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Complex Analysis: Chapter V. Singularities V.2. Residues-Proofs of Theorems

The document summarizes the proof of the residue theorem. It states that if a function f is analytic in a region G except for isolated singularities, and γ is a closed curve in G not passing through the singularities, then the integral of f around γ equals the sum of the residues of f at the singularities, weighted by the winding number of γ around each singularity. The proof constructs small circles around each singularity, applies Cauchy's theorem, and uses the Laurent series expansion to evaluate the integrals around the small circles in terms of residues.

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75 views14 pages

Complex Analysis: Chapter V. Singularities V.2. Residues-Proofs of Theorems

The document summarizes the proof of the residue theorem. It states that if a function f is analytic in a region G except for isolated singularities, and γ is a closed curve in G not passing through the singularities, then the integral of f around γ equals the sum of the residues of f at the singularities, weighted by the winding number of γ around each singularity. The proof constructs small circles around each singularity, applies Cauchy's theorem, and uses the Laurent series expansion to evaluate the integrals around the small circles in terms of residues.

Uploaded by

TOM DAVIS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Analysis

Chapter V. Singularities
V.2. Residues—Proofs of Theorems

April 10, 2018

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 1/7


Table of contents

1 Theorem V.2.2

2 Proposition V.2.4

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 2/7


Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2
Theorem V.2.2. Residue Theorem.
Let f be analytic in the region G , except for the isolated singularities
a1 , a2 , . . . am . If γ is a closed rectifiable curve in G which does not pass
through anyPof the points ak and if γ ≈ 0 in G then
1
R m
2πi γ f = k=1 n(γ; ak ) Res(f ; ak ).

Proof. Define mk = n(γ; ak ) for 1 ≤ k ≤ m. Choose positive r1 , r2 , . . . , rm


such that the disks B(ak ; rk ) are disjoint, none of them intersect {γ}, and
each disk is contained in G . This can be done since {γ} is compact (by
Theorem II.5.17) and G is open.

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 3/7


Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2
Theorem V.2.2. Residue Theorem.
Let f be analytic in the region G , except for the isolated singularities
a1 , a2 , . . . am . If γ is a closed rectifiable curve in G which does not pass
through anyPof the points ak and if γ ≈ 0 in G then
1
R m
2πi γ f = k=1 n(γ; ak ) Res(f ; ak ).

Proof. Define mk = n(γ; ak ) for 1 ≤ k ≤ m. Choose positive r1 , r2 , . . . , rm


such that the disks B(ak ; rk ) are disjoint, none of them intersect {γ}, and
each disk is contained in G . This can be done since {γ} is compact (by
Theorem II.5.17) and G is open. Let γk (t) = ak + rk exp(−2πimk t) for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1:

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 3/7


Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2
Theorem V.2.2. Residue Theorem.
Let f be analytic in the region G , except for the isolated singularities
a1 , a2 , . . . am . If γ is a closed rectifiable curve in G which does not pass
through anyPof the points ak and if γ ≈ 0 in G then
1
R m
2πi γ f = k=1 n(γ; ak ) Res(f ; ak ).

Proof. Define mk = n(γ; ak ) for 1 ≤ k ≤ m. Choose positive r1 , r2 , . . . , rm


such that the disks B(ak ; rk ) are disjoint, none of them intersect {γ}, and
each disk is contained in G . This can be done since {γ} is compact (by
Theorem II.5.17) and G is open. Let γk (t) = ak + rk exp(−2πimk t) for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1:

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 3/7


Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2
Theorem V.2.2. Residue Theorem.
Let f be analytic in the region G , except for the isolated singularities
a1 , a2 , . . . am . If γ is a closed rectifiable curve in G which does not pass
through anyPof the points ak and if γ ≈ 0 in G then
1
R m
2πi γ f = k=1 n(γ; ak ) Res(f ; ak ).

Proof. Define mk = n(γ; ak ) for 1 ≤ k ≤ m. Choose positive r1 , r2 , . . . , rm


such that the disks B(ak ; rk ) are disjoint, none of them intersect {γ}, and
each disk is contained in G . This can be done since {γ} is compact (by
Theorem II.5.17) and G is open. Let γk (t) = ak + rk exp(−2πimk t) for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1:

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 3/7


Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2 (continued 1)


Proof (continued). Then for 1 ≤ j ≤ m, n(γ; aj ) + m
P
k=1 n(γk ; aj ) = 0
(since the disks are disjoint, in fact the terms in the summation are 0
except for when j = k in which case n(γk ; ak ) = −mk ). Since γ ≈ 0 in G
then, by definition, n(γ; a) = 0 for all a ∈ C \ G , and since B(ak ; rk ) ⊂ G
then n(γk P; a) = 0 for all a ∈ C \ G and for 1 ≤ k ≤ m. So
n(γ; a) + m k=1 n(γk ; a) = 0 for all a not in G \ {a1 , a2 , . . . , am } (that is,
for all a ∈ C \ (G \ {a1 , a2 , . . . , am })). Since f is analytic in
G \ {a1 , a2 , . . . , am }, then by the First Version of Cauchy’s Theorem
(Theorem IV.5.7) implies
Z m Z
X
0= f (z) dz + f (z) dz. (2.3)
γ k=1 γk

If f (z) = ∞ n
P
n=−∞ bn (z − ak ) is the Laurent expansion of f about z = ak ,
then this series converges uniformly on ∂B(ak ; rk ) by Theorem V.1.11
(Laurent Series Development).
() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 4/7
Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2 (continued 1)


Proof (continued). Then for 1 ≤ j ≤ m, n(γ; aj ) + m
P
k=1 n(γk ; aj ) = 0
(since the disks are disjoint, in fact the terms in the summation are 0
except for when j = k in which case n(γk ; ak ) = −mk ). Since γ ≈ 0 in G
then, by definition, n(γ; a) = 0 for all a ∈ C \ G , and since B(ak ; rk ) ⊂ G
then n(γk P; a) = 0 for all a ∈ C \ G and for 1 ≤ k ≤ m. So
n(γ; a) + m k=1 n(γk ; a) = 0 for all a not in G \ {a1 , a2 , . . . , am } (that is,
for all a ∈ C \ (G \ {a1 , a2 , . . . , am })). Since f is analytic in
G \ {a1 , a2 , . . . , am }, then by the First Version of Cauchy’s Theorem
(Theorem IV.5.7) implies
Z m Z
X
0= f (z) dz + f (z) dz. (2.3)
γ k=1 γk

If f (z) = ∞ n
P
n=−∞ bn (z − ak ) is the Laurent expansion of f about z = ak ,
then this series converges uniformly on ∂B(ak ; rk ) by Theorem V.1.11
(Laurent Series Development).
() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 4/7
Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2 (continued 2)

Proof (continued). So the uniform convergence gives


∞ ∞
Z Z ! Z 
X X
n n
f (z) dz = bn (z − ak ) = bn (z − ak ) dz .
γk γk n=−∞ −∞ γk

Now for n 6= −1, (z − ak )n has a primitive and γk (z − ak )n dz = 0. When


R

n = −1,
Z Z
−1
b−1 (z − ak ) dz = Res(f ; ak ) (z − ak )−1 dz
γk γk
by the definition of residue
= Res(f ; ak )2πin(γk ; ak )
by the definition of winding number.

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 5/7


Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2 (continued 2)

Proof (continued). So the uniform convergence gives


∞ ∞
Z Z ! Z 
X X
n n
f (z) dz = bn (z − ak ) = bn (z − ak ) dz .
γk γk n=−∞ −∞ γk

Now for n 6= −1, (z − ak )n has a primitive and γk (z − ak )n dz = 0. When


R

n = −1,
Z Z
−1
b−1 (z − ak ) dz = Res(f ; ak ) (z − ak )−1 dz
γk γk
by the definition of residue
= Res(f ; ak )2πin(γk ; ak )
by the definition of winding number.

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 5/7


Theorem V.2.2

Theorem V.2.2 (continued 3)


Theorem V.2.2. Residue Theorem.
Let f be analytic in the region G , except for the isolated singularities
a1 , a2 , . . . am . If γ is a closed rectifiable curve in G which does not pass
through anyPof the points ak and if γ ≈ 0 in G then
1
R m
2πi γ f = k=1 n(γ; ak ) Res(f ; ak ).

Proof (continued). So (2.3) gives that


Z Xm Z 
f (z) dz = − f (z) dz
γ k=1 γk
m
X m
X
=− 2πin(γk ; ak )Res(f ; ak ) = 2πi n(γ; ak )Res(f ; ak )
k=1 k=1
since n(γk ; ak ) = −n(γ; ak ). Therefore,
Z m
1 X
f (z) dz = n(γ; ak )Res(f ; ak ).
2πi γ
k=1
() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 6/7
Proposition V.2.4

Proposition V.2.4
Proposition V.2.4. Suppose f has a pole of order m at z = a. Let
g (z) = (z − a)m f (z). Then
1
Res(f ; a) = g (m−1) (a).
(m − 1)!
Proof. By Proposition V.1.4 and the definition of “pole of order m,” we
have that g (z) has a removable singularity at z = a and g (a) = b0 6= 0
(here, we
Ptechnically mean that limz→a g (z) = b0 6= 0). Let
∞
g (z) = k=1 bk (z − a)k be the power series of g about z = a.

() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 7/7


Proposition V.2.4

Proposition V.2.4
Proposition V.2.4. Suppose f has a pole of order m at z = a. Let
g (z) = (z − a)m f (z). Then
1
Res(f ; a) = g (m−1) (a).
(m − 1)!
Proof. By Proposition V.1.4 and the definition of “pole of order m,” we
have that g (z) has a removable singularity at z = a and g (a) = b0 6= 0
(here, we
Ptechnically mean that limz→a g (z) = b0 6= 0). Let
∞
g (z) = k=1 bk (z − a)k be the power series of g about z = a. Then for z
“near” a but not equal to a, we have
∞
b0 b1 bm−1 X
f (z) = m
+ m−1
+ ··· + + bm+k (z − a)k .
(z − a) (z − a) z −a
k=0

So this is the Laurent series of f about z = a, and so Res(f ; a) = bm−1 .


Since bm−1 is the coefficient for (z − a)m−1 is the power series
representation of g , so bm−1 = g (m−1) (a)/(m − 1)!.
() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 7/7
Proposition V.2.4

Proposition V.2.4
Proposition V.2.4. Suppose f has a pole of order m at z = a. Let
g (z) = (z − a)m f (z). Then
1
Res(f ; a) = g (m−1) (a).
(m − 1)!
Proof. By Proposition V.1.4 and the definition of “pole of order m,” we
have that g (z) has a removable singularity at z = a and g (a) = b0 6= 0
(here, we
Ptechnically mean that limz→a g (z) = b0 6= 0). Let
∞
g (z) = k=1 bk (z − a)k be the power series of g about z = a. Then for z
“near” a but not equal to a, we have
∞
b0 b1 bm−1 X
f (z) = m
+ m−1
+ ··· + + bm+k (z − a)k .
(z − a) (z − a) z −a
k=0

So this is the Laurent series of f about z = a, and so Res(f ; a) = bm−1 .


Since bm−1 is the coefficient for (z − a)m−1 is the power series
representation of g , so bm−1 = g (m−1) (a)/(m − 1)!.
() Complex Analysis April 10, 2018 7/7

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