PILL CAMERA

- (An application of Nanotechnology)

BY

ABSTRACT:
The aim of technology is to make It takes pictures of our intestine and
products in a large scale for cheaper transmits the same to the receiver of the
prices and increased quality. The current Computer analysis of our digestive
technologies have attained a part of it, system. This process can help in tracking
but the manufacturing technology is at any kind of disease related to digestive
macro level. The future lies in system. Also we have discussed the
manufacturing product right from the drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how
molecular level. Research in this these drawbacks can be overcome using
direction started way back in eighties. At Grain sized motor and bi-directional
that time manufacturing at molecular wireless telemetry capsule .Besides this
and atomic level was laughed about. But we have reviewed the process of
due to advent of nanotecnlogy we have manufacturing products using
realized it to a certain level. One such nanotechnology.
product manufactured is PILL Some other important
CAMERA, which is used for the applications are also discussed along
treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. with their potential
It has made revolution in the field of impacts on various fields.
medicine.
This tiny capsule can pass INTRODUCTION:
through our body, without causing any
harm.
We have made great progress in have been arranging atoms in great
manufacturing products. Looking back thundering statistical herds. All of us
from where we stand now, we started know manufactured products are made
from flint knives and stone tools and from atoms. The properties of those
reached the stage where we make such products depend on how those atoms are
tools with more precision than ever. The arranged. If we rearrange atoms in dirt,
leap in technology is great but it is not water and air we get grass. The next step
going to stop here. With our present in manufacturing technology is to
technology we manufacture products by manufacture products at molecular level.
casting, milling, grinding, chipping and The technology used to achieve
the likes. With these technologies we manufacturing at molecular level is
have made more things at a lower cost “NANOTECHNOLOGY”.
and greater precision than ever before. In Nanotechnology is the creation of useful
the manufacture of these products we materials, devices and system through
manipulation of such miniscule matter
(nanometer).Nanotechnology deals with
objects measured in nanometers.
Nanometer can be visualized as billionth
of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or
it is 1/80000 width of human hair.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:
Manipulation of atoms is first talked
about by noble laureate Dr.Richard
Feyngman long ago in 1959 at the
annual meeting of the American
Physical Society at the California
institute of technology -Caltech and at
that time it was laughed about. Nothing PILL CAMERA:
was pursued init till 80’s. The concept of INTRODUCTION:
nanotechnology is introduced by Drexel Imagine a vitamin pill-sized
in the year 1981 through his article “The camera that could travel through your
Engines of Creation”. In 1990, IBM body taking pictures, helping diagnose a
researchers showed that it is possible to problem which doctor previously would
manipulate single atoms. They have found only through surgery. No
positioned 35 Xenon atoms on the longer is such technology the stuff of
surface of nickel crystal, using an atomic science fiction films.
force microscopy instrument. These CONVENTIONAL METHOD:
positioned atoms spelled out the letters” Currently, standard method of
IBM”. Image of the IBM spelled with detecting abnormalities in the intestines
35xenon atoms. is through endoscopic examination in
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF which doctors advance a scope down
NANOTECHNOLOGY: into the small intestine via the mouth.
As televisions, airplanes, However, these scopes are unable to
computers revolutionized the world in reach through all of the 20-foot-long
the last century; scientists claim that small intestine, and thus provide only a
nanotechnology will have an even more partial view of that part of the bowel.
With the help of pill camera not only can
diagnoses be made for certain conditions
routinely missed by other tests, but
disorders can be detected at an earlier
stage, enabling treatment before
complications develop.

profound effect on the next century.

Nanotechnology is likely to change the
way almost everything, including
medicine, computers and cars, are
designed and constructed
 Moreover, since lightning LED’s
DESCRIPTION: also use significant amount of power, the
The device, called the given individual ON/OFF control of each LED
Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in is equally necessary. As such the control
capsule form and contains a camera, system is divided into 4 channels in the
lights, transmitter and batteries. The current study. A high output current
capsule has a clear end that allows the amplifier with a single supply is utilized
camera to view the lining of the small to drive loads in capsule.
intestine. Capsule endoscopy consists of
a disposable video camera encapsulated EXTERNAL CONTROL UNIT:
into a pill like form that is swallowed A schematic of the external
with water. The wireless camera takes control circuit unit is illustrated below,
thousands of high-quality digital images where the ON/OFF operation of the
within the body as it passes through the switch in the front of the unit is encoded
entire length of the small intestine. The into 4 channels Control signals. These
latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm digital signals are then transferred to a
and is capable of transmitting 50,000 synthesizer and modulated into an RF
color images during its traversal through signal using a OOK transmitter with a
the digestive system of patient. carrier frequency of 433 MHz.
Video chip consists of the IC
CMOS image sensor which is used to
take pictures of intestine .The lamp is
used for proper illumination in the
intestine for taking photos. Micro
actuator acts as memory to store the
software code that is the instructions.
The antenna is used to transmit the
images to the receiver. For the detection
of reliable and correct information,
capsule should be able to designed to
transmit several biomedical signals, such
as pH, temp and pressure. This is To verify the operation of the
achieved with the help of Soc. external control unit and telemetry
capsule, CH1 was used to control
ON/OFF of CMOS image sensor and
external reference crystal or clock. The CHs 2-4 to control led lighting. The four
decoder IC receives the serial stream and signals in front of the control panel were
interprets the serial information as 4 bits able to make 16different control
of binary data. Each bit is used for signals (4 bit, 2^4 = 16).The bi-
channel recognition of the control signal directional operation of telemetry
from outside the body. Since the CMOS module is verified by transmitting video
image sensor module consumes most of signal from CMOS image sensor image
the power compared to the other data was then displayed
components in the telemetry module,
controlling the ON/OFF of the CMOS
image sensor is very important.
 The proposed telemetry capsule
can simultaneously transmit a video
signal and receive a control determining
the behavior of the capsule. As a result,
the total power consumption of the
telemetry capsule can be reduced by
turning off the camera power during
dead time and separately controlling the
LEDs for proper illumination in the
intestine. Accordingly, proposed
telemetry module for bidirectional and
multi-channel communication has the
potential applications in many
DRAWBACKS:
It is a revolution, no question
about it but the capsule poses medical
risks
1."Unfortunately, patients with
gastrointestinal structures or narrowing
are not good candidates for this
procedure due to the risk of obstruction".
It might also happen that the pill camera
might not be able to traverse freely
inside digestive system, which may
cause the tests to be inconclusive.
2. If there is a partial obstruction in the
small intestine, there is a risk that the pill
will get stuck there and a patient who
might have come in for diagnostical
reasons may end up in the emergency small print footage. The image sensor
room for intestinal obstruction. supports an NTSC-type analog color
3. The pill camera can transmit image video and can directly interface with
from inside to outside the body. VCR TV monitor. Also image sensor
Consequently it becomes impossible to has very low power consumption as it
control the camera behavior, including requires only 5 volt dc supply.
the on/off power functions and effective APPLICATIONS OF
illuminations inside the intestine. The NANOTECHNOLOGY IN OTHER
first drawback is overcomed using FIELDS
another product manufactured with the • Nanotechnology may have its biggest
help of nanotechnology which is the impact on the medical industry. Patients
rice- grain sized motor. This miniature will drink fluids containing nanorobots
motor, when attached to the pill camera programmed to attack and reconstruct
gives it a propelling action inside the the molecular structure of cancer cells
body, which makes it easy for the pill to and viruses to make them harmless.
find its way through the digestive • Nanorobots could also be programmed
system. Also the grain-sized motor has to perform delicate surgeries --such
an application of its own too. It can be nanosurgeons could work at a level a
employed to rupture and break painful thousand times more precise than the
kidney stones inside the body. The other sharpest scalpel. By working on such a
two drawbacks can be overcome using a small scale, a nanorobot could operate
bidirectional wireless telemetry camera. without leaving scars that conventional
The current paper presents the design of surgery does.
a bidirectional wireless telemetry • Additionally, nanorobots could change
camera, 11mm in diameter, which can your physical appearance. They could be
transmit video images from inside the programmed to perform cosmetic
human body and receive the control surgery, rearranging your atoms to
signals from an external control unit. It change your ears, nose, eye color or any
includes transmitting antenna and other physical feature you wish to alter.
receiving antenna, a demodulator, a • There's even speculation that
decoder, four LED’s, a CMOS image nanorobots could slow or reverse the
sensor, along with their driving circuits. aging process, and life expectancy could
The receiver demodulates the received increase significantly.
signal that is radiated from the external • In the computer industry, the ability to
control unit. Next, the decoder receives shrink the size of transistors on silicon
this serial stream and interprets the five microprocessors will soon reach its
of the binary digits as address code. The limits. Nanotechnology will be needed to
remaining signal is interpreted as binary create a new generation of computer
data. As a result proposed telemetry components. Molecular computers could
model can demodulate the external contain storage devices capable of
signals to control the behavior of the storing trillions of bytes of information
camera and 4 LED’s during the in a structure the size of a sugar cube.
transmission of video image. The CMOS • Nanotechnology has the potential to
image sensor is a single chip 1/3 inch have a positive effect on the
format video camera, OV7910, this can environment. For instance, airborne
provide high level functionality with in nanorobots could be programmed to
rebuild the thinning ozone layer. just by providing coal, water and some
Contaminants could be automatically impurities and even prevent the aging
removed from water sources, and oil effect. Nanotechnology has the power to
spills could be cleaned up instantly. And revolutionize the world of production,
if nanotechnology is, in fact, realized, it but it is sure to increase unemployment.
might be the human race's greatest Nanotechnology can be used to
scientific achievement yet, completely make miniature explosives, which would
changing every aspect of the way we create havoc in human lives. Every new
live. technology that comes opens new doors
CONCLUSION: and horizons but closes some. The same
Though nanotechnology has not is true with nanotechnology too.
evolved to its full capacity yet the first
rung of products have already made an
impact on the market. In the near future
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Electronics for
most of the conventional manufacturing
you, journal
processes will be replaced with a
2. Web Sites:
cheaper and better manufacturing
a.www.sciencedaily.com
process “nanotechnology”. Scientists
b. www.zy
predict that this is not all
vex.com.
nanotechnology is capable of. They even
c.www.nanotech.gov
foresee that in the decades to come, with
the help of nanotechnology one can
make hearts, lungs, livers and kidneys,