Mathematics Lesson 7
Mathematics Lesson 7
[LESSON 7]
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this tutorial you should be able to do the following.
You should judge your progress by completing the self-assessment exercises. These may be sent for
marking at a cost (see home page).
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1. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Equations containing logarithmic terms can be manipulated algebraically using the basic
relationships that you should have learned at the national level. These are:
loga(An) = nloga(A)
When a gas is compressed it is found that the pressure and volume are related by the law:
pVn = C
Make n the subject of the formula. If p = 200 x 103 Pascals , V = 0.002 m3 and C = 33.3 find n.
SOLUTIONS
The pressure loss in a pipe pL is related to the flow rate Q by the equation pL = KQn
Make n the subject of the formula. If pL = 150 Pascals , Q = 0.02 m3/s and K = 171.5 x 103 find
n.
SOLUTIONS
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2. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
You don't have to study the theory behind this but it helps to have a full understanding in order to
use it. The following explanation is offered but you can jump straight to the next page if you want
to.
Suppose you had a function of y = f(x) such that the gradient of the function at any point is equal to
the value of the function.
dy
In other words we want a function such that y = f(x) and =y
dx
x2 x3
Such a function is a series y = 1+ x + + 3! note ! means factorial
2! +
If we differentiate this we get:
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dy 0 +1+ 2x 3x2 4x3 ......... = 1+ x + x2 + x dy
= + + 3! ......... Hence =y
dx 2! 3! 4!
a
2!
( )d ya
dx
a −1 dy
Note that if we differentiate y with respect to x we get dx = ay dx
Since
dy ( ) a
= y it follows that d y = ay a −1y = aya
dx dx
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Plot of ex and e-x
3. NATURAL LOGARITHMS
If we use logarithms to the base of e we now see that y = loge x. The loge is called Naperian
Logarithm after Robert Napier but is more commonly called the natural logarithm and denoted ln.
In engineering, many functions are exponential and the solutions of equations are solved by taking
the natural logarithm.
x2
Where x1 and x2 are the amplitude of two successive vibrations and δ is the damping ratio.
Calculate δ when x1= 3 mm and x2 = 0.5 mm respectively. Calculate the amplitude reduction
factor and the damping ratio.
SOLUTION
x 2π δ
Take natural logarithms so that ln 1 =
x2 1- δ2
Now we can put in the numerical data and solve as follows.
x 3
ln 1 = ln = ln6 = 1.792
x2 0.5
2π δ
1.792 = square both sides
1- δ2
39.478δ2
3.21 = so 1- δ2 = 12.298δ 2
1- δ 2
1
13.298δ2 = 1 and δ2 = = 0.075 and δ = 0.075 = 0.274
13.298
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This gives a straight line with a gradient n and an intercept C
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WORKED EXAMPLE No. 4
SOLUTIONS
The graph shows the results of an experiment in which a variables x and y are recorded and
plotted. When log(x) and log(y) are plotted the straight-line graph shown is produced.
Determine the function f(x).
SOLUTION
From the straight line graph we have an intercept of 0.7 and a gradient of (3.7 – 0.7)/1 = 3
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WORKED EXAMPLE No. 6
The graph shows the results of an experiment in which a variables x and y are recorded and
plotted as logs. Determine the function f(x).
SOLUTION
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2. When a pulley belt slips on a wheel it is believed the largest force F 1 on one side and the smaller
force F2 on the other side is in the form:
F1 = F2 eµθ
µ is the coefficient of friction which is constant and unknown. θ is the angle of contact.
If an experiment is conducted with various forces and angles to verify this relationship and the
only unknown is µ, how should the data be plotted so that a straight result of the equation is
true? How may the value of µ be found from the straight-line graph?
3. The pressure loss in a given pipe is believed to be related to the flow rate by the formula:
p = kQn
An experiment is conducted and the pressure is measured over a range of flow rates. The results
and plot are as shown.
Process the data and plot it so that a straight line is produced and deduce the values of k and n.
(Answers 0.032 and 1.8 note that you will have to project the graph to find the intercept)
4. When a capacitor C discharges through a resistor R the voltage V at any time t after the start is
related to time t by V = 12(1 – e-t/RC). Make t the subject of the formula. Given RC = 2 seconds
evaluate the time when V = 6 Volts.
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5. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
These are functions that seem to resemble trigonometric functions. They are used in the solution of
mathematical problems. They should be remembered from their basic definitions which are as
follows.
ex − e−x ex + e−x sinh (x) ex − e−x
sinh (x) = and cosh (x) = and tanh (x) =
2 2 cosh (x) ex + e −x
These are pronounced shine, cosh and then respectively.
cosh(x) + sinh(x) = ex
dy dy
y = sinh(x) then = cosh(x) y = sin(x) then = cos(x)
dx dx
dy dy
If y = cosh(x) then = sinh(x) If y = cos(x) then = −sin(x)
dx dx
sinh(A±B) = sinh(A) cosh(B) ± cosh(A) sinh(B) sin(A ± B) = sin(A) cos(B) ± cos(A) sin(B)
cosh(A±B) = cosh(A) cosh(B) ± sinh(A) sinh(B) cos(A ± B) = cos(A) cos(B) m sin(A) sin(B)
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WORKED EXAMPLE No. 7
2 4
Using the definition cosh(x) = 1+x +x +evaluate cosh(3) to 2 decimal places.
2! 4!
SOLUTION
x2 x4 32 34 36 38 310 312
cosh(x) = 1 + + + .... = 1 + + + + + .+ ..
2! 4! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!
= 1 + 4.5 + 3.375 + 1.0125 + 0.1627 + 0.0163 + 0.0011
= 10.07
Show from first principles that sinh(A+B) = sinh(A) cosh(B) + cosh(A) sinh(B)
SOLUTION
−x −x
e −e e+e
x x
sinh (x) = and cosh (x) =
2 2
e A − e−A e B + e−B e A + e −A e B − e−B
sinh(A) cosh(B) + cosh(A) sinh(B) = +
2 2 2 2
-A −B
e e + e e −B
e e + e e e e −e e + e e − e e
−B −B
A B A -A B -A A B A -A B
= − +
4 4 4 4
e e + e e
A B A −B e A+B
+e A-B e ( A+B )
+e - ( A+B )
= = = = sinh(A + B)
2 2 2
1. Show from first principles that cosh(A+B) = cosh(A) cosh(B) + sinh(A) sinh(B)
x3 x5
2. Using the definition sinh(x) = x + + +evaluate sinh(1) to 3 decimal places. (1.175)
3! 5!
x2 x 4
3. Using the definition cosh(x) = 1+ + +evaluate cosh (2) to 3 decimal places. (3.762)
2! 4!
© D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk 10
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