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Computer Represent Data:: Binary Number Bits and Bytes Text Codes

Computer data is represented using binary numerals consisting of 0s and 1s. Multiple bits are grouped into bytes to represent alphanumeric characters or symbols. Common character encoding schemes include ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode which use varying numbers of bits to represent different quantities of characters. Processing occurs in the CPU which contains an ALU and control unit and follows machine cycles. Memory, clock speed, bus width, cache, and registers impact processing speed. The motherboard connects the central components including the CPU, RAM, ports, and expansion slots.

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66 views

Computer Represent Data:: Binary Number Bits and Bytes Text Codes

Computer data is represented using binary numerals consisting of 0s and 1s. Multiple bits are grouped into bytes to represent alphanumeric characters or symbols. Common character encoding schemes include ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode which use varying numbers of bits to represent different quantities of characters. Processing occurs in the CPU which contains an ALU and control unit and follows machine cycles. Memory, clock speed, bus width, cache, and registers impact processing speed. The motherboard connects the central components including the CPU, RAM, ports, and expansion slots.

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Nasie Ahmed Khan Processing Hardware 2010-EE-043

Computer represent data:


Binary number
The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, represents numeric values using two symbols, 0 and 1. implement in
digital electronic circuitry using logic gates.
Bits and bytes
A single unit of data is called a BIT, having a value of 1 or 0. Eight bits make up one BYTE. A byte is the amount of memory
needed to store one alphanumeric character.
Text codes
Text Code is a system that uses binary numbers (1s and 0s) to represent characters understood by humans (letters and
numerals).
Binary coded schemes:
All the amazing things that computers do are based on binary numbers made up of 0s and 1s.Then the computer system use
binary or digital coding schemes to represent letters, numbers and special characters.
EBcdic (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
EBCDIC is an 8-bit character used on IBM mainframe operating systems. So it can represent 28 = 256 characters.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
ASCII was created for use in early telecommunications systems but has proven useful for computer systems and has been the
basis for most other character sets.Most widely used binary code.Extended ASCII uses 8 bits.
Unicode
It is a system for "the interchange, processing, and display of the written texts of the diverse languages of the modern world." It
also supports many classical and historical texts in a number of languages. It uses 2 bytes (16 bits) Therefore, 216=65,536
characters can be handled.
Where processing occur:
*Processing takes place in the PC's central processing unit (CPU).The system's memory also plays a crucial role in processing
data. Both the CPU and memory are attached to the system's motherboard, which connects all the computer's devices
together, enabling them to communicate.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)


The two main parts of a CPU are
1. Control Unit (CU)
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit stores the CPU's microcode, which contains the instructions for all the tasks the CPU can perform.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
It perform all the arithmetical and logical tasks of CPU like + , _ , * , / or a logic operations. The ALU is connected to a set of
registers (small memory areas in a processors).
Machine Cycle
The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine cycle-for each instruction it carries out.
Memory (word size)
As main memory capacity is measured in MB, processor capacity is measured in word size. Number of bits processor can hold
in its registers.
Factors Affecting Processing Speed:
Registers
The CPU contains a number of small memory areas called registers. It works at bits level, processor use it for its calculation like
works. The size of the registers (also called word size).
Ram (random access memory)
It use at the O.S level, And use in a processing of O.S. when we use any software, it loaded in the RAM. To increasing RAM,
increases the Speed of processing.
The system clock
A single "tick" of the clock is the time required to turn a transistor off and back on. This is called a clock cycle.
measured in Hertz (Hz)
Nasie Ahmed Khan Processing Hardware 2010-EE-043

BUS
Bas is a path of instructions to travelling b/w components.
Parts of computer buses:
1. A control bus is used by CPUs for communicating with other devices within the computer.
1. The Data Bus width determines how many bits can be transmitted between the CPU and other devices.
2. The Address Bus runs only between the CPU and RAM.
Cache Memory
It is used by the CPU to reduce the average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies
of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations. And the processor immediately reads from or writes to the
cache. Which is much faster than main memeory.
*A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM cache, is a portion of memory made of high-speed static RAM
(SRAM) instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM) used for main memory.
1. CPU-resident cache is called Level-1 (L1) cache.
2. External cache is called Level-2 (L2) cache.
A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM cache, is a portion of memory made of high-speed static RAM (SRAM)
instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM) used for main memory.
System unit:
Power Supply
It is used to give a DC power to the computer.
Motherboard (System Board)
It is the main circuit board in the system unit. All or most of the components are plugged onto the motherboard.
Microprocessor
It controls instructions which we give to the computer. And have thousands of transistors on a chip.
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) is a processor whish solve complex instructions or calculations but slow.
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) is a processor which we use and it is a faster.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM stores all the information about the programs you are currently running on your computer.
Similar to a micro-processor, a memory chip is an I.C made of millions of transistors and capacitors.
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Information is stored permanently on a chip. Contains startup instructions and other permanent data. Some types,
1. Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM).
2. Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
3. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
Ports
Serial Ports: It send data or instruction in a sequence and use only one wire.
Parallel Ports: It send more data or instruction at a time and use more path. E.g. printer, scanner, etc.
Expansion slots
Slots, or spaces, inside a cabinet that are used to connect additional circuit boards (cards).
Bus lines and PC slots and cards
Bus lines are use to travel data from one component to another.
Slots are used for internal attachment, e.g. RAM slot, video card slot, etc.
Cards are use to communicate the CPU with other devices. E.g.

Video card is used for a video of monitor.


LAN card is use to connect other PC or a modem with the computer.
Audio card is use for a audio.

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