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Automatic Control Systems and Measurements

This document discusses block diagrams and transfer functions. It provides the following information: - Block diagrams can be solved using algebraic methods by writing equations for each summing point based on inputs and outputs. The transfer function is found by solving the equations. - Parallel and feedback elements in block diagrams can be represented using multiplication and addition, respectively. - Complex block diagrams with inner, outer, and intersecting loops are better represented using signal flow graphs, where variables are replaced with points and functions with arrows. The characteristic equation can then be found. - As an example, a block diagram is converted to a signal flow graph and the characteristic equation is determined. Homework is assigned to convert a given signal flow

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مهند محسن مخيلف
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79 views8 pages

Automatic Control Systems and Measurements

This document discusses block diagrams and transfer functions. It provides the following information: - Block diagrams can be solved using algebraic methods by writing equations for each summing point based on inputs and outputs. The transfer function is found by solving the equations. - Parallel and feedback elements in block diagrams can be represented using multiplication and addition, respectively. - Complex block diagrams with inner, outer, and intersecting loops are better represented using signal flow graphs, where variables are replaced with points and functions with arrows. The characteristic equation can then be found. - As an example, a block diagram is converted to a signal flow graph and the characteristic equation is determined. Homework is assigned to convert a given signal flow

Uploaded by

مهند محسن مخيلف
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Al-Mustansiriyah University

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AND MEASUREMENTS

Lecture NO.4a

Edited by Dr. Hayder Abdul Khaliq Ali


[email protected]
2019 / 2020
Block diagrams
Solve For The Transfer Function
consider the simple closed – loop (feedback) system below we can solved this system with using
algebraic method.

Solution:
C(s) = G1E (1)
F = C(s)H (2)
E = R(s)-F (3)
E = R(s)- C(s)H (4)
C(s) = G1[R(s)- C(s)H] (5)
C(s) +C(s)HG1 = G1(R(s)
C(s)/R(s)=G1/(1+G1H)
Note: The denominator, set equal to zero, is called the Characteristic Equation

i.e. 1 + G1 H = 0
Ex: Solve For The Transfer Function the following block diagram

Sol: by algebraic method


C = A + B ----(1); A = G1 E -----(2); B = G2 E -----(3)
F = H B ----- (4); E = R – F -----(5);
Let E = R - F = R - ( H B ) = R - ( G2 H ) E
R = ( 1 + G2 H ) E -----(6)
But C = ( G1 + G2) E = ( G1 + G2) / ( 1 + G2 H ) ans
Block Diagram Algebra

• Parallel:
Supper position:
Consider the feedback system as shown below with external disturbance
input D(s) what will be the over all T.F. ?

We can solve this case with 3 steps:


First set D=0, find Y due to R →

G1G2
Y1 ( s ) = R( s)
1 + G1G2 H1
Then set R=0, find Y due to D

G2
Y2 ( s ) = ( − D( s ) )
1 + G1G2 H1

Finally, add the two component to get the overall Y


G1G2 G2
Y ( s) = R( s) − D( s)
1 + G1G2 H1 1 + G1G2 H1
Block Diagram <=> Flow Graph
The convenient method for reduction complex block diagram such as diagrams have inner, outer and intersection loops
in forward or feedback paths is Signal Flow Graph (S.F.G.) method. The following example will be illustrated this method
clearly.
Ex: Find C/R for the block diagram below:

e1 A e2 B e3
D

Replace all the variables such as R(s) , e1, e2, A, B, e3


and D by the points in the S.F.G. also replace all the
T.F. and summing points by arrow signal as illustrated
in following S.F.G.
H.W. 2 : find the block diagram of the following S.F.G., what will be the characteristic equation?

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