Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual

Volume 1: Chapter 2 - General Standards

August 2019
Copyright
© The State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads) 2019.

Licence

This work is licensed by the State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads) under
a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 International licence.

CC BY licence summary statement

In essence, you are free to copy, communicate and adapt this work, as long as you attribute the
work to the State of Queensland (Department of Transport and Main Roads). To view a copy of this
licence, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Translating and interpreting assistance

The Queensland Government is committed to providing accessible services to
Queenslanders from all cultural and linguistic backgrounds. If you have difficulty
understanding this publication and need a translator, please call the Translating and
Interpreting Service (TIS National) on 13 14 50 and ask them to telephone the
Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads on 13 74 68.

Disclaimer
While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no
responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or
advice, expressed or implied, contained within. To the best of our knowledge, the content was
correct at the time of publishing.

Feedback
Please send your feedback regarding this document to: [email protected]

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019
Amendment Register

Issue /
Reference section Description of revision Authorised by Date
Rev no.
1 - First Issue Steering January
Committee 2006
2 Appendix 2A • Addition of the first page Steering March
Appendix 2E • Amended drawing sheets Committee 2006

3 Appendix 2E • Amended drawing sheets Steering December

Appendix 2F • Additional and amended XRef names Committee 2006
• Additional and amended drawing type
codes
4 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 Update Sections February
Appendix updates 2011

5 Appendix 2D Update Title Blocks Owen Arndt February

2014
Chapter 2 Update TMR corporate template
6 Table 2.1.3 Update cross reference to Appendix 2C Director (Road October
Design) 2016
Table 2.1.3.1 Update cross reference to Appendix 2B Geospatial,
2.1.6.1 Model names table moved to Appendix Design and
2C Capability
(E&T)
2.1.6.2 Minor changes due to added reference
2.1.6.3 to new “TMR Surveying Standards -
Schedule 1”
2.3
2.2 Added new Section 2.2 to link Chapter 2
to Appendices 2E and 2F
2.4.3 Removal of copyright and GILF sections
Table 2.4.3.1 Update to table
2.4.3.6 Update to Issue identifiers
All Appendices Various Updates – refer to each
Appendix’s amendment register
7 - Removal of microfilm references Director (Road August
Design) 2019
2.1.3 COGO Software removed Geospatial,
2.1.6.3 Bridge naming convention and Design and
examples removed Capability
(E&T)
2.4.4.3 New plotting media requirements for
final drawings
2.4.5.1 Changes to the format of Project and
2.4.5.2 Contract Numbers due to 3PCM
numbers
Table 2.4.3.1 Update to table
Appendix 2D Update Title Blocks
Appendix 2E Minor updates

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 i
Contents

2 General Standards ......................................................................................................................1

2.1 Data modelling............................................................................................................................ 1
2.1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................1
2.1.2 Media .............................................................................................................................................1
2.1.2.1 Type............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.2.2 Format ......................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2.3 Compression ............................................................................................................... 2
2.1.3 CADD software..............................................................................................................................2
2.1.3.1 Data format .................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.3.2 Target data formats ..................................................................................................... 3
2.1.4 Data delivery .................................................................................................................................4
2.1.4.1 Data presentation ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1.4.2 Data delivery ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1.4.3 Data ownership ........................................................................................................... 4
2.1.5 CADD data transmission ...............................................................................................................4
2.1.6 Naming convention for modelling systems ...................................................................................4
2.1.6.1 Model naming convention ........................................................................................... 5
2.1.6.2 Survey feature codes .................................................................................................. 5
2.1.6.3 Design string naming convention ................................................................................ 5
2.1.6.4 Project data file structure .......................................................................................... 15
2.2 AutoCAD drawing environments and attributes ................................................................... 16
2.3 Line types, symbols and text .................................................................................................. 16
2.3.1 Line types ................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1.1 Spacing of parallel lines ............................................................................................ 16
2.3.2 Symbols ...................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.2.1 Arrowheads ............................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Text ............................................................................................................................................ 18
2.3.3.1 Font ........................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3.2 Height of characters .................................................................................................. 19
2.3.3.3 Thickness of character pen strokes .......................................................................... 19
2.3.3.4 Spacing between lines of lettering ............................................................................ 19
2.3.3.5 Fractions / decimals .................................................................................................. 19
2.3.3.6 Abbreviations, contractions and acronyms ............................................................... 19
2.3.3.7 Glossary of terms ...................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3.8 Units of measurements ............................................................................................. 21
2.3.3.9 Chainages ................................................................................................................. 25
2.3.3.10 Curve components .................................................................................................... 25
2.4 Drawings ................................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.2 Drawing size ............................................................................................................................... 27
2.4.3 Drawing sheets........................................................................................................................... 27
2.4.3.1 Electronic drawing sheets ......................................................................................... 27
2.4.3.2 North point ................................................................................................................. 28
2.4.3.3 Sheet overlap ............................................................................................................ 28
2.4.3.4 Adjoins lines and numbers ........................................................................................ 29
2.4.3.5 Issue identifier ........................................................................................................... 29
2.4.3.6 Consultants logo........................................................................................................ 30
2.4.3.7 Drawing Revisions ..................................................................................................... 30

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 ii
2.4.4 Drawing media ........................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.4.1 Use of media ............................................................................................................. 30
2.4.4.2 Preliminary drawings ................................................................................................. 30
2.4.4.3 Final drawings ........................................................................................................... 31
2.4.5 Title block data ........................................................................................................................... 31
2.4.5.1 Job numbers .............................................................................................................. 31
2.4.5.2 Contract numbers ...................................................................................................... 31
2.4.5.3 Associated job numbers ............................................................................................ 31
2.4.5.4 Auxiliary drawing numbers ........................................................................................ 32
2.4.5.5 Through distance....................................................................................................... 32
2.4.5.6 Scales ........................................................................................................................ 32
2.5 References ................................................................................................................................ 32

Tables

Table 2.1.3.1 - Data format description ................................................................................................... 3

Table 2.1.3.2 - Data format / CADD package matrix ............................................................................... 3

Table 2.3.1 - Line type / symbol categories........................................................................................... 16

Table 2.3.1.1 - Spacing of parallel lines ................................................................................................ 16

Table 2.3.2 - Standard line types (generic) ........................................................................................... 17

Table 2.3.3.2 - Minimum height of characters on drawings .................................................................. 19

Table 2.3.3.8(a) - Approved shortened forms ....................................................................................... 21

Table 2.3.3.8(b) - Approved units of measurement ............................................................................... 24

Table 2.3.3.10 - Standard curve notations ............................................................................................ 26

Table 2.4.1 - Standard drawing sheets ................................................................................................. 27

Table 2.4.3.1 - Standard electronic drawing sheets .............................................................................. 28

Figures

Figure 2.1.2 - Overview of CADD data modelling components............................................................... 1

Figure 2.1.6.3(a) - Typical cross section of two lanes two-way rural road .............................................. 6

Figure 2.1.6.3(b) - Typical cross section of multilane rural road – independently aligned ...................... 7

Figure 2.1.6.3(c) - Typical cross section of undivided urban road .......................................................... 8

Figure 2.1.6.3(d) - Typical cross section of multilane urban road ........................................................... 9

Figure 2.1.6.3(e) - Typical cross section of urban arterial road – separated function type ................... 10

Figure 2.1.6.3(f) - Typical cross section of urban arterial road – separated function type .................... 11

Figure 2.1.6.3(g) - Typical cross section of multilane motorway (no transit lanes) ............................... 12

Figure 2.1.6.3(h) - Design string labels – plan view example ............................................................... 13

Figure 2.1.6.3(i) - Design string labels – drainage profile example ....................................................... 14

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 iii
Figure 2.1.6.4 - Example of project data file structure .......................................................................... 15

Figure 2.3.3.10(a) - Standard alignment ............................................................................................... 25

Figure 2.3.3.10(b) - Standard curve components ................................................................................. 26

Figure 2.4.1 Characteristics of ‘A’ series paper size ............................................................................. 27

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 iv
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2 General Standards
2.1 Data modelling

The purpose of this section is to provide guidance in the modelling and transfer of data, to ensure
uniformity of both data generated using internal systems or data supplied to the Department of
Transport and Main Roads (TMR) from external sources.

2.1.1 Scope

Generally, all documents prepared by or on behalf of the department are in electronic format and use
data modelled with Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) software. The general standards
outlined in this Chapter detail data modelling standards that are acceptable to the department. They
are to be read in conjunction with the requirements for preparation and presentation of each specific
type of CADD data used by the department, which are detailed in the following sections of this
document. Figure 2.1.2 provides an overview of CADD Data Modelling Components.

2.1.2 Media

A Standard Operating Environment (SOE) based on the Microsoft Windows platform is the default
desktop across the department. At the time of writing, the platform is Windows 7.

Figure 2.1.2 - Overview of CADD data modelling components

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 1
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2.1.2.1 Type

The media on which the data is to be supplied is to be agreed to by the Project Manager and the data
supplier and set out in the brief. Hardware compression on devices must not be used under any
circumstances. Accepted media types are:

1. Data CD (CD-ROM or DVD), single session, finalised, compliant with Joliet File System. The
only requirement for this file system is:

a) A file name shall not be more than 64 characters in length, including spaces. This is
generally the default option used to record most CDs. Joliet also records the associated
DOS-standard name (8+3 characters) for each file so that the CD may be read on DOS
systems or earlier versions of Windows.

b) Electronic Mail (email). Email size is generally restricted to 20Mb. This includes the mail
message and any accompanying attachments.

Floppy disks and ZIP disks are no longer acceptable as deliverable media.

The data supplier is to certify that the data is virus free. Particular care is to be taken where data files
are being transferred as compressed executable files (.exe).

2.1.2.2 Format

Only media formatted using the Windows format command is acceptable. It is the data supplier's
responsibility to supply data in a media format appropriate to the department's systems.

2.1.2.3 Compression

Data may be supplied in compressed format agreed to by the Project Coordinator. This must be
detailed on accompanying documentation and a copy of the software to reverse the process. Also,
instructions on how to use the programme to extract the file(s) shall be provided. Hardware
compression on devices must not be used under any circumstances. The use of utilities that produce
compressed files compatible with the Standard Operating Environment detailed in Section 2.1.2 is the
only acceptable method of file compression.

It is the data supplier's responsibility to supply data using a compression format appropriate to the
department's systems.

2.1.3 CADD software

The department currently uses both propriety and in-house developed software for modelling a
drawing presentation. This software is continually developed and customised to meet the needs of the
department.

The current CADD software systems used in design offices throughout the department and a
description of their uses are as follows:

• 12D
12D Model is an interactive three-dimensional modelling package designed to quickly build
terrain, conceptual and detail design string models. The survey features of the software are
extensively used by the Survey section of the department for inputting terrain and feature data.
Large survey data models can be triangulated and contoured to build an initial terrain model.
Roads, channels and other design features can be added interactively and a merged model
containing the initial terrain and the new design features formed to produce conceptual design

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 2
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

models. All models can be examined in plan, section or perspective views including extensive
visualisation and drive through facilities. The department’s 12D Customisation, used in the
design process and conforming to the Data Modelling Standards, is included in Appendix 2C.

• AutoCAD / MAP 3Dasas

A general purpose Computer Aided Drafting system designed with an open architecture that
can be customised to individual requirements. For the departments purposes, AutoCAD has
been customised to include standard plan sheets, blocks (or shapes) containing survey
symbols and traffic signs and a layer naming convention with assigned line styles for use in
survey, design and environmental drawings. This customisation is also used to simplify the
importing of survey data from other systems with TMR Customisation, such as 12D.

• Data is to be supplied in a format suitable for the receiving CADD package.

2.1.3.1 Data format

In many instances, information is required to be transferred between various software systems. There
is no simple or perfect mechanism for data transfer that satisfies all systems. Some systems are
specialised in their application requiring specific software to operate.

CADD data is to be supplied in a data format agreed to by the Project Manager and compatible with
currently used versions of the supported CADD software listed above. The more common data
exchange systems used in the department are shown in Table 2.1.3.1.

Table 2.1.3.1 - Data format description

Data Format Description

AutoCAD's binary drawing file format (.dwg). Guidelines for
AutoCAD drawing (DWG)
AutoCAD drawing exchange are included in Appendix 2B.
An ascii based data transfer system developed by AutoDesk.
The exchange of data in this format may vary across packages
Data eXchange Format (DXF) possibly causing some incompatibilities. If this format is to be
used, it is the data supplier's responsibility to supply data
compatible with the department's CADD software.
A proprietary model file format developed by 12D Solutions for
12D Ascii
the modelling of road infrastructure design using 12D Model.
Not all design offices are able to accept all of the data formats listed above. It is the data supplier's responsibility
to supply data in a format agreed to by the issuing office.

2.1.3.2 Target data formats

The following Table 2.1.3.2 shows a matrix of data formats and the CADD packages they can receive.

Table 2.1.3.2 - Data format / CADD package matrix

Data Formats Receiving CADD Package

12D AutoCAD
AutoCAD drawing Y Y
12D Models Y N

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 3
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2.1.4 Data delivery

2.1.4.1 Data presentation

CADD data will be presented in accordance with the following sections for preparation and
presentation of each specific type of CADD data used by the department.

2.1.4.2 Data delivery

CADD data is to be delivered as detailed in the following chapters of this manual for preparation and
presentation of each specific type of CADD data used by the department. A copy of all data files as
delivered to the department will be stored in accordance with the issuing office's quality system.

2.1.4.3 Data ownership

All data supplied by the data supplier shall become the property of the department. Nominal ownership
shall reside with the officer responsible, for the provision of funds, for the acquisition of such data.

It shall not be used, copied or reproduced by the data supplier for any other purpose without the prior
written approval by the owners or the department.

2.1.5 CADD data transmission

Transmission of data is to be carried out in accordance with the Project Manager’s quality system.
Data may be transferred as an attachment to an email, memo or letter, or made available over the
Internet. Regardless of the method of transmission, the following information should typically be
included with the data:

• Direction of transfer (From:... - To:..)

• Name and address details of data supplier

• Contact person for data supply

• Date

• Road Number

• Job number and location

• Media type

• Media format

• Compression method

• Authoring software and version number

• Data format

• CADD filename(s) and description(s)

• Adequacy of data and data verification (proof plot etc.)

• Person responsible for data verification.

2.1.6 Naming convention for modelling systems

For uniformity throughout all departmental design offices within the state, a standard naming
convention for models and strings has been developed for use within all design software modelling
packages.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 4
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2.1.6.1 Model naming convention

To take full advantage of current and future automated procedures within our modelling packages (i.e.
TMR Customisation), a standard model naming convention is required. Designers and constructors
then will have immediate recognition of model contents no matter from which design office the project
originated.

This naming convention follows closely the names associated with the types of models and the
surfaces they contain. Appendix 2C contains a list of the model names to be adopted together with a
brief description of their contents.

2.1.6.2 Survey feature codes

All survey feature coding and modelling must be in accordance with the department's current
standards as set out in TMR Surveying Standards. No variations will be allowed to the codes,
symbols, line styles or designated models for each code.

2.1.6.3 Design string naming convention

Transport and Main Roads has adopted a standard convention for the naming of design model strings.
The use of a labelling convention during design will allow for a more efficient use of current and future
automated features. These features, such as the transfer of data, are available within existing design
software.

A further benefit of a standard String Naming Convention (SNC) is that a string label signifies the
same feature throughout all design offices and to all constructors. This results in easier understanding
of any project model regardless of the origin of the design.

Appendix 2A, represents the department’s design string naming convention. In most cases only the
first two characters of the string label are relevant for string recognition. The number of characters in
the string label and its definition will be dependent on the modelling software used. Line style names
have also been included. See also Section 2.3.

Examples showing design elements for roadways of the string naming convention are included as
Figure 2.1.6.3(a) to Figure 2.1.6.3(i). Bridge and structural components naming convention is detailed
in Volume 3, Chapter 20.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 5
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(a) - Typical cross section of two lanes two-way rural road

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 6
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(b) - Typical cross section of multilane rural road – independently aligned

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 7
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(c) - Typical cross section of undivided urban road

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 8
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(d) - Typical cross section of multilane urban road

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 9
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(e) - Typical cross section of urban arterial road – separated function type

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 10
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(f) - Typical cross section of urban arterial road – separated function type

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 11
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(g) - Typical cross section of multilane motorway (no transit lanes)

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 12
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(h) - Design string labels – plan view example

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 13
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.1.6.3(i) - Design string labels – drainage profile example

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 14
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2.1.6.4 Project data file structure

To facilitate data retrieval and other processes within the department, it is necessary to have a
common file structure for the long-term storage of relevant project data information.

All internal and external designers should adopt the following file structure. It divides the data directory
path into Roads under which are placed relevant Projects. Under each project is placed the data for
the software used under their various application names such as 12D, and AutoCAD / Map 3D.

Advantages to be achieved in using this method are:

• all relevant project files are kept together

• a common directory path is easily accessed by all users

• copying and archiving a project's data files is more easily achieved.

An example of this project data file structure is shown in Figure 2.1.6.4 and is recommended as a
standard to be used in all design offices and by all consultants. It shows a typical road project folder
for (17B)_Cunningham_Highway. Under this are held relevant Jobs such as
(2)_Eight_Mile_Intersection. This folder then contains the project data for each of the software
applications used for that project (e.g. 12D, AutoCAD/Map 3D). Also included is any project
documentation as well as provision for Management Correspondence. On completion of the design
the entire content of the Project Folder is to be placed on CD(s) /DVD for distribution and archiving.

Figure 2.1.6.4 - Example of project data file structure

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 15
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2.2 AutoCAD drawing environments and attributes

There are several components in a CAD drawing which are required to be understood properly when
preparing a drawing for the department in order to efficiently manage the data within such AutoCAD
drawing for the long-term, and simultaneously producing a drawing complying with the department’s
Design and Drafting Presentation Standards.

Appendix 2E TMR AutoCAD Drawing Environments and Appendix 2F TMR Drawing Attributes provide
guidelines in the preparation of CAD drawings to accomplish the above requirements.

2.3 Line types, symbols and text

2.3.1 Line types

Line types are divided into categories, those that are generic as shown in Table 2.3.2 and those that
are applicable to specific disciplines. Table 2.3.1 shows each category, the prefix used for the
category and the corresponding reference, which provides examples of each line type.

Table 2.3.1 - Line type / symbol categories

Prefix Category Reference

MR Generic Table 2.3.3.2

MRR Road Design Appendix 2A
MRB Bridge Design Appendix 2A
MRE Erosion and Sediment Control Appendix 2A
MRT Traffic Signals Appendix 2A
MRL Roadway Lighting Appendix 2A
MRG Geotechnical Appendix 2A
MRLR Landscaping & Revegetation Appendix 2A
MRS Survey TMR Surveying Standards

2.3.1.1 Spacing of parallel lines

To allow for drawing reduction or enlargement for reproduction purposes, it is necessary to draw
parallel lines on the original with a clear space between them as shown in Table 2.3.1.1

Minimum line spacing should not be less than 0.5 mm on an A3 drawing.

Table 2.3.1.1 - Spacing of parallel lines

Reduction Minimum Line

Size Ratio Spacing
A0 to A2 2.0:1 0.8 mm
A0 to A3 3.0:1 1.2 mm
A1 to A3 2.0:1 0.8 mm

2.3.2 Symbols

Symbols are also divided into categories applicable to specific disciplines. Refer to Appendix 2A for
design symbols and string naming conventions.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 16
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

The departments' customised features in AutoCAD contains blocks of all the required symbols and
features used for scheme presentation purposes as follows:

• Kerb types as shown on Standard Drawing 1033 Kerb and channel – Kerbs, channels and
ramped vehicular crossing of the Standard Drawings Manual

• Selected traffic signs and pavement markings as shown in the Manual of Uniform Traffic
Control Devices (MUTCD)

• North Points

• Scale Bars

• Selected standard notes.

Table 2.3.2 - Standard line types (generic)

Description of Line Type Line Type name CAD Line Type

Continuous lines
Continuous lines 0.18 mm MR_CON_018 CONTINUOUS
Continuous lines 0.25 mm MR_CON_025 CONTINUOUS
Continuous lines 0.35 mm MR_CON_035 CONTINUOUS
Continuous lines 0.50 mm MR_CON_050 CONTINUOUS
Continuous lines 0.70 mm MR_CON_070 CONTINUOUS
Continuous lines 1.00 mm MR_CON_100 CONTINUOUS
Chain lines
Chain lines 0.18 mm MR_CHN_018 MR_CHN
Chain lines 0.25 mm MR_CHN_025 MR_CHN
Chain lines 0.35 mm MR_CHN_035 MR_CHN
Chain lines 0.50 mm MR_CHN_050 MR_CHN
Chain lines 0.70 mm MR_CHN_070 MR_CHN
Chain lines 1.00 mm MR_CHN_100 MR_CHN
Double dashed chain lines
Double dashed chain lines 0.18 mm MR_DCH_018 MR_DCH
Double dashed chain lines 0.25 mm MR_DCH_025 MR_DCH
Double dashed chain lines 0.35 mm MR_DCH_035 MR_DCH
Double dashed chain lines 0.50 mm MR_DCH_050 MR_DCH
Double dashed chain lines 0.70 mm MR_DCH_070 MR_DCH
Double dashed chain lines 1.00 mm MR_DCH_100 MR_DCH
Dashed lines
Dashed lines 0.18 mm MR_DSH_018 MR_DSH
Dashed lines 0.25 mm MR_DSH_025 MR_DSH
Dashed lines 0.35 mm MR_DSH_035 MR_DSH
Dashed lines 0.50 mm MR_DSH_050 MR_DSH
Dashed lines 0.70 mm MR_DSH_070 MR_DSH

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 17
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Description of Line Type Line Type name CAD Line Type

Dashed lines 1.00 mm MR_DSH_100 MR_DSH
Construction Lines
Construction lines 0.25 mm MR_CON CONTINUOUS
Phantom Lines
Phantom lines 0.25 mm MR_PHM MR_PHM

2.3.2.1 Arrowheads

Dimension leader lines should terminate in arrowheads rather than in dots. Arrowheads should be
drawn to suit detail scale.

2.3.3 Text

The photocopier is the means by which most drawings are reproduced for issue. A scanner is the
means by which original wet blue signed drawings are converted into digital format for electronic
archival. These methods dictate a need to produce original drawings capable of being reduced,
enlarged and photocopied without losing the original details, and that the intended information on the
plans is not lost through these processes.

Drawings, therefore, must be dense and clear with lettering size and thickness of line complying with
minimum standards. Drawings must be planned to avoid cramping of detail, and a bold open spaced
original should produce a clear print.

Lettering, numerals and dimensions should be drawn to be readable from the bottom or right hand
side of the sheet.

Contour values should be arranged to be read in the direction of increasing height.

Chainage values should be located on the left hand side of the base/control line(s) when looking in the
direction of increasing chainage.

2.3.3.1 Font

Characters shall be of a simple open form, without serifs. They must remain legible when reduced for
documentation purposes, and when scanned as an image in electronic format (also see Table 2.3.3.2
for minimum character height).

One style of character should be used generally throughout a drawing with preference for vertical
characters. Vertical characters must be used for title, drawing numbers and reference numbers.

Underlined lettering should be avoided. Special emphasis may be achieved by using larger
characters, different character font, sloping versus vertical characters or with care, different pen size.

Vertical characters/numerals are to be used where they refer to either established or existing data and
features. Referencing to design information and design details should be shown in italic. For example,
height values established by survey as recorded in the survey books, such as for spot and BM's,
would be shown vertical. Interpolated height values would be shown sloping. In addition, designed
heights would be shown sloping.

Various approved fonts, for general use in the preparation of departmental drawings, have been
selected because of their acceptable legibility when producing drawings on printers and reproducing

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 18
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

drawings in photocopiers. These shapes and their proportions have been included as standards in the
department's computer aided drafting (CAD) package, TMR AutoCAD Customisation.

2.3.3.2 Height of characters

The height, in millimetres, of characters on original (full scale) drawings should preferably be one of
the following:

• 2.5*, 3.5, 5, 7, 10, 14, 20 (*note – not suitable for reduction).

These text heights are included as standard sizes in the department’s TMR AutoCAD Customisation
system. Other heights may be used provided that the minimum height requirements of this clause are
met.

The minimum height of characters is shown in Table 2.3.3.2 and is to be adopted on original drawings
for the various reductions required for documentation purposes. TMR Customisation requires that text
be shown in upper and lower case. Some notes and text have been forced to upper case in TMR’s
Customisation for their importance. When reduced for scheme documentation the character height for
capitals should desirably be not less than 1.5 mm. Table 2.3.3.2 shows the minimum heights of
characters.

Table 2.3.3.2 - Minimum height of characters on drawings

Character Size Character Size

Reduction
Original drawings Reduced Drawings
Caps/ lower Caps/ lower
Size Ratio Caps Caps
case case
A0>A3 ≈3:1 4.5 5.0 1.5 ≈1.7
A1>A3 2:1 3.0# 3.5 1.5 1.75
# note - 3.0 mm is not a standard text height and may only be used where all characters are capitals and where
its use can be justified due to limited space on a drawing.

2.3.3.3 Thickness of character pen strokes

TMR Customisation applies the following ratio of lettering thickness to height:

• 1:10 medium thick.

2.3.3.4 Spacing between lines of lettering

Line spacing is not to be less than 1.6 'h', where 'h' is the height of capitals. This is normally a
predefined standard in CAD packages.

2.3.3.5 Fractions / decimals

All values that are not whole numbers shall be expressed in decimal form to two decimal places.
Where the quantity is less than one, the decimal should be preceded by the number '0', e.g. 0.45. The
number of decimal places is two. Chainages to be to three decimal places. Concrete to one decimal
place. Reference MRS01 Introduction to Specifications.

2.3.3.6 Abbreviations, contractions and acronyms

This section details the abbreviations, contractions and acronyms, glossary of terms and units of
measurements, which have been selected from those commonly used in civil engineering drawings
and documents.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 19
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

It is necessary that consistency of usage be maintained throughout the department, particularly in

relation to the presentation in contract documents.

The object of using shortened forms is to save space and make reading easier by avoiding needless
repetition. They should not be used for their own sake but only when appropriate. Their best use is
with words and phrases which are important in context but become so familiar to the reader, from
constant repetition, that all the reader needs is some simple code to identify them.

The word 'contraction' refers to a shortened form of a word that ends in the same letter as the word
itself (e.g. Dept for Department). The word 'abbreviation' refers to a shortened form consisting of the
initial letter alone or of the initial letter followed by other letters of the word except the final one (e.g.
Mon. for Monday). Contractions normally have no full stop, abbreviations normally do. Avoid using
apostrophes in abbreviations and contractions.

An acronym is a word developed usually from the initial letters of other words. These letters are
always in capitals, e.g. Reinforced Concrete Slab Deck Culvert (RCSDC). Common departmental
usage is shown in Table 2.3.3.8(a).

The correct names of Local Authorities and Roads must be used. Some minor abbreviations and
contractions of road names will be permitted as indicated below but in general, if space is available,
the full names should be given:

Highway Hwy
Road Rd
Shire Sh.
Developmental Dev.
Town T.
City C.

Note that although highways and developmental roads have numbered and lettered sections to assist
in identification, they are known by name only, never by number.

Contractions in place names are discouraged but if it should be decided to shorten place names, care
must be taken that the contraction is well known with no misinterpretation.

For example, the following may be acceptable:

Townsville Tville
Rockhampton Rton
Bundaberg Bberg
Charters Towers Ch. Towers
Reference 2 tabulates further abbreviations outside normal departmental usage.

2.3.3.7 Glossary of terms

Words and terms that have specific meaning in road design and construction are generally to be
adopted from Australian Standard AS 1348.1. Where conflict arises between departmental
terminology and the Australian Standard, the departmental standard shall prevail.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 20
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2.3.3.8 Units of measurements

There are many units of measurements commonly used in society, e.g. centimetre, which are not to
be used in departmental documents. Table 2.3.3.8(b) lists the approved units of measurements
together with their abbreviations that are to be used in the department's documentation.

Table 2.3.3.8(a) - Approved shortened forms

Description Abbreviation
About Abt
Approximate Approx.
Authorisation Auth.
Auxiliary Aux
Bitumen Bit_
Boundary Bdy
Centre Line CL (prefer C)
Chainage Ch
Communication Cables:
Low Band L (line type use)
High Band H (line type use)
Coaxial Cx
FibreOptics FO
Coordinate Geometry System COGO
Roadway Earthworks Design System REDS
Control Ctl
Crossfall Cfall
Culvert Clvt
Corrugated Steel Helical Pipe CSHP
Corrugated Steel Nestable Pipe GSNP
Corrugated Steel Plate Arch CSPA
Corrugated Steel Plate Pipe CSPP
Corrugated Steel Plate Pipe-Arch GSPPipe-Arch
Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert RCBC
Reinforced Concrete Culvert RCC
Reinforced Concrete Pipe RCP
Reinforced Concrete Slab Deck Culvert RCSDC
Reinforced Concrete Spanning Slab RCSS
Slab Link Box Culvert SLBC
Special RC Spanning Slab SRCSS
Curve Widening CW
Deck Wearing Surface DWS

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 21
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Description Abbreviation
Distance Dist.
District Dist
Drawing Drg
Earthworks Ewks
Excav.
Excavation Inlet and Outlet
l&O
Except or Excluding Ex.
Existing Exist.
Formation Form.
Gravel No abbreviation
Height Ht
Australian Height Datum AHD
Australian Height Datum Correction AHD Corr_
Australian Height Datum Derived AHDD
Job Number Job No,
Left or left hand L or LH
Limited Access Drawing LA Drg
Opposite Opp.
Pavement Pvt
Pavement Marking Pvt Mkg
Pegged Pgd (in context P}
Real Property Plans RP Plans
Reinforced Concrete RC
Reinforcing. Reinf.
Right or right hand R or RH
Remaining Rem.
Required Reqd
Restricted Visibility Widening RVW
Resumption Drawing RDrg
Rock No abbreviation
Crushed Cr.
Uncrushed Uncr.
Handpacked Hndpkd
Round Fence Post RFP
Square Fence Post SEP
Shift Sh (in contex 5)
Special Spcl
Superelevation Super.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 22
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Description Abbreviation
Surfacing or Surface Surf.
Survey Svy
Benchmark BM
Cadastral Survey Mark CSM
Field Book FB
Geocentric Datum of Australia GDA
Level Book LB
Universal Survey Book USB
Instrument (traverse Station) Station IS
Land Survey Pin LSPin
Land Survey Plans LS Plans
Land Survey Post LS Post
Map Grid of Australia MGA
Offset Peg OP
Offset Mark OM
Permanent Reference Point PRP
Permanent Survey Mark PSM
Project Control Station PCS
Survey Mark SM
Vertical Curve VC
Working Drawing W Drg

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 23
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Table 2.3.3.8(b) - Approved units of measurement

Quantity Unit Abbreviation

kilometre km
length/height metre m
millimetre mm
square kilometre km²
area hectare ha
square metre m²
cubic metre m³
volume
litre L
tonne t
mass kilogram kg
gram g
kilogram/cubic metre kg/m³
density
kilogram/litre kg/L
kilometre/hour km/h
velocity
metre/second m/s
acceleration metre/second squared m/s²
flow cubic metres/second m³/s
energy joule J (kgm²/s²=Nm)
force newton N (kgm/s²=J/m)
power watt W
pascal Pa (N/m²)
pressure and stress kilopascal kPa
megapascal Mpa
temperature degree Celsius °C
time second s
degree ...°
degree minute second dms
angle minute ...'
radian rad
second ..."
luminous flux lumen Im
luminous intensity candela cd
illumination (illuminance) lux lx
luminance candela/square metre cd/m²

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 24
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Quantity Unit Abbreviation

10-6 - micro µ
10-3 - milli m
PREFIXES
103 - kilo k
106 - mega M

2.3.3.9 Chainages

Standard alignment descriptions and notation are shown in Figure 2.3.3.10(a) and Table 2.3.3.10.

Chainages are shown on the drawing sheets generally left to right in the direction of increasing
chainage (road gazettal).

Chainages are to be given at the beginning and end of each plan and are normally shown at the top of
the control line. These chainages are normally at intervals of 100 m and at a regular offset from the
control line.

Control line chainages are generally to be clear of road boundaries and details and positioned in such
a way as to identify the relevant chainage mark. All chainages and references to the alignment are to
be in italic. It may be necessary in extreme cases of curved alignment to draw lead lines (thin, short,
and broken) to the points to which they refer.

2.3.3.10 Curve components

Standard curve component descriptions and notation are shown in Figure 2.3.3.10(b) and
Table 2.3.3.10.

In urban schemes, where complex geometry is used, it may be necessary to show the full geometric
details for use by field staff during construction. Normally all that is required for a control line are the
tangent points that occur between straights for transitioned curves and circular curves.

These should be shown on the drawings in the form of their relevant abbreviation and corresponding
chainage.

Figure 2.3.3.10(a) - Standard alignment

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 25
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.3.3.10(b) - Standard curve components

Table 2.3.3.10 - Standard curve notations

XXXX Control Line Label

Q Alignment part or alignment segment number SLT Long Tangent of spiral
Short Tangent of
BgBT Bearing Back Tangent SST
spiral
BgAT Bearing Ahead Tangent SEC Secant length
R Radius of circular curve TC Tangent to Circle
T Tangent length of circular curve CT Circle to Tangent
TT Total Tangent length CC Circle to Circle
∆ Intersection Angle at point of intersection (in degrees) SS Spiral to Spiral
L Spiral Length TS Tangent to Spiral
S Shift Distance SC Spiral to Circle
θ Spiral Angle CS Circle to Spiral
ß Intersection Angle of circular curve (Vertex angle) ST Spiral to Tangent
ARC Total arc length IP Intersection Point
(circular curve plus spirals) SP Secant Point
For transitioned curves with unequal spiral lengths, the abbreviations TT, L, S, θ, SLT, SST, are to be suffixed by
the letter A (ahead) or B (back), e.g. LA=Spiral Length Ahead.

2.4 Drawings

2.4.1 General

This section sets out the department's general requirements for drawing size, borders and media to be
used for the preparation and presentation of drawings.

AS 1612 lists the standard specification for paper sizes in millimetres. Transport and Main Roads uses
the standard ‘A’ series drawing sheets that have the characteristics shown in Figure 2.4.1.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 26
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Figure 2.4.1 Characteristics of ‘A’ series paper size

A standard drawing sheet depicts a standard title block and border with the overall sheet sizes
outlined in Table 2.4.1.

Table 2.4.1 - Standard drawing sheets

Sheet Designation Trimmed Width (W) mm Trimmed Length (L) mm

A0 841 1189
A1 594 841
A2 420 594
A3 297 420
A4 210 297
A drawing refers to a standard drawing sheet with project design and construction information included together
with a completed title block. When completed this forms part of a scheme prototype document.

2.4.2 Drawing size

The cost and time in drawing preparation and the serviceability of the finished product in use must be
taken into account when making initial decisions as to the basic drawing sheet material and size.
Throughout a particular scheme, it is necessary to adopt a standard drawing size. Therefore, when
drawing work is undertaken by more than one office, early liaison is necessary.

A4 or smaller is not to be used for final drawing presentation.

2.4.3 Drawing sheets

2.4.3.1 Electronic drawing sheets

The department has developed standard electronic drawing sheets in the sizes and for the uses
specified in Table 2.4.3.1 and as shown in Appendix 2D: TMR Drawing Sheets.

These drawing sheets are included in the electronic drawing and are output when the drawing is
plotted. These frames are available as part of the department's standardised drafting system and are
made available to outside parties engaged to prepare drawings for the department as requested.

Title block formats have been standardised in order to facilitate the inclusion of the necessary
information in a uniform manner.

The information presented in Appendix 2D provides guidelines for predefined information associated
with drawings created using the TMR Customisation.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 27
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Table 2.4.3.1 - Standard electronic drawing sheets

Drawing Type Discipline Drawing Sheet Name Usage

GENERAL MRR_Detail Miscellaneous

E.g. Locality Plan and Drawing List E.g. MRR_Detail with “scheme scope E.g.: First sheet(s) in series
approval statement” and “drawing list
table”

ROAD DESIGN AND CIVIL WORKS MRR_Detail Detail plan drawings

STRUCTURAL DESIGN MRB_Detail Structural detail drawings

For all structures that carry BIS
numbers, such as bridges,
tunnels, jetties, weirs, culverts,
cattle grids, LTMS, retaining
walls, obstructions, etc.

ROADWAY LIGHTING MRR_Detail Detail Plan drawings

Traffic signals cabling table

TRAFFIC SIGNALS MRT_Detail
Detail Plan drawings

GEOTECHNICAL MRG_Detail Geotechnical drawings

MRG_Invest Geotechnical Investigations

MRR_Resumption Resumption drawings

RIGHT OF WAY MRR_Native Title Native Title drawings

MRR_Limited Access Limited Access drawings

ROAD DECLARATION These plans are prepared in MapInfo Road Declaration drawings

Notes:
1- All the above standard drawing sheets are size A1.
2- Refer to Appendix 2D for detailed drawing sheets.
3 - When using the MRB_Detail sheet for Structures Other than Bridges, the “Bridge” related fields are not
required to be filled out, bridge fields can be left blank or these fields can be removed from the title block if
not applicable, and any applicable criteria can be inserted in lieu of the bridge criteria.

2.4.3.2 North point

Where possible, it is preferred that all plans in a drawing set share the same orientation on the
drawing sheet.

North points are to occupy (where practicable) the same position within the standard border for each
sheet throughout the drawing set.

2.4.3.3 Sheet overlap

The plan information depicted on sheets is to overlap marginally with immediately preceding and
succeeding drawings within the documentation set.

This will assist in the overall legibility of site drawings by demonstrating each drawings relationship to
adjoining ones.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 28
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

A minimum of 15 mm page space overlap (at A1 size) is recommended, depending on the road
alignment.

2.4.3.4 Adjoins lines and numbers

Each drawing must bear a reference to preceding and succeeding drawings within the drawing set.

The drawing number of adjoining preceding and succeeding drawings is to be printed parallel to and
against the right and/or left hand borders of the drawing.

The line at which adjoining drawings abut is also to be clearly marked along the width of the drawing.

2.4.3.5 Issue identifier

The Department has developed plot stamps. If used each page of the drawing set is to be clearly
marked near the top left hand corner with the relevant drawing sets issue identifier during drawing
development stages prior to completion and release approval:

• Preliminary

• Preliminary Advice Only

• Issued for Pricing Only

• Issued for Constructability

• Issued for Review

• Issued for Check

• Issued for Tender

• Not for Construction

The names are for the different stages of each drawing issued and must have the date and time
clearly within this plot stamp detailing when the drawing is plotted.

Preliminary

These are preliminary drawings comprising the workings/ building up or development of the design i.e.
design work in progress.

Preliminary Advice Only

Typically, Preliminary Advice Only drawings would still be under development. These drawings may
be transmitted to other parties and signifies the drawings are not final and may change.

Issued for Pricing Only

Issued for Pricing Only drawings are provided for obtaining quantities and development of unit rates.

Issued for Constructability

Issued for Constructability drawings are those prepared for review/check by all stakeholders that is,
public utility plant services managers, electrical, structural, landscaping specialists, environmental,
maintenance and construction personnel and other officers necessary to provide input into design.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 29
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Issued for Review

These drawings are typically issued during the design review process to ensure broad compliance
with engineering standards and technical governance across TMR, to meet the intent of the
documented policies, standards and systems.

Issued for Check

These drawings are issued for the checking prior to final completion to ensure the design meets the
requirements of the brief, expectations of the District and a rigorous scheme prototype check.

Issued for Tender

For Transport Infrastructure Contracts - Construct Only (TIC-CO), these are final detailed design
drawings (they are ‘Issued For Construction’ drawings) issued for tender purposes so that
tenderers/proponents submit a price for constructing the project. Drawings show sufficient detail so
that there is not significant change and subsequently no significant change of the construction cost.

The above also applies for Transport Infrastructure Contracts - Sole Invitation (TIC-SI).

For Transport Infrastructure Contracts - Design and Construct (TIC-DC), these are drawings of the
preliminary design, also known as reference design, issued for tender purposes. Drawings show
sufficient detail, but tenderers/proponents are expected to further develop the design and fine tune it to
provide a tender proposal including cost which demonstrates fit for purpose, value for money and best
design practices. Further changes to the design are expected throughout the design and construct
process.

Not for Construction

These drawings are not to be used for construction purposes. These drawings may be distributed for
information only or for any other reason not listed above.

2.4.3.6 Consultants logo

Where drawing/s are prepared by a consultant their logo is to appear in the top right corner of the
drawing sheet.

2.4.3.7 Drawing Revisions

'Revision clouds' with corresponding ‘alphabetical revision identifier’ inside a triangle positioned next to
the revision clouds, are to be used when there have been amendments on previously approved
drawings. This revisions cloud will outline the modification being made to that particular drawing. The
revisions area in the bottom left of the title block is to be filled in outlining the modification being made
to the drawing. Also refer to Chapter 1, Section 1.7.1.2.

2.4.4 Drawing media

2.4.4.1 Use of media

Tracing, bond and high gloss papers and double matte polyester films can be supplied for general
drafting purposes in sheets or rolls to suit most ink jet printers or plotters.

It is essential that the correct plotting media, suitable for the required presentation standard, be used
when plotting on electronic printers or plotters.

2.4.4.2 Preliminary drawings

Drawings provided for preliminary purposes are to be plotted on plain paper.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 30
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

2.4.4.3 Final drawings

Final drawings for approval and release are now produced as A3 size. A media called A3 Permanent
Paper, ranging from 100mic to 135mic, has been found suitable for final drawing presentation for
projects considered 'Significant', as this type of paper will not rip or smudge and produces drawings
suitable for storage. ‘Non-significant’ project drawings can be printed to normal weight paper (usually
80gsm). Refer to Chapter 1, Section 1.7.1.5.

A1 size film is also a suitable medium for approval and release as it is a stable medium to store and
archive.

The colours of all standard TMR line types and symbols have been chosen so that they are
reproducible when photocopied and retain their legibility.

Drawings are to be printed on the media and at the size set out in the brief.

2.4.5 Title block data

2.4.5.1 Job numbers

The Job Number is a unique project identifier used on Issued For Construction, Revision and As
Constructed drawings.

The job number on the drawings assists departmental personnel to quickly identify the overall location
of the works, and it is represented as a three-part number by three distinctive sections which provide
the following information:

LGA number / Road ID / Project Number

For example, 160/12A/1234567, gives the following information:

• 160 = City of Gold Coast

• 12A = Pacific Highway

• 1234567 = Project Number

where the “Project Number” is the “OPPM Project ID” from 3PCM (Portfolio, Program, Project and
Contract Management).

2.4.5.2 Contract numbers

A Contract Number is issued for the purpose of the administration of a construction contract. This
number is in addition to the Job Number/s and will be shown on all the drawings, documents and
correspondence with the construction contractor.

The common format of the construction Contract Number to be used on the project drawings is
CN1234567, where 1234567 is the unique contract number generated automatically by the 3PCM
system and issued to each project for every single construction contract.

Note: The Contract Number is NOT the same as the 3PCM Project Number “OPPM Project ID”.

The issue of the contract numbers is the districts responsibility. Only one contract number will be
issued for each contract irrespective of how many job numbers.

2.4.5.3 Associated job numbers

On each drawing, other job numbers in the scheme are to be shown.

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 31
Volume 1: Chapter 2 – General Standards

Where a project is located within more than one local government area or on more than one state-
controlled road, multiple job numbers may be required. The job number relating to the coverage of the
drawing shall be shown as the primary job number.

2.4.5.4 Auxiliary drawing numbers

A listing of all drawings in the scheme is to be shown on all drawings. The Drawing Index sheet will
also detail all drawings. This list will be identical on all drawings.

2.4.5.5 Through distance

The through distance (measured in kilometres to two decimals) from the start of gazettal shall be
shown on all drawings. The origin point for the through distance may be a town or intersection but
should be consistent with the department’s ARMIS system. The through distance will be measured to
the start and end of the job.

2.4.5.6 Scales

The scale/s of the drawing shall be shown by the placing of a drawn scale bar annotated by numbers
indicating the metric distance with the added wording “Metres”. The original A1 scale is not necessary.

2.5 References

• Australian Standard 1348.1, Road and Traffic Engineering – Glossary of Terms, Part 1 – Road
Design and Construction. Standards Association of Australia, Sydney

• Engineering Handbook – Basic Principles and Techniques – ASCZ1, Part 1. Institute of

Engineers, Australia

• Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers. Australian Government Publishing Service

• Standard Drawings Roads Manual. Department of Transport and Main Roads

• Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD Queensland)

• Australian Standard 1612, Paper sizes. Standards Association of Australia, Sydney

• TMR Surveying Standards. Department of Transport and Main Roads

Drafting and Design Presentation Standards Manual, Transport and Main Roads, August 2019 32