Ud & Ea - 1 PDF
Ud & Ea - 1 PDF
Ud & Ea - 1 PDF
Science:
The word Science originates from the Latin verb “Scienta” meaning ‘to know’. Science is a
systematic attempt to understand natural phenomena in as much detail and depth as possible,
and use the knowledge so gained to predict, modify and control phenomena. Science is exploring,
experimenting and predicting from what we see around us. The curiosity to learn about the world,
unravelling the secrets of nature is the first step towards the discovery of science. The scientific
method involves several interconnected steps:
1. Systematic observations
2. Controlled experiments
3. Qualitative and Quantitative reasoning
4. Mathematical modeling
5. Prediction / Law
6. Verification or falsification of theories.
Science is ever dynamic. There is no ‘final’ theory in science and no unquestioned authority among
scientists. As observations improve in detail and precision or experiments yield new results,
theories must account for them, if necessary, by introducing modifications.
Physics:
The word physics is derived from Greek word fusis, meaning nature or natural things. As such,
physics is defined as that branch of science, which studies natural phenomena in terms of basic
laws and physical quantities. The study is generally structured to satisfy queries, arising from the
observed events occurring around our world. Physics answers questions about universe and the
way elements of universe interact to compose natural phenomena. The underlying principles in
physics are simple and general, but defining (basic) in nature. Elements and quantities used to
describe natural phenomena are also general and basic. The whole of universe, as a matter of fact,
can be considered to be comprising of two basic quantities: (i) matter and (ii) energy. Physicists
define physics as the study of matter and energy.
Domain of physics
The domain of physics extends from the infinitesimal to the infinite and is largely undefined. At
one end of the scale, there are quarks composing nucleons (neutrons and protons) and on the
other end, there are galaxies, with sun-like stars as its constituents and a universe that we do not
know much about. Domains are also defined in terms of various important attributes like speed,
temperature and other physical quantities. In the domain, defined by speed, we study both
stationary objects and objects moving at very high speed, perhaps three- fourths of the speed of
light. The upper limit of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum. Similarly, the lower limit of
temperature is 0 K. The uncertainty about the domain of physics stems from the fact that new
experiments and discoveries continuously break the bounds (limits) set before. An example: for
many years, the charge on the electron was considered the smallest amount of charge, but today
after the discovery of quarks, we know that these carry lesser amounts of charge than that carried
by electrons. Thus, the extent of physics is actually changing as we learn more and more about
nature.
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
Simplification and unification have emerged as the basic trait of physics. There are only a few
laws to define a wide variety of natural phenomena fi a fact that underlines the simplification of
governing laws in physics. On the other hand, unification of physical quantities and concepts is
also prevalent. Take the example of matter and energy. They are now considered equivalent. The
Special Theory of Relativity establishes the equivalence of these two quantities as E = mc2.
Further, this dual nature of matter highlights the wave (E energy) nature of particles (m mass),
which underlies the concept of mass-energy equivalence. Similarly, the treatment of magnetism in
terms of electrical charge is an example of unification of physical concepts.
Physical Quantity
A quantity which can be measured and by which various physical happenings can be explained and
expressed in the form of laws is called a physical quantity. For example length, mass, time, force
etc.
On the other hand various happenings in life e.g., happiness, sorrow etc. are not physical
quantities because these cannot be measured.
Measurement is necessary to determine magnitude of a physical quantity, to compare two similar
physical quantities and to prove physical laws or equations.
A physical quantity is represented completely by its magnitude and unit. For example, 10 metre
means a length which is ten times the unit of length. Here 10 represents the numerical value of
the given quantity and metre represents the unit of quantity under consideration. Thus in
expressing a physical quantity we choose a unit and then find that how many times that unit is
contained in the given physical quantity, i.e.
Physical Quantity (Q) = Magnitude × Unit = n × u
Where, n represents the numerical value and u represents the unit. Thus while expressing definite
amount of physical quantity, it is clear that as the unit(u) changes, the magnitude(n) will also
change but product ‘nu’ will remain same.
1
i.e. n u = constant, or n1u1 n2u2 constant ; n
u
i.e. magnitude of a physical quantity and units are inversely proportional to each other .Larger the
unit, smaller will be the magnitude.
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
(1) Ratio (numerical value only): When a physical quantity is the ratio of two similar
quantities, it has no unit.
e.g. Relative density = Density of object/Density of water at 4oC
Refractive index = Velocity of light in air/Velocity of light in medium
Strain = Change in dimension/Original dimension
(2) Scalar (magnitude only): These quantities do not have any direction e.g. Length, time, work,
energy etc.
Magnitude of a physical quantity can be negative. In that case negative sign indicates that
the numerical value of the quantity under consideration is negative. It does not specify the
direction.
Scalar quantities can be added or subtracted with the help of ordinary laws of addition or
subtraction.
(3) Vector (magnitude and direction): These quantities have magnitude and direction both
and can be added or subtracted with the help of laws of vector algebra e.g. displacement,
velocity, acceleration, force etc.
System of units: A complete set of units, both fundamental and derived for all kinds of physical
quantities is called system of units. The common systems are given below
(1) CGS system: This system is also called Gaussian system of units. In this length, mass and
time have been chosen as the fundamental quantities and corresponding fundamental
units are centimetre (cm), gram (g) and second (s) respectively.
(2) MKS system: This system is also called Giorgi system. In this system also length, mass and
time have been taken as fundamental quantities, and the corresponding fundamental units
are metre, kilogram and second.
(3) FPS system: In this system foot, pound and second are used respectively for measurements
of length, mass and time. In this system force is a derived quantity with unit poundal.
(4) S. I. system: It is known as International system of units, and is extended system of units
applied to whole physics. There are seven fundamental quantities in this system. These
quantities and their units are given in the following table
Units of measurement
The study of science, including physics, is quantitative in nature. We study natural phenomena and
events in terms of quantities, which can be measured. A measurement is basically observations to
estimate a physical quantity. Its basic objective is to reduce uncertainty and to give definitive
stature to the quantities being described.
The measurement of quantity is done by comparing it with some standard called unit. A unit,
therefore, is any division of quantity, which is accepted as one unit of that quantity. A quantity (Q)
is expressed as the product of a number (number of times in comparison to the standard) and the
name given to the unit or standard.
Q = n times unit
Q=nu
1. Basic or fundamental quantities
2. Derived physical quantities
One meter is the length of path traveled by light in vacuum during a time
1
interval of of a second.
299,792,458
Length
(Earlier)
1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of radiation corresponding to
orange red light of krypton-86.
One second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of the Cesium-133 atom.
Time
(Earlier)
1
of a day.
86400
One kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at
the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, France.
Mass (Earlier)
The kilogram was defined as being the mass of one cubic decimetre (one
liter) of pure water at its freezing point (at 4ºC).
One ampere is that constant current, which when flows through two
infinitely long straight parallel conductors of negligible cross-section, kept
one meter apart in vacuum, produces between them force of 2 × 10–7
Electric N/m per unit length.
Current (Earlier)
A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current. The [CGS] emu unit of
current is that current, flowing in an arc 1 cm long of a circle 1 cm in
radius creates a field of one oersted at the centre.
1
One kelvin is equal to the fraction of the thermodynamic
273.16
temperature of triple point of water.
Temperature
(Earlier)
The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0° to the freezing point of
water and 100° to the boiling point of water.
One mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many
Amount of
elementary particles/entities (atoms, molecules, ions etc.) as there are
substance
atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon–12
One candela is the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that
emits monochromatic radiation of 540 × 1012 Hz and that has a radiant
intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
Luminous (Earlier)
Intensity One candela is the luminous intensity of a blackbody of surface area
1
m2 placed at a temperature of freezing platinum and at a
6,00,000
pressure of 1.01325 × 105 N/m2 in the direction perpendicular to its
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
surface.
Supplementary Units: Some derived units have special names, for example the unit
of force is the newton.
radian, steradian, hertz, newton, pascal, joule, watt, coulomb, volt, farad, ohm, siemens,
weber, tesla, henry, degree Celsius, lumen, lux, becquerel, gray, sievert, katal
One radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off
Plane angle on the circumference an arc equal to the length of the radius.
One steradian is the solid angle which having its vertex at the centre of
Solid Angle the sphere, cut off an area of surface equal to that of a square with sides
of length equal to the radius of the sphere.
S.I. Prefixes:
A prefix may be added to a unit to produce a multiple of the original unit. All multiples are integer
powers of ten, and beyond a hundred(th) all are integer powers of a thousand. For example, kilo-
denotes a multiple of a thousand and milli- denotes a multiple of a thousandth; hence there are
one thousand millimetres to the metre and one thousand metres to the kilometre.
The prefixes are never combined, and multiples of the kilogram are named as if the gram was the
base unit. Thus a millionth of a metre is a micrometre, not a millimillimetre, and a millionth of a
kilogram is a milligram, not a microkilogram
Practical Units
(1) Length:
Planck length: 10–35 m
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
Distance traveled by light in one Planck time (10–43 sec)
1 fermi = 1 fm (femtometer) = 10–15 m. Nuclear dimensions
1 X-ray unit = 1XU = 10–13 m
1 angstrom = 1Å = 10–10 m Atomic dimensions
1 micron = m = 10–6 m
yard (yd) = 0.91 m [1 m = 1.1 yd]
Astronomical Unit (AU). It is the mean distance between sun and earth or mean radius
of earth’s orbit. It is used in solar studies.
1 A.U. = = 1.496 × 1011 m 1.5 1011 m 108 km
Light year (ly): 9.46 × 1015 m. It is distance traveled by light in vacuum in one year.
Parsec (parallactic second) = 3.0857 × 1016 m. It is the distance at which mean radius of
earth’s orbit subtends an angle of one second of arc. 1 Parsec = 1pc = 3.26 light year
(2) Mass:
(i) Chandra Shekhar unit: 1 CSU = 1.4 times the mass of sun = 2.8 1030 kg
(ii) Metric tonne: 1 Metric tonne = 1000 kg
(iii) Quintal: 1 Quintal = 100 kg
(iv) Atomic mass unit (amu) 1.66054 × 10–27 kg
Mass of proton or neutron
It is the (1/12th) of mass of 6C12 atom
(v) pound (lb) = 0.453592 kg [1 kg = 2.2 lb]
Units
1. Light year is a unit of
(a) Time (b) Mass
(c) Distance (d) Energy
2. The magnitude of any physical quantity
(a) Depends on the method of measurement
(b) Does not depend on the method of measurement
(c) Is more in SI system than in CGS system
(d) Directly proportional to the fundamental units of mass, length and time
3. Which of the following is not equal to watt
(a) Joule/second (b) Ampere volt
2
(c) (Ampere) ohm (d) Ampere/volt
4. Newton–second is the unit of
(a) Velocity (b) Angular momentum
(c) Momentum (d) Energy
5. Which of the following is not represented in correct unit
Stress
(a) N/m2 (b) Surface tension = N/m
Strain
(c) Energy kg-m/sec (d) Pressure N/m2
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
6. One second is equal to
(a) 1650763.73 time periods of Kr clock
(b) 652189.63 time periods of Kr clock
(c) 1650763.73 time periods of Cs clock
(d) 9192631770 time periods of Cs clock
7. One nanometre is equal to
(a) 109 mm (b) 10 6 cm
(c) 107 cm (d) 109 cm
8. A micron is related to centimetre as
(a) 1 micron 10 8 cm (b) 1 micron 10 6 cm
(c) 1 micron 10 5 cm (d) 1 micron 10 4 cm
9. The unit of power is
(a) Joule
(b) Joule per second only
(c) Joule per second and watt both
(d) Only watt
10. A suitable unit for gravitational constant is
(a) kg - m sec 1 (b) N m 1 sec
(c) N m2 kg 2 (d) kg m sec 1
11. SI unit of pressure is
(a) Pascal (b) Dynes / cm2
(c) cm of Hg (d) Atmosphere
12. The unit of angular acceleration in the SI system is
(a) N kg 1 (b) m s 2
List-I List-II
I. Joule A. Henry Amp/sec
II. Watt B. Farad Volt
III. Volt C. Coulomb Volt
IV. Coulomb D. Oersted cm
E. Amp Gauss
F. Amp2 Ohm
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
Codes:
(a) I A, II F , III E , IV D
(b) I C ,II F , III A, IV B
(c) I C ,II F , III A, IV E
(d) I B, II F , III A, IV C
74. Which relation is wrong
(a) 1 Calorie = 4.18 Joules
(b) 1Å 1010 m
(c) 1 MeV 1.6 10 13 Joules
(d) 1 Newton 10 5 Dynes
75. If x at bt 2 , where x is the distance travelled by the body in kilometres while t is the time
in seconds, then the units of b are
(a) km/s (b) kms
(c) km/s 2 (d) kms 2
a
76. The equation P 2 (v b) constant. The units of a are
v
(a) Dyne cm5 (b) Dyne cm4
(c) Dyne/cm 3 (d) Dyne / cm2
77. Which of the following quantity is expressed as force per unit area
(a) Work (b) Pressure
(c) Volume (d) Area
78. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists
List-I List-II
(a) Distance between earth and stars 1. Microns
(b) Inter-atomic distance in a solid 2. Angstroms
(c) Size of the nucleus 3. Light years
(d) Wavelength of infrared laser 4. Fermi
5. Kilometres
Codes
a b c d a b c d
(a) 5 4 2 1 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 5 2 4 3 (d) 3 4 1 2
79. Unit of impulse is
(a) Newton (b) kgm
(c) kgm/s (d) Joule
80. Which is not a unit of electric field
(a) NC 1 (b) Vm1
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
(c) JC 1 (d) JC 1m1
81. The correct value of 0o C on the Kelvin scale is
(a) 273.15K (b) 272.85K
(c) 273K (d) 273.2K
82. 'Torr' is the unit of
(a) Pressure (b) Volume
(c) Density (d) Flux
83. Which of the following is a derived unit
(a) Unit of mass (b) Unit of length
(c) Unit of time (d) Unit of volume
84. Dyne/cm2 is not a unit of
(a) Pressure (b) Stress
(c) Strain (d) Young's modulus
85. The units of angular momentum are
(a) kgm2 /s2 (b) Joules
(c) Joule/s (d) kgms2
86. Which of the following is not the unit of energy
(a) Calorie (b) Joule
(c) Electron volt (d) Watt
87. Which of the following is not a unit of time (a)Leap year (b) Micro second
(c) Lunar month (d) Light year
88. The S.I. unit of gravitational potential is
(a) J (b) J-kg 1
(c) J-kg (d) J-kg 2
89. Which one of the following is not a unit of young's modulus
(a) Nm1 (b) Nm2
(c) Dyne cm 2 (d)Mega Pascal
90. In C.G.S. system the magnitutde of the force is 100 dynes. In another system where the
fundamental physical quantities are kilogram, metre and minute, the magnitude of the force
is
(a) 0.036 (b) 0.36
(c) 3.6 (d) 36
91. The unit of L / R is (where L = inductance and R = resistance)
(a) sec (b) sec1
(c) Volt (d) Ampere
92. Which is different from others by units
(a) Phase difference (b) Mechanical equivalent
(c) Loudness of sound (d) Poisson's ratio
93. Length cannot be measured by
Units, Dimensions & Error Analysis
(a) Fermi (b) Debye
(c) Micron (d) Light year
94. The value of Planck's constant is
(a) 6.63 10 34 J-sec (b) 6.63 1034 J/sec
(c) 6.63 10 34 kg-m2 (d) 6.63 1034 kg/sec
95. A physical quantity is measured and its value is found to be nu where n numerical value
and u unit. Then which of the following relations is true
(a) n u2 (b) n u
1
(c) n u (d) n
u
96. Faraday is the unit of
(a) Charge (b) emf
(c) Mass (d) Energy
97. Candela is the unit of
(a) Electric intensity (b) Luminous intensity
(c) Sound intensity (d) None of these
98. The unit of reactance is
(a) Ohm (b) Volt
(c) Mho (d) Newton
99. The unit of Planck's constant is
(a) Joule (b) Joule/s
(c) Joule/m (d) Joule-s
100. Number of base SI units is
(a) 4 (b) 7
(c) 3 (d) 5
101. SI unit of permittivity is
(a) C 2m2N 1 (b) C 1m2N 2
(c) C 2 m2N 2 (d) C 2m2N 1
102. Which does not has the same unit as others
(a) Watt-sec (b) Kilowatt-hour
(c) eV (d) J-sec
103. Unit of surface tension is
(a) Nm1 (b) Nm2
(c) N2 m1 (d) Nm3
104. Which of the following system of units is not based on units of mass, length and time alone