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Electric Vehicles: DC To DC Converters

The document discusses power converters used in electric vehicles (EVs). It describes the general configuration of EVs which includes AC-DC rectifiers, DC-DC converters, and DC-AC inverters. The most common DC-DC converters used are unidirectional converters which power onboard loads, and bidirectional converters which are used for battery charging and regenerative braking. The document focuses on buck converters, explaining their operating principles, design considerations for the inductor and capacitor, and how to analyze their operation through examining the inductor voltage and current.

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82 views31 pages

Electric Vehicles: DC To DC Converters

The document discusses power converters used in electric vehicles (EVs). It describes the general configuration of EVs which includes AC-DC rectifiers, DC-DC converters, and DC-AC inverters. The most common DC-DC converters used are unidirectional converters which power onboard loads, and bidirectional converters which are used for battery charging and regenerative braking. The document focuses on buck converters, explaining their operating principles, design considerations for the inductor and capacitor, and how to analyze their operation through examining the inductor voltage and current.

Uploaded by

SPARSH RAJ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEE4016 Electric Vehicles

DC to Dc converters
Contents

Power Converters in EV

Types of DC-DC converter

3
General Configuration of EV

3
Power Converters in EV
In Figure 1 the general configuration of the EV and HEV is
shown.

Upon examination of the general configurations it can be


seen that there are two major power electronic units
• AC – DC-----Rectifier
• DC-DC converter
• DC-AC-------Inverter
Power Converters in EV
Usually AC motors are used in HEVs or EVs for traction and they are fed by
inverter and this inverter is fed by DC-DC converter (Figure 1).
The most commonly DC-DC converters used in an HEV or an EV are:
• Unidirectional Converters: They cater to various onboard loads such as
sensors, controls, entertainment, utility and safety equipments.
• Bidirectional Converters: They are used in places where battery charging
and regenerative braking is required.
o The power flow in a bi-directional converter is usually from a low voltage end
such as battery or a supercapacitor to a high voltage side and is referred to as
boost operation.
o During regenerative braking, the power flows back to the low voltage bus to
recharge the batteries know as buck mode operation.

Both the unidirectional and bi-directional DC-DC converters are preferred to be


isolated to provide safety for the devices. In this view, most of the DC-DC converters
incorporate a high frequency transformer.
Objective – to efficiently reduce DC voltage
The DC equivalent of an AC transformer

Iin Iout

+ +
DC−DC Buck
Vin Converter Vout
− −

Lossless objective: Pin = Pout, which means that VinIin = VoutIout and

Vout I in

Vin I out
6
Duty cycle

7
Here is an example of an inefficient DC−DC converter

R1 The load

+ +
Vin R2 Vout
− −

R2
Vout  Vin 
R1  R2
R2 Vout
 
R1  R2 Vin

If Vin = 39V, and Vout = 13V, efficiency η is only 0.33

Unacceptable except in very low power applications


8
Taken from “Course Overview” PPT

Another method – lossless conversion of 39Vdc to


!
average 13Vdc
Stereo Switch closed
voltage Switch open
39
+
39Vdc Rstereo
–
0

Switch state, Stereo voltage DT

Closed, 39Vdc T
Open, 0Vdc

If the duty cycle D of the switch is 0.33, then the average


voltage to the expensive car stereo is 39 ● 0.33 = 13Vdc. This
is lossless conversion.

9
Buck converter

10
Switch is turned on (closed)
+ vL -
• Diode is reversed biased. S iL +
+
Vd C RL Vo
VD
 
• Switch conducts inductor
current vL

VdVo
• This results in positive inductor closed
opened
closed
opened

voltage, i.e: t

v L  Vd  Vo

Vo
iL
• It causes linear increase in the
inductor current iLmax
diL IL
vL  L iLmin
dt
1
L
 iL  v L dt DT T
t

11
Switch turned off (opened)
• Because of inductive energy
+ vL -

storage, iL continues to flow. S iL +


Vd C RL Vo
D

• Diode is forward biased


vL

VdVo
• Current now flows closed
opened
closed
opened

(freewheeling) through the t


diode.
Vo
• The inductor voltage can be iL

derived as: iLmax

vL  Vo IL
iLmin

(1-D)T
t
DT T

12
13
14
Design
• One way of analyzing the operation of the buck converter is to
examine the inductor voltage and current.

• Buck converters and dc-dc converters in general, have the following


properties when operating in the steady state:

15
16
17
Design of inductor

18
19
20
21
22
23
Design of Capacitor

24
• In the preceding analysis, the capacitor was assumed to be very large to keep
the output voltage constant.
• In practice, the output voltage cannot be kept perfectly constant with a finite
capacitance.
• The variation in output voltage, or ripple, is computed from the voltage-
current relationship of the capacitor.

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