a 3a
= π ∫ x2  dx = π ∫0 x  dx
0
 a+x   a+x 

3a  2 x 2 (a + x − 2 x)  3a  4 x3 
= π ∫  x2 +  = π ∫0 
2
+ 2
−
a + x 
dx x 2 x dx
0
 a+x 
3a  4 x3  3a 3a 4 x3
= π ∫ 3 x 2 − dx π ∫ 3 x dx π ∫
= 2
+ −
a + x 
dx
0
 0 0 a+x
3a 3a 4 x 2 (a + x) + 4ax(a + x) − 4a 2 (a + x) + 4a 3
= π ∫ 3 x 2 dx + π ∫ − dx
0 0 a+x
3a 3a  4a 3 
= π ∫ 3 x 2 dx + π ∫ − 4 x 2 + 4ax − 4a 2 +  dx
0 0
 a + x 
3a
 − 4 x3 
=π x [ ]3 3a
0 +π + 2ax 2 − 4a 2 x + 4a 3 ln(a + x)
 3 0
= 27πa 3 − 36πa 3 + 16πa 3 − 12πa 3 + 4πa 3 ln(4a ) − −4πa 3 ln(a )
= −3πa 3 + 4πa 3 ln(4) = −3πa 3 + 8πa 3 ln(2)
= πa 3 (8lm 2 − 3) ( Ans.)

Example-05: The loop of the curve 2ay 2 = x( x − a ) revolves about the axis of X. Find the volume
2

generated by the loop of the solid.

Solution:

Given that,

2ay 2 = x( x − a ) ................(1)
2

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, a

Now,

Therefore, the required volume is,

6
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

X/ X
o

Y/

a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0

x( x − a) 2 π  a 3
x dx − 2a ∫ x 2 dx + a 2 ∫ xdx 
3 a a
=π∫ dx = ∫
0 2a 2a  0 0 0 

2 a
π  x 4 
a a
 x3  2x  π  a 4 2a 4 a 4 
=    − 2a   + a    =  − + − 0 + 0 − 0
2a   4  0
  3 0  2  0  2a  4 3 2 
π  3a 4 − 8a 4 + 6a 2  π a4
= =
2a  12  2a . 12

π a4
= ( Ans.)
24

Example-06: Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse round its major
axis.

Solution:

The equation of ellipse is,

x2 y2
+ = 1...................(1)
a2 b2

From (1),

7
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

y2 x2
= 1 −
b2 b2
b2
⇒ y 2 = 2 (a 2 − x 2 )..........(2)
a

when, x = 0 then, y = ±b
when, y = 0, then, x = ± a

(o, b)

X/ ( − a, o) ( a, o) X
o
(o, −b)

Y/

The curve meets at (0,b) ,(0,-b), (a,0) and (-a,0)

Now, draw a graph roughly,

Therefore, the required volume is,

a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0

= 2π ∫
b
a b2 2
a2
(
. a − x 2 dx )
 b2  x3  
a
 2 a b2 a 2 
= 2π b ∫ dx − 2 ∫ x .dx  = 2π a [x ]0 − 2   
2 a

 0 a 0   a  3 0 

 b2 a3   ab 2 
= 2π b 2 a − 2 .  = 2π ab 2 −
 a 3  3 
4π ab 2
= ( Ans.)
3

8
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Example-07: Find the volume of the region obtained by revolving the curve r = 2a (1 + Cosθ )
about the initial line.

Solution:

Given that,

r = 2a (1 + Cosθ )...............(1)

Equation (1) is symmetrical with the initial line,

when, r = 0, then 2a (1 + Cosθ ) = 0

⇒ Cosθ = −1
∴θ = ±π

So the equation (1) lies between θ = −π to + π

X/ X
o

Y/

Therefore, the required volume is,

π 2 3
V =∫ πr Sinθdθ
0 3
π
2 π 16πa 3 2 θ θ θ
= π ∫ 23.a 3 (1 + Cosθ )3 Sinθdθ = ∫ (2Cos 2 )3 2 Sin Cos dθ
3 0 3 0 2 2 2
π 3 π
16πa 3
θ θ 512πa 2 θ θ
= .32 ∫ 2 Sin Cos 7 dθ = ∫ Sin Cos 7 dθ
3 0 2 2 3 0 2 2

By using Gamma-beta function,

9
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

1+1 7 +1
.
512πa 3
2 2 512πa 3 1. 4 512πa 3 1.3.2.1
= = =
3 1+ 7 + 2 3 25 3 2.4.3.2.1
2
2
64πa 3
= ( Ans.)
3

Example-08: Find the volume of solid obtained by rotating about x-axis. The area of the parabola
y 2 = 4ax cut off by its lotus rectum.

Solution:

Given that,

y 2 = 4ax...............(1)

Since, the distance from vertex to lotus rectum is ‘a’

X/ X
o

Y/

Therefore, the required volume is,

a
V = ∫ πy 2 dx
0
a
a  x2  a2
= π ∫ 4axdx = 4aπ   = 4aπ
0
 2 0 2
= 2π a 3 ( Ans.)

10
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

Example-09: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area enclosed by the curve
a 2 y 2 = x 2 (x − a )(2a − x)

Solution:

Given that,

a 2 y 2 = x 2 ( x − a )(2a − x)..............(1)
x 2 ( x − a )(2a − x)
y2 =
a2

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0, a,2a

X/ X
o

Y/

Now,

Therefore, the required volume is,

11
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

2a 2π x 2 ( x − a )(2a − x)
V = ∫ πy dx = π ∫
2
dx
0 0 a2
π   x4   x4  
2a 2a 2a 2a
π 2a  x5   x3 
= 2  ∫ 3ax 3dx − 2a 2 ∫ x 2 dx + a ∫ x 3dx  =
2a 2a
3a   −   2a 2   + a   
a  0 0 0  2a   4  0  5  0  3 0  4  0 

π  5 32a 5 16a 5 5 
= 12a − +
a 2 
4a 
5 3 
64π a 3
= ( Ans.)
15

Example-10: Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area included between the curve
The curve y 2 = x 3 and x 2 = y 3 about X-axis.

Solution:

Given that,

y 2 = x 3 .............(1)
and , x 2 = y 3
2

⇒ y = ( x ) 2 ............(2)
2 3

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 0

P
A

Q
X/ X
o B

Y/

Again, from (1) we have,

12
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

y 2 = x3
⇒ y 2 = x 2 .x ⇒ y 2 = y 3 .x
⇒ xy = 1
1
∴x = ..........(3)
y

Putting the value of ‘x’ in (2) we get,

1
( )2 = y3
y
⇒ y =1

From (3) we get, x = 1

So, the line intersects at (0, 0) and (1, 1)

If the required volume is V then,

V = rotated volume of OPABO − Rotated volume of OQABO

⇒ V = V1 − V2 ...................(4) [ Let ]

Now,

4
1 1
V1 = ∫ πy 2 dx = π ∫ x 3 dx
0 0

 4 +1  1
 x 3  3π  73  3π
=π = x  = [1 − 0] = 3π
4
 + 1 7  0 7 7
 3 

Again,

1
 x4  π π
V2 = ∫ πy dx = π ∫ x dx = π   = π x 4 0 = [1 − 0] =
1
2
1
3 1
[ ]
0 0
 4 0 4 4

3π π 12π − 7π 5π
Therefore, Total Volume V = V1 − V2 = − = = ( Ans.)
7 4 28 28

Example-11: Find the Volume of the solid generated revolving the curve y 2 (a + x) = x 2 (3a − x ) .

Solution:

Given that,

13
 Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Mathematics Discipline Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, Mobile: 01913262715, Email: [email protected]

y 2 (a + x) = x 2 (3a − x )
x 2 (3a − x )
∴ y2 = .............(1)
(a + x)

Equation (1) is symmetrical about X-axis

when, x = 0 then, y = 0
when, y = 0, then, x = 3a

x = −a
P Q

y
/
X o NM X

∂x

Y/

Equation (1) passing through O(0,0) and A(3a, 0)

Therefore, the required volume is,

3a x 2 (3a − x)
3a 3 a 3ax − x
2 3
V = ∫ πy 2 dx = π ∫ dx = π ∫ dx =
0 0 a+x 0 a+x
3 a − 4 x ( a + x ) + 4 ax ( a + x ) − 4 a ( a + x ) + 4 a
2 2 3
=π∫
0 a+x
3a
3a 4a 3  x3 
= π ∫ − 4 x + 4ax − 4a +
2
= π − 4 + 2ax 2 − 4a 2 x + 4a 3 log(a + x)
2
0 a+x  3 0
 4a 
= π − 9a 3 + 4a 3 log  = πa 3 − 3 + 4 log 22 [ ]
 a
= πa 3 [8 log 2 − 3] ( Ans.)

14