11

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PALAWAN 1

MIMAROPA Region
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode (Bridging Program)
Module 3: Light Waves
May, 2020

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of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
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Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment as
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e. pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks etc.) included in
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locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The
publishers and the authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Schools Division of Palawan

Schools Division Superintendent: Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Alma Mae B. Gabuco, Aisis C. Bantilan, Emee Rose Joy M. Magbanua,
Aurelio A. Mahilum, Jona F. Ginez, Maria Cristina C. Barsanas, Donnie P. Blasico,
Iniego H. Jusayan Jr., Aiza T. Cañezo, Charmae V. Barrientos, Reymond C.
Abaño, Nuriel T. Barrientos, Janice D. Dumaliw, Geraldine P. Jayme, Shannie B.
Rabino, Vanessa T. Abrea, Harold D. Garcellano, Kristina T. Matillano, Precious V.
Castro, Jowery R. Valentin, Jessica Mae A. Juanich, La-Arni B. Rodriguez, Jeziel
C. Serna. Eden A. Sayson, Crisanta B. Silverio, Deverly F. Arceo, Florence Ivy
Magtanong, Ednhel C. Aquino, Jonathan M. Casio, Rodora O. Cleto, Raellen A.
Regalado.

Content Editor: Rosalyn C. Gadiano, Maribeth Q. Adier

Language Editor: Fe Kenneth G. Aban

Reviewer: Rosalyn C. Gadiano

Management Team: Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI

Aurelia B. Marquez, CID Chief
Rosalyn C. Gadiano, EPS – Science
Rodgie S. Demalinao, EPS In Charge of ADM/LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by: ________________

Department of Education: Schools Division of Palawan
Office Address: Gov. Salvador P. Socrates Govt. Center PEO Road, Barangay
Bancao-Bancao, PPC
Telephone Number: (048) 433-6392
Email: www.depedpalawan.com

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents 3

Introduction to Chemical Reactions 5

Goals 6

Pre Test 6

Lesson 1: The Facts of Light 9

Lesson 2: Reflection of Light in Mirrors 16

Lesson 3: Curved Mirror 24

Lesson 4: Ray Diagramming Involving Mirror 30

Lesson 5: Convex Lens 37

Lesson 6: Application of Mirror and Lenses 43

Lesson 7: Optical Device 50

Lesson 8: Laser and Fiber Optics 56

Post Test 62

References 65

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Module 2:
LIGHT WAVES

(PHOTON)

4
 All waves have common features, the
most important of which is their ability to
transfer energy and information. Waves are
travelling disturbances that are everywhere.
Even when we do not see them, we can be
sure that because of them, we see
everything.

There are several waves around us. The water waves are consisted of
moving disturbances on the level of water and sound waves of moving
disturbances in pressure and density of a medium such as air, while the light
waves are consisted of moving disturbance even through a vacuum.

Light waves are produced by oscillating electric charges and disturbing

electric charges in their path but they need no medium through which to travel.
This module discusses a more precise definition of the nature of light waves
and how these are responsible for our vision, stimulating the cells on the retina
of our eyes to send visual information to our brain. You will also learn to predict
the qualitative characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors
and lenses; apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics
and positions of images formed by lenses and identify ways in which the
properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in optical instruments.

This module contains the following lessons and activities:

1. The Facts of Lights
2. Reflection of Lights in Mirror
3. Ray Diagramming Involving Mirrors
4. Application of Mirror and Lenses
5. Making Improvised Optical Device
6. Laser and Fiber Optics

5
 At the end of this module you should be able to:
1. explain the nature of light and understand that light
is a form of energy and that it can be characterized
as a wave;
2. describe the dual nature of light;
3. explain the theories and principles of light;
4. determine and compare the height, width and the
distance from the mirror of the object with the
Your image found by plane mirror;
Tasks! 5. label the plane mirror diagram by the different
terminologies (incident, reflected, and normal line);
6. determine the location and size of the images
formed by curved mirrors;
7. distinguish the characteristics of concave and
convex mirrors;
!
8. construct ray diagrams to determine the position
Begin!
and nature of image formed by concave mirror;
9. measure the focal length and liner magnification of
a convex lens;
10. locate and describe the image formed by convex
lens;
11. explain how mirrors and lenses applied in daily
living;
12. construct a pin-hole camera;
13. explain the factors that affect the image on the
screen.
14.

6
 Try this!

Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of the best
answer then write the letter of your answer in your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following is an example of Natural Light?

a. Flash Light c. Candle Light
b. Sunlight d. Torch

2. Who is the famous Scientist who proposed that light travels in a straight line at
an enormous speed?
a. Isaac Newton c. James Clerk Maxwell
b. Christian Huygens d. Max Planck

3. You see your face clearly if you look in a pool of still water. Which one of the
following statements gives the best explanation for this observation?
a. Light entering the water is dispersed.
b. Regular reflection of light happens on the surface of still water.
c. Irregular reflection of light happens on the surface of still water.
d. Light is reflected from the surface of water in different directions.

4. Where should the object be placed in front of a concave mirror to form a virtual
and magnified image?
a. At the focus
b. At the center of curvature
c. Between the focus and the vertex
d. Between the center of curvature and focus

5. What type of mirror do dentists usually use to see clearly the images of our
teeth?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above

6. What kind of image is formed by concave lenses?

a. Always real
b. Always virtual
c. Could be real or virtual; depends on the distance of the object from the
focal point.
d. Could be real or virtual; but always real when the object is placed at the
focal point.

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7. What kind of mirror is used in automobiles and trucks to give the driver a wider
area and smaller image of traffic behind him?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above

8. When a small object is placed on the principal axis of a concave mirror between
the focus and the mirror (as in the figure below), the image formed is ________.

C F
a. Erect, magnified, and virtual
b. Inverted, magnified, and real
c. Inverted, reduced, and real
d. Erect, reduced, and real

9. A white sheet of paper cannot act as mirror because it _______________the

rays of light.
a. Diffracts c. Interferes
b. Diffuses d. Refracts

10. You see the reflection of the clock without numbers in your plane mirror. The
image formed by the hands of the clock shows the time of 3:30. What is the
real time?
a. 3:30 c. 9:30
b. 8:30 d. 10:30

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 LESSON 1: THE FACTS OF LIGHT
I thought you would not open the next module; I was
starting to get disheartened but seeing you now, my heart
feels excitement again. Let’s get going by checking the
following goals for the first lesson.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain the nature of light and understand that light is a
form of energy and that it can be characterized as a
wave.
2. Describe the dual nature of light.
3. Explain the theories and principles of light.
4. Create an essay about the significance of light.

Do this!

ACTIVITY 1-A
Fill Me Up!

Directions: Give examples of Natural and Artificial sources of light as many as you
can.

Natural Light Artificial Light

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 Light is the form of radiant energy that stimulates the organs of sight, having
wavelengths ranging from about 3900 to 7700 angstroms and traveling at a speed of
about 300 000 km per second for normal human vision, One angstrom = 0.00000001
cm. Light is a type of energy we can see, but let us find out some of the properties of
light by answering this activity.

ACTIVITY 1-B
What is Light?

Look a little closer at some of the properties of light

Guide Questions:
Think about what you have learned. Answer the questions below based on what you
have just read.
1. Why do we have day and night?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Why would someone use a mirror to look into when doing their make-up?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Why do you look funny when you look at your reflection in aluminum foil?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 4. What do you think are the seven official colors of a rainbow?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Why would a good spear fisher not throw his spear where he sees the fish?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 1-C
PRINCIPLES OF LIGHT

Directions: The following scientists are proponents of the dual nature of light, match
the Scientist with their principles. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.

Answer Scientist Principles

_______ 1. Isaac Newton a. Light is energy called photons or quanta which
are transmitted in small bundles or qualities
from luminous bodies.
_______ 2. Christian b. Light can meet each other and produce fringes
Huygens or bright and dark regions on a screen behind.
________ 3. Thomas c. Light is a form of transverse wave motion sent
Young out by luminous bodies
_______ 4. James Clerk d. Light is consisted of both particles and wave.
Maxwell Develop the principle of Dual-Nature of Light
_______ 5. Max Planck e. Light is a tiny particle called corpuscle sent out
by luminous bodies which behaves like a tiny
elastic ball, and light travels in a straight line at
an enormous speed.
_______ 6. Louis Victor f. Light is the result of the oscillations of the
de Broglie electrically charged particles of the atom.
Develop the theory of Electromagnetic theory
of light.

11
 Explore!

What is Light?
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the spectrum is the collection of
all waves, which include visible light, Microwaves, radio waves (AM, FM, SW), X-Rays,
and Gamma Rays.
Sir Isaac Newton held the theory that light was made up of tiny particles. In
1678, Dutch physicist, Christiaan Huygens, believed that light was made up of waves
vibrating up and down perpendicularly to the direction of the light travels, and therefore
formulated a way of visualizing wave propagation. This became known as 'Huygens'
Principle'. Huygens theory was the successful theory of light wave motion in three
dimensions. Huygen, suggested that light wave peaks form surfaces like the layers of
an onion. In a vacuum, or other uniform mediums, the light waves are spherical, and
these wave surfaces advance or spread out as they travel at the speed of light. This
theory explains why light shining through a pin hole or slit will spread out rather than
go in a straight line (see diffraction). Newton's theory came first, but the theory of
Huygens, better described early experiments. Huygens' principle lets you predict
where a given wavefront will be in the future, if you have the knowledge of where the
given wavefront is in the present.
At the time, some of the experiments conducted on light theory, both the wave
theory and particle theory, had some unexplained phenomenon, Newton could not
explain the phenomenon of light interference, this forced Newton's particle theory in
favor of the wave theory. This difficulty was due to the unexplained phenomenon of
light Polarization - scientists were familiar with the fact that wave motion was parallel
to the direction of wave travel, NOT perpendicular to the to the direction of wave travel,
as light does.
In 1803, Thomas Young studied the interference of light waves by shining light
through a screen with two slits equally separated, the light emerging from the two slits,
spread out according to Huygen's principle. Eventually the two wave fronts will overlap
with each other, if a screen was placed at the point of the overlapping waves, you
would see the production of light and dark areas
Later in 1815, Augustin Fresnel supported Young's experiments with
mathematical calculations.
In 1900 Max Planck proposed the existence of a light quantum, a finite packet
of energy which depends on the frequency and velocity of the radiation.
In 1905 Albert Einstein had proposed a solution to the problem of observations
made on the behavior of light having characteristics of both wave and particle theory.
From work of Plank on emission of light from hot bodies, Einstein suggested that light
is composed of tiny particles called photons, and each photon has energy.
Light theory branches in to the physics of quantum mechanics, which was
conceptualized in the twentieth century. Quantum mechanics deal with behaviour of
nature on the atomic scale or smaller.
The result of quantum mechanics gave the proof to the dual nature of light and
therefore not a contradiction.
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Light Wave Theory
Light can exhibit both a wave theory, and a
particle theory at the same time. Much of the time,
light behaves like a wave. Light waves are also
called electromagnetic waves because they are
made up of both electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields.
Electromagnetic fields oscillate perpendicularly to
the direction of wave travel, and perpendicularly to
each other. Light waves are known as transverse
waves as they oscillate in the direction traversing to
the direction of wave travel.

Waves have two important characteristics - wavelength and frequency.

The Sine Wave

The sine wave is the fundamental waveform in nature. When dealing with light
waves, we refer to the sine wave. The period (T) of the waveform is one full 0 to 360-
degree sweep. The relationship of frequency and the period is given by the equation:
f =1/T
T =1/f
The waveforms are always in the time domain and go on for infinity.

Wavelength: This is the distance between peaks of a wave. Wavelengths are

measured in units of length - meters, when dealing with light, wavelengths are in the
order of nanometers (1 x 10-9)
Frequency: This is the number of peaks that will travel past a point in one second.
Frequency is measured in cycles per second. The term given to this is Hertz (Hz)
named after the 19th century discoverer of radio waves - Heinrich Hertz. 1 Hz = 1 cycle
per second
The speed of a wave can be found by multiplying the two units together. The
wave's speed is measured in units of length (distance) per second:
Wavelength x Frequency = Speed

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The Speed of Light
The speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, about 300,000 km/s or
186,000 miles per second. The exact speed of light is: 299,792.458 km/s
It takes approximately 8.3 mins for light from the sun the reach the earth (150,000,000
/ 300,000 / 60 = 8.3)
Taking the distance of the sun from Earth into account, which is 150,000,000 km, and
the fact that light travels at 300,000 km/s, it shows in some way how fast light actually
travels.
With the use of the SI units for wavelength (l), frequency (¦) and speed of light
(c), we can derive some simple equations relating to wavelength, frequency and speed
of light:
λ = c/f
f = c/λ
Photon Model of Light
As proposed by Einstein, light is composed of photons, very small packets of
energy. The reason that photons are able to travel at light speed is due to the fact that
they have no mass and therefore, Einstein's infamous equation - E=MC2 cannot be
used. Another formula devised by Planck is used to describe the relation between
photon energy and frequency - Planck's Constant (h) - 6.63x10-34 Joule-Second.
E = hf or E = hc / λ
E is the photonic energy in Joules, h is Plank’s constant and f is the frequency in H

Apply what you’ve learned!

Directions: Describe each picture based on what you have learned from the lesson

1. 3. 5.

Isaac Newton James Clerk Maxwell

2. 4.

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 Keep this in Mind!

Light is electromagnetic radiation that has properties of waves and particles.

There are two theories on the basic nature. The Wave (Adulatory) Theory
that explains that light has a wave motion which starts from vibrating body and is
transmitted at high speed. Meanwhile, the Quantum Theory of Light states that light
is composed of bundles of wave called photons.
The speed with which light (or radiant energy) travels through space is one of
the precisely, measured quantities in physical sciences. Nowadays, we find the speed
of light by the equation c = λf, where c for most purposes is 3.00 x 108m/s, λ is the
wavelength, and f is the frequency of light.

My Reflection!

Directions: Choose one question below and create a short but meaningful essay
about it. (100 words)

1. What do you think will happen if there is absence of light in our surroundings?
2. Knowing the significance of lights, how do you consider light in your life?

Yay! The lesson is about light but I was put in the dark. You really are a
commendable learner. Lucky you! You appear to be delighted with the tasks you have
just completed. I definitely hope that the initial lesson gave you light in your journey
through the discovery of scientific knowledge.

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 LESSON 2: REFLECTION OF LIGHT IN
Task1:
MIRRORS
You did great in the previous lesson. Let us test your enthusiasm
now. Go check these goals and keep them in mind.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain how an image is formed.
2. Determine the height, width and the distance from the mirror of the
image found by plane mirror.
3. Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror
of the object with that of the image found by plane mirror.
4. Label the plane mirror diagram by the different terminologies
(incident, reflected, and normal line).
5. Create an art of photography applying the concept of mirror light
reflection.
.
Have you noticed the word “AMBULANCE” in an ambulance car? How is it
written? Did you ever wonder why it is written that way? You will find the answers to
these questions as you go through this module. Try the following activities to study
one of the properties of light.

Do this!

ACTIVITY 2-A
“Time for Reverse”

1. Directions: Use any means to recognize the answer correctly from the given
question. Rewrite the answer with the correct verb/s and tense/s.

Why is the word “AMBULANCE” spelled backwards in front of ambulances?

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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
k
2. Directions: Write the phrase “COVID-19” on your paper and look at the image in the
mirror. Write your observations and describe the image formed.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2-B
Task 1: “Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall”

Your Goal:

1. Determine the height, width, and the distance of an object image formed by the
plane mirror.
2. Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror of the object
with that of the image formed by plane mirrors.

What you need:

 1 (10 cm x 15 cm) plane mirror
 1 graphing paper
 10 one-peso coins
 Modeling clay
 Pen

What to do:
1. Let the mirror stand vertically along the line
on a graphing paper as shown in figure 1.
Use the modeling clay to support the plane
mirror.

2. Using a pen, make three (3) different marks

along the intersections on the graphing
paper in front of a mirror.
Figure 2.1. A Plane Mirror
on a Graphing Paper
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 3. Measure the distance of each mark from the mirror by counting the number of
parallel lines between the mark and the base of the plane mirror. Record your
data in a table similar to Table 1 below.

4. Look at the images of the marks formed by the mirror. Measure the distance
of each image from the mirror by counting the number of parallel lines
between the image and the base of the mirror. Record this also in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1
Number of Parallel Lines
Mark Between the Mark and Between the Image and
the Mirror the Mirror
Mark 1
Mark 2
Mark 3

Guide Questions:

1. Refer to Table 1; Compare the distance (number of parallel lines) from the
mirror of the object with that of the image.

2. Based on the activity, describe what is reflection?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. Stack 10 pieces of one-peso coin in front of the

plane mirror as shown in Figure 2. Using a
ruler, measure the height and width of the stack
of coins. Measure also the height and width of
the image as seen on the mirror. Enter your
measurement in a table similar to Table 2.2

Figure 2. 2 Plane Mirror

on a Graphing Paper
Table 2.2 with Stack of Coins

Description Object Image

Height (cm)

Width (cm)

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Guide Question:
1. How do the height and width of the object compare with the height and width
of the image?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. How will you explain the relationships of height and width of the object from
the height and width of the image?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2-C
Task 1: “Reflection of Light Ray on a Plane Mirror”

Terminologies

Incident Ray The ray light approaching the mirror represented by an

arrow approaching an optical element like mirror.

Reflected Ray The ray of light which leaves the mirror and is
represented by an arrow pointing away from the mirror.

Normal Line Is an imaginary line that can be drawn perpendicular to

the surface of the mirror at the point of incidence where
the ray strikes the mirror.

Directions: Label the plane mirror diagram based on the definition of each terminology
of light rays on a plane mirror.

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Task Explore!

“Into the Mirror”

Procedure:

1. Consider the diagram at the right side, use a plane mirror to determine the word
that will be reflected in the mirror.

 What would be the image if a mirror A B

was placed along the edge
AB = _________________
BD = _________________
CD = _________________
AC = _________________
C D

Figure 2.3 Inverted Image

 What letters are unchanged if they are reflected in the mirror:

Horizontally?

Vertically?

2. Stand in front of a plane mirror.

 Is your image exactly the same in size as you

are? ________________________________

 Where is it apparently found?

____________________________________

 Raise your left hand. What hand does your

image raise? _________________________

 How does your image form in the mirror? Figure 2.4. Image in
_____________________________________ front of the mirror

Task:

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Guide Questions:

Based on the activities above, explain your answer to the following questions:

1. How do you compare the height, width and the distance of the actual image
from the image found in the plane mirror?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Where are incident ray, normal line and reflected ray located in a plane mirror?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What does the law of reflection state?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Apply what you’ve learned!

 Create an art of photography applying the concept of mirror light reflection

using your mobile phones.
 Paste your output at the space provided below.

Sample arts of photography:

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Alternative:
 Use a plane mirror and create a simple sketch of some reflected images
to show the main feature.
 Use the space provided above for your own creative sketch.


Keep this in Mind!
 Task 1:

Plane Mirror and Images

Images are formed when
light strikes a reflecting surface such
as a mirror or a lens. We may not
notice it, but mirrors and lenses are
very essential in our daily living. In
fact, you may not be able to read this
book without using your cornea lens
in each eye. Mirrors and lenses will
help us understand more
comprehensively the behavior and
properties of electromagnetic waves
known as visible lights.
Images formed by reflection
may be real or virtual. Real image
occurs when light rays do not actually
intersect at the image, making them
inverted or upside down. Virtual
images occur when light rays do not Figure 2.5 A familiar virtual image: a
actually meet there. A virtual image reflection in a mirror
cannot be seen on the screen, since
it is not really there.
Our reflection in a (plane) mirror is a familiar example of a virtual image. The
image is called virtual because the light does not really come from the position of the
image. Two rays of light are traced in the diagram: at each reflection, angle of
incidence equals angle of reflection. From simple geometry, we see that the image is
the same size as the object (ab = a'b'). So the magnification is +1, where the '+'
indicates that it is right way up. If the object were in a plane at the same distance from
the mirror, we could observe that the line AB is half the length of ab. So, to see yourself
in the mirror from head to toe, you need a mirror that is (at least) half as tall as you
are.

22
Reflection of Light
When light hits a smooth surface
like a mirror, light is reflected. Reflection is
the turning back of light when it hits a
barrier. The ray that strikes the surface is
called the incident ray. The ray that
rebounds from the surface is called the
reflected ray. A line perpendicular to the
surface at the point of incidence is called
the normal line. The angle between the
incident ray and the normal is called the angle Figure 6. Plane Mirror Diagram
of incidence. This is represented as Ɵi. The
angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection,
represented as Ɵr.

The laws of reflection state that:

1. The incident ray, the reflected, and the normal to the reflecting surface
all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (Ɵ i = Ɵr)
Ɵi = Angle of Incidence
Ɵr = Angle of Reflection
N = Normal Line

My Reflection!
“Metacognition”

Directions: Supply the blanks with appropriate words/phrases to complete the

sentence.
My Chosen word is ___________________________________________________
I know that I know ____________________________________________________
First I know__________________________________________________________
In addition, I know_____________________________________________________
Finally, I know _______________________________________________________
Now you know something that I know _____________________________________

Before, when I looked in the mirror it was just to check how I was. Nowadays,
it is accompanied by checking which is raised or reflected. Science really has its way
of stirring our curiosity, right? But then again, I am happy to tell you that you are giving
us more than what we have expected. Kudos!

23
 LESSON 3: CURVED MIRROR
Absolutely awesome! We are now on the third lesson. Come on!
Let’s continue mirroring your drive and excitement. I am beginning to
love learning. Check the goals below.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine the location and size of the images formed by
curved mirrors.
2. Distinguish the characteristics of concave and convex
mirrors
3. Appreciate the importance and uses of curved mirrors in
our lives.

Spherical mirror is a second class of mirror in the form of a slice on a spherical

surface. These mirrors are called spherical because if you take a sphere and cut it
then polish the inside of one and the outside of the other, you will get a concave mirror
and convex mirror. To know more about spherical mirror, do the following activities

Do this!
ACTIVITY 3-A
Playing with Spherical Mirrors

What to do:

A.

1. Take a stainless steel spoon. Bring

the outer side of the spoon near your
face and look into it. Do you see your
image in it? Describe the image,
2. Now look at your image using the
inner side of the spoon. This time
compare it with you image on the
other side of the spoon.

You can also compare the image of your pen or pencil instead of your face.

24
Guide Questions:

1. Have you seen your image on the two sides of clear spoon?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What do you notice about your image on each of the two sides of the spoon?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. How will you compare your image from the two sides of the spoon?
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

4. Differentiate concave from convex mirror

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Explore!

1. Fix a concave mirror on a stand (any arrangement

to keep the mirror steady would do) and place it on
a table.
2. Paste a piece of white paper on a cardboard sheet
(say about 15cm-10cm). This will act as a screen.
3. Keep a lighted candle on the table at a distance of
about 50 cm from the mirror. Try to obtain the
image of the flame on the screen. For this, move
the screen till a sharp image of the flame is
obtained. Make sure that, the screen does not
obstruct the light from the candle falling on the
mirror. Is this image real or virtual? Is it of the
same size as the flame?

25
4. Now move the candle towards the mirror and place it
at different distances from it. In each case try to
obtain the image on the screen. Record your
observation in the table. Is it possible to obtain the
image on the screen when the candle is too close to
the mirror?
5. Repeat the above now with a convex mirror in place
of a concave mirror. Record your observations in a
Table. Could you get a real image at any distance of
the object from the convex mirror? Did you get an
image larger in size than the object?

Distance of the Smaller/ Larger Character of the Image

object from the than the object
mirror Inverted/erect Real/virtual

50 cm
40 cm
30 cm
20 cm
10 cm
5 cm

Guide Questions:
1. Compare the location and size of the images formed by curved mirrors.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. Distinguish the characteristics of concave and convex mirrors

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

26
 Apply what you’ve learned!

Directions: The following technology maximized the use of curved mirrors to function.
Identify whether the mirror is concave or convex and give its uses. Write your answer
on the space provided after each pictures.
1. Microscopes
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

2. Surveillance mirror
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

3. Automobile Headlights
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

4. Dental Mirrors
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

5. Side-mirror
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

27
 There can be two types of mirror: Curved mirror and plane mirror. If a curved mirror
is a part of a sphere, then it is known as a spherical mirror. The image formed by a
plane mirror is always a virtual image as it cannot be obtained on a screen. The image
formed by the spherical mirror can be either real or virtual. Spherical mirrors are of two
types:

 Convex mirrors
 Concave mirrors

Concave Mirror
If a hollow sphere is cut into parts and the outer surface of the cut part
is painted, then it becomes a mirror with its inner surface as the reflecting surface. This
kind of mirror is known as a concave mirror. Light converges at a point when it strikes
and reflects back from the reflecting surface of the concave mirror. Hence, it is also
known as a converging mirror. When the concave mirror is placed very close to the
object, a magnified and virtual image is obtained. But if we increase the distance
between the object and the mirror then the size of the image reduces and a real image
is formed. So the image formed by the concave mirror can be small or large and it can
also be real or virtual.

28
Convex Mirror
If the other cut part of the hollow sphere is painted from inside, then its outer
surface becomes the reflecting surface. This kind of mirror is known as convex mirror.
A convex mirror is also known as a diverging mirror as this mirror diverges light when
they strike on its reflecting surface. Virtual, erect and diminished images are always
formed with convex mirrors, irrespective of the distance between the object and the
mirror. Apart from other applications, the convex mirror is mostly used as a rearview
mirror in vehicles.
Spherical mirrors are the mirrors having curved surfaces which are painted on one of
the sides. Spherical mirrors in which inward surfaces are painted are known as convex
mirrors while the spherical mirrors in which outward surfaces are painted are known
as concave mirrors. Concave mirrors are also known as a converging mirror since the
rays converge after falling on the concave mirror while the convex mirrors are known
as diverging mirrors as the rays diverge after falling on the convex mirror.

My Reflection!
Write your most significant learning about curved mirror.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Can we just plainly have all as mirrors, no concave or convex? It will make me
vexed but I am assured everything will be just fine for you will have my back. I have a
great pal, you could just answer everything for me. Will you agree? Let us try in the
next lesson.

29
 LESSON 4: RAY DIAGRAMMING
INVOLVING MIRROR
I am so excited about finishing this lesson right away I can’t
LESSON 3: RAY DIAGRAMMING INVOLVING MIRROR
wait to start with all the experiments. Shall we head on?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Construct ray diagrams to determine the position
(L-O-S-T) and nature of image formed by concave mirror.
2. Describe the position (L-O-S-T) and appearance of the
image formed by a concave lens through a ray diagram.
3. Show applications and uses of curved mirrors.

To be able to figure out the image formation in this type of mirror, let us be
familiar with the following features of concave and convex mirrors.
1. Important points in locating the images formed by curved mirrors.

 CENTER OF CURVATURE, C- the center of the circle of which the

mirror represents a small arc.
 VERTEX, V- the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis
 FOCUS, F- the point where parallel light rays converge, the focus is
always found on the inner part of the “circle” of which the mirror is a
small arc, the focus of the mirror is one-half the radius
 PRNCIPAL AXIS – a line drawn through the vertex, focus, and center
of curvature of the mirror upon which the object rests.
 FOCAL LENGTH (f) – the distance from the focus to the vertex of the
mirror.

30
2. The Four Principal Rays on Concave and Convex Mirrors

3. The step in ray diagramming

Step 1: From the object, draw the first ray (P-F ray). From the same point on
the object, draw the second (F-P ray), third (C-C Ray), and fourth (V Ray) rays.

31
 Step 2: The intersection of the four rays is the image point corresponding to the
object point. For example, if you started diagramming from the tip of the arrow-
shaped object, the intersection of the reflected rays is also the tip of the arrow-
shaped image. Thus, you can determine completely the position and
characteristics of the image.

Step 3: For a convex mirror, light rays diverge after reflection and converge
from a point that seems to be behind the mirror (virtual focus); but the procedure
for locating images is the same as the concave mirror.

After reading the information above, try to do the Ray Diagramming

Do this!

ACTIVITY 4-A
Are You L-O-S-T After Reflection?

Your goal:

Construct ray diagrams to determine the location, orientation, size, and type of
images formed by curved mirror.

What do you need:

Protractor and ruler

Sheets of paper

What to do:

1. Using the protractor and the ruler, copy each of the diagrams (A-G) below on a
separate sheet of paper. As much as possible, use the four principal rays to locate
the image formed in a curved mirror.

32
 A. Concave mirror

Guide Questions:
1. What is the type and orientation of the image formed when an object is placed
between a concave mirror and its focal point?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. What type of mirror is used if the image that appeared is reduced and virtual?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. Why is there no image formed when the object is located at the focal point?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

33
 Explore!

Directions: Summarize the characteristics and location of the images formed.

34
 Apply what you’ve learned!

1. How does the location of the object affect the characteristics and location of the
image formed in a concave mirror? Convex mirror?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What type of mirror do dentists usually use to clearly see the images of our teeth?
Why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What kind of curved mirror do you see in most of the department stores? Why do
they use such kind of mirror?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Locating an object in various distances from the center of curvature will result
to different image formation for concave mirrors. In the case of convex mirrors, no
matter where the object is, its image will always be virtual (behind the mirror), upright
and reduce or smaller than the object. Convex mirrors are important tool or device in
industries.
The following are some of their applications:
1. Convex traffic safety mirrors are designed to assist road safety and to help
eliminate blind spots at corners, concealed entrances and exits, car parks
and junctions.

35
 2. Convex mirrors are installed in lift truck operators and large vehicles to
prevent collisions.
3. Ceiling dome mirrors are ideal for surveillance in shops, offices, and
industrial environments. They allow someone to watch what is going on in
a wide area and allow shopkeepers to spot thieves and vandals.
4. Cab front rear view mirrors can be used to prevent forklift truck accidents.
The panoramic view significantly reduces blind spots at the rear of the
vehicles. The driver can see at a glance, without excessive movement, any
obstacle as he/she reverses.
5. Portable inspection mirrors can be used for security and safety purposes.
They are widely used by security firms and the military.
6. Security mirrors help in the monitoring of automated processes like quality
control and packaging.

 Ray diagrams can be particularly useful for determining and explaining why only
a portion of the image of an object can be seen from a given location. The ray
diagram at the right shows the lines of sight used by the eye in order to see a
portion of the image in the mirror. Since the mirror is not long enough, the eye
can only view the topmost portion of the image. The lowest point on the image
that the eye can see is that point in line where the line of sight intersects the
very bottom of the mirror. As the eye tries to view even lower points on the
image, there is no sufficient mirror present to reflect light from the lower points
on the object to the eye. The portion of the object that cannot be seen in the
mirror is shaded green in the diagram below.

 Similarly, ray diagrams are useful tools for determining and explaining what
objects might be viewed when sighting into a mirror from a given location.

 The goal of a ray diagram is to determine the location, size, orientation, and
type of image that is formed by the concave mirror. Typically, this requires
determining where the image of the upper and lower extreme of the object is
located and then tracing the entire image.
1. Important points in locating the images formed by curved mirrors.

•CENTER OF CURVATURE, C- the center of the circle of which the mirror

represents a small arc.
•VERTEX, V- the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis

36
 •FOCUS, F- the point where parallel light rays converge, the focus is always
found on the inner part of the “circle” of which the mirror is a small arc, the focus
of the mirror is one-half the radius
•PRNCIPAL AXIS – a line drawn through the vertex, focus, and centre of
curvature of the mirror upon which the object rests.
•FOCALLENGTH (f) – the distance from the focus to the vertex of the mirror

2. Four Principal Rays in curved mirrors.

a. P-F Ray
b. F-P Ray
c. C-C Ray
d. V Ray

I was LOST earlier when I said mirrors should not be concave or convex. It
was because I was not yet informed. Hmm, don’t tell me you were not thinking
the same way. Well, I guess it was just really me. I forgot you were acing all the
activities. Okay then, just continue doing well.

LESSON 5: CONVEX LENS

Do not be vexed. We have prepared countless tasks for you to
explore and use to learn. But first, check your goals.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Measure the focal length and liner magnification of a
convex lens.
2. Locate the image formed by convex lens.
3. Describe the image formed by a convex lens.

Images are formed when light refracts as it encounters a boundary between

two different materials. Look at the fish inside an aquarium. Do you know that what
you see in not exactly the object but the image formed by refraction? Amazingly, we
have a sense of sight due to refraction through two boundaries. Our eyes have lenses
that form images that enable us to see the objects.

37
 ACTIVITY 5-A
Concave or Convex?

Refer to the illustration below to answer the questions:

Direction: Identify the following statements whether they describe convex lens or
concave lens.
__________1. It is thicker in the center than edges.
__________2. It forms real images and virtual images depending on the position
of the object.
__________3. It is thicker at the edges and thinner in the center.
__________4. It forms upright and reduced images.
__________5. The light that passes through it tends to converge at a particular
point called the focal point.
__________6. The light that passes through it tends to diverge at a particular
point called the focal point.

38
 ACTIVITY 5-B
YoU can be Magnified!

Your Goals:
1. Measure the focal length and linear magnification of a convex lens.
2. Locate the image formed by convex lens.
3. Describe the image formed by a convex lens.

What do you need:

convex lens or magnifying glass or glass of water
lens holder e.g. clay, hanging clip
ruler, pull-push rule
paper and pen
candle (slender one)
old folder or sturdy cardboard (4”x4” thin piece of wood will do also)

What to do:
1. Take the convex lens and fix it on a stand using clay or hanging clip. Or take a
glass full of water.
2. Place it on the table.
3. Make the candle stand on an old folder/ cardboard/ wood, light it using a match.
Place the lighted candle at the distance of 50cm from the lens.
4. Vary the distance of the candle from the lens. Obtain the image of the candle
flame on the paper screen every time by moving it.
5. Look through the lens and move the lens until you can clearly see an enlarged
and upright image of the candle.
6. Measure the distance between the convex lens and the card using a meter stick.
Record your observation on the second column of a table similar to Table 1.
7. Measure the distance between the lens and your eye. Record your observation
on the third column of a table similar to Table 1.
8. Move again the convex lens back and forth, until you can clearly see, this time,
an enlarged and inverted image of the U-shaped object. Then, repeat steps 6
and 7.
9. Move again the convex lens so that you can clearly see a reduced and upside
down image of the U-shaped object. Repeat steps 6 and 7.

Table 5.1 Distance from the Lens of Object and your Eye

Description of Image Distance between the Distance between the

object and lens(cm) eye and lens(cm)
Enlarged and Upright
Enlarged and inverted
Reduced and inverted

39
 After performing the activity, draw/illustrate inside the box the image
observed from the activity you have done.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the focal length of the convex lens?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What kind of image did you get? Is it real or virtual?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. What kind of lenses are magnifying glasses? When a magnifying glass

produces a sharp clear image, where is the object located in relation to the
lens?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. Where should a magnifying glass be placed to produce an enlarged and

upright image, closer to the eye or nearer to the object? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

40
 For a magnified image to be observed
the distance between the object and the lens
has to be shorter than the focal length of the
lens. The image formed is upright, magnified
and virtual.
Using a convex lens, you observed that
images are formed on the screen. Images
formed on a screen after refraction are called
real images because they are formed by the intersection of real refracted rays. A
virtual image, on the other hand, does not form on a screen because a virtual image
is formed by the intersection of non-real rays. The distance from the principal focus to
the vertex of the mirror is the focal length.

For the convex lens, we can draw

1. A ray from the top of the object straight through the middle of the lens and its
direction is not changed.
2. A ray from the top of the object parallel to the principal axis. It is refracted by the
lens to pass through the focus

(Diagram of convex lens)

Formula:
1/f=1/v + 1/u
Where, f is focal length
v is denoted as the distance of the image from the optical center.
u is denoted as the distance of the object from the optical center
In convex lens, the focal length is positive.

41
 My Reflection!

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Geez! So that is how images are formed and that is how we see things. I
suddenly get interested. I bet you are as well, your eyes are glowing. Let’s check the
next lesson then.

42
 LESSON 6: APPLICATION OF MIRROR AND
LENSES
Mirror, mirror on the wall who is the best of them all? Yes! The
one reading this is the one. In fact, he is just hopping from one lesson
to another. Believe, he will just scan the objectives and attack
activities right away.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain how mirrors and lenses applied in daily living
2. Cite examples of application of mirrors and lenses.

Let us look at the other applications of mirrors and lenses in the different
aspects of our lives.

Do this!
ACTIVITY 6-A
To see is to believe!

Directions: Study the pictures and tell what is common to all objects presented.

Guide Questions:
1. What have you observed on the pictures?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What is common to all objects?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
43
 ACTIVITY 6-B

Table 1. LENSES VS. MIRRORS

Directions: Put a check ( ) on the column if an object applies mirror only, lens only or
both uses mirror and lens.
OBJECT LENS ONLY MIRROR ONLY BOTH MIRRORS
AND LENSES

Compound
Microscope

Magnifying Glass

Department Store
Mirror

Eyeglasses

Flashlight

Side Mirror

44
Directions: Place each optical instrument in their appropriate group in the Venn
Diagram

USES LENS USES

ONLY MIRROR
USES BOTH
LENS AND ONLY
MIRROR

ACTIVITY 6-C

Read all the selections carefully and answer the questions below:
Selection No. 1: THE MICROSCOPE
A microscope is a
tool that uses lens or
lenses to make small
objects (specimen) look
bigger to show more
details. When you look
through a simple light
microscope, you are
looking through a biconvex
lens (like the back of spoon
on both sides) made of
glass. The object being
viewed is on the far side of
the lens. Light from the
object passes through the
lens and is bent (refracted)
towards your eye, so it
seems as though it comes from much bigger object. Modern microscopes contain a
series of lenses rather than just one. They have an Objective lens (which sits close
to eye) and an eyepiece lens (which sits closer to your eye). Both of these contribute
to the magnification of the object. The eyepiece lens usually magnifies 10x, and a
typical objective lens magnifies 40x. (Microscopes usually come with a set of
objective lenses that can be interchanged to vary the magnification.) You can
calculate the total magnifying power of the microscope by multiplying the magnifying
powers of the objective lens and the eyepiece (so 10x40 = total magnification of

45
 400x). More lenses enable higher magnifications and give a better quality image.
Uses of compound light microscope are the following: 1. A compound microscope is
of great use in pathology labs to identify diseases and identify pathogens and
discover the cure of the pathogenic diseases.2. Compound light microscopes are
used in forensic laboratories to identify presence of minerals or metals in human cells
so as to solve criminal cases. 3. Forensic experts can also find out the origin of a
drug by viewing its component particles under a microscope.

Selection No. 2: MAGNIFYING GLASS

A magnifying glass (called hand

lens in laboratory context) is a convex
lens that is used to produce a
magnified image of an object. The lens
is usually mounted in a frame with a
handle. A magnifying glass can be used to focus light, such as to concentrate the
sun’s radiation to create a hot spot at the focus for starting a fire. Magnifying glasses
make objects appear larger because their convex lenses refract or bend light rays,
so that they converge or come together. Magnifying glasses trick your eyes into
seeing something differently than it really is. When light bounces off an object and
travels to your eyes, those light rays travel parallel to each other. When they pass
through a magnifying glass, the convex lens bends the parallel rays so that they
converge and create a virtual image on your eye’s retinas. That virtual image on your
retinas appears larger than the real object due to principles of geometry. Despite the
magnifying glass, your eyes trace the light rays back in parallel lines to the virtual
image. Since the virtual image is farther from your eyes than the object is, the object
appears bigger!
https://ww.google.com/search?q=location+of+lenses+in+magnifying+glass

Selection No. 3: DEPARTMENT STORE MIRROR

Convex mirror or diverging mirror is often

used in department stores because it magnifies
and gives a wider angle of view and clear image
of what is happening inside the store so that
they could, prevent problems or circumstances
and to see and can easily identify shoplifters.

https://www.google.com/search?q=department+store+mirror&tbm

46
Selection No. 4: EYE GLASSES

Eyeglasses are the most common form of

eyewear used to correct or improve many types
of vision problems. They are a frame that holds
two pieces of glass or plastic, which have been
grounded into lenses to correct refractive errors.
Refractive errors can include trouble seeing far away (nearsightedness or myopia) and
trouble seeing close up (farsightedness or hyperopia). They can also include blurring
due to an irregularly shaped cornea (astigmatism). Eyeglasses work by adding or
subtracting focusing power to the eye’s cornea and lens. Concave lenses in eye
glasses are used to correct nearsightedness or myopia. Convex lenses used to correct
farsightedness or hyperopia. Cylindrical lenses are used to correct astigmatism.
Wearing the correct type and power of lens makes up for your eye’s inability to project
light in your retina.

Selection No. 5: FLASHLIGHT

Flashlight is also an optical

instrument we commonly use at home and
anywhere especially if there is power
outage and it is more useful to the people
who live in remote areas where electricity is
not available. Flashlights use concave
mirrors and using a concave mirror will
allow to keep the light confined in small cone of illumination and will be useful to see
or signal much farther without a need to spend too many wattage of battery power.
The light reflects off of the reflector that is positioned around the lamp. The reflector
redirects the light rays from the lamp, creating a steady beam of light, which is the
light you see emitted from the flashlights. A clear lens covers the lamp on your
flashlights so that the glass on the lamp does not get broken.
https://www.google.com/search?q=flashlights+parts

Selection No. 6: SIDE MIRROR

The side mirrors of the car and the rear view mirror of the car are made up
of convex mirrors. This is because the image formed by the convex mirror is
diminished and erect image, thus it provides a larger field of view. A larger field of
view helps the driver to know better about the traffic behind but we should be
reminded that objects seen in the side mirrors are closer than they appear.
Convex mirror has an outward curve, meaning that the reflecting surface is
focused toward the source of light falling onto it. Such mirrors create a virtual
image of the object and this image is lightly diminished compared to the objects
actual size.

47
Task: Give the uses of optical instruments presented on the selections including the
application of mirrors and lenses.

OBJECTS USES and how it works

1.Microscope

2.Magnifying Lens

3.Department Store Mirror

4.Eyeglasses

5.Flashlight

6.SIDE MIRROR

The optical device used to improve human lives and society and became useful
in our daily lives are the microscopes, magnifying glasses, department store mirror,
eyeglasses, flashlights and side mirrors of the cars. We have different examples of
optical instruments nowadays and most of them became part of the historical
discoveries and great developments in different areas of human lives and universe.

In Health and Medicine, mirrors and lenses used in optical devices like
magnifying glass and microscopes magnify specimens for the expert to study in detail
like in areas of pathology and identify the pathogens thereby finding the cure for
different diseases. In addition, cameras of some medical apparatus had greatly help
doctors in studying human internal organs to improve the health of human lives.

Optical Devices like Telescopes and Cameras of different space craft help
experts to see objects in space that are far from us and take pictures of them. These
optical instruments allow us to study and explore our solar system and other heavenly

48
bodies which lead to scientific explanations on the different atmospheric phenomena
and to the new discoveries in the field of science.

People use mirrors in vehicles to ensure the safety and lessen the accidents in
land, air and water transportations. Auto manufacturers placed mirrors on the side of
vehicle so a driver has a guide and has a better scope of traffic.

Robots were made to help humans in so many ways. They made our lives
easier and productive. In other country, robots were designed for medical purposes
and others are useful in doing household tasks. Optical parts of the robots enable them
to become more attractive and function very well depending on their purpose.
In decorating houses and building, engineers and other interior designers
consider the appropriate use of optical devices. Certain types of optical designs may
give a room a certain atmosphere based on their appearance. Interior designers use
mirrors and other optical designs like chandelier to reflect light and make the place
more inviting than they may truly be.

My Reflection!

Read and complete the sentences.

Optical devices like _____________ and _____________are used to explore

the space. They reveal the secret of the solar system and heavenly bodies. The side
mirrors of the car and the rear view mirror of the car are made up of _____________
mirrors. The image formed is diminished and erect image, thus it provides a larger field
of view. Flashlight used _____________ mirror and it allows to keep the light confined
in small cone of illumination. Concave lenses in _____________ are used to correct
near-sightedness or myopia. A magnifying glass is a _____________lens that is used
to produce a magnified image of an object.

Enough with these magnifications, I just want to know if you are having fun. It
is our primary concern for learning must be fun. Do you agree? If you do, then let us
have fun by doing the next lesson.

49
 LESSON 7: OPTICAL DEVICE
Guess what, we are on the second to the last lesson. That is how
fast you have been working. Keep that pace till the last page .

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Construct a pin-hole camera.
2. Explain the factors that affect the image on the screen.

So far you have learned some properties of lights, gained concepts on reflection
and refraction. You learned concepts on the rules of reflection and described how
images were formed by mirrors and lenses. In this activity, you will make use of these
concepts you learned to improvise an optical device. You will be asked to plan,
brainstorm, design and construct one of the following optical devices.

Let the learning venture begin!

Do this!
ACTIVITY 7-A
Guess Me

Directions: Arrange the model of the camera from oldest to latest model. Write
number 1 to 5, 1 as the oldest camera and 5 as the latest model. Write on the space
provided the proper sequence of the camera inventions.

Camera First
First Camera First First Portable Commercial
Phone Obscura is Professional Camera Camera
Invented Digital (Kodak)
Camera
a. _______ b._______ c. _______ d. _______ e. _________

Guide Questions:

1. What have you observed on the improvement of camera?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

50
 2. Have you experienced using camera? If yes, what can you see behind the
lens?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. How does it work?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 7-B
Making Improvised Optical Device

Your Goal:
Construct a pinhole camera.

What do you need:

Empty Pringles chip can or any available
box or long can in your area.
Marker
Ruler
Utility knife
Thumbtacks or pushpin
Masking tape
Aluminum Foil
Scissors (optional)
Precaution: Ask an adult to help you cut the can.

What to do:
1. Take the plastic lid off the pringles/or any available can and clean the inner
part of the tube. Save the lid.
2. Draw a line with the marker all the way around the can,
about 2 inches up from the bottom. Have a grown-up cut
along that line so the tube is in two pieces.
3. The shorter bottom piece has a metal end. With the
thumbtack, make a hole in the center of the metal.
4. We’re going to use the plastic lid as a screen. If your lid
is clear, you may need to apply a piece of wax paper, or
vellum to the lid to act as a translucent screen. Put the
plastic lid onto the shorter piece. Put the longer piece
back on top. Tape all the pieces together.
5. To keep light out of the tube, use a piece of aluminum foil that’s about 1-foot
long. Tape one end of the foil to the tube. Wrap the foil all the way around the
tube twice, then tape the loose edge of the foil closed. If you have extra foil at
the top, just tuck it nearly inside the tube.
6. Go inside on a sunny day. Close one eye and hold the tube up to your other
eye. You want the inside of the tube to be as dark as possible-so cup your
hands around the opening of the tube if you need to look around your yard

51
 through the tube. The lid makes a screen that shows you upside-down color
picture.
7. Hold your hand below the tube and move it very
slowly upward. Your hand is moving up, but you’ll
see its shadow move down the screen!

Alternative reference in making pinhole camera:

https://www.exploratorium.edu/science_explorer/pringles_pinhole.html

Rubrics for Pinhole Camera

Appearance of Pinhole Camera 25%
Functionality 25%
Creativity 25%
Materials Used 15%
Timeliness 10%
Total 100%

Rating
Description
Numerical Adjectival
5 Outstanding 100% of actual performance were met beyond
expectations
4 Very Satisfactory 90% to 99.99% performance were met more than expected

3 Satisfactory 80% to 89.99% were met as expected

2 Unsatisfactory 70% to 79.99% some of the expectations were not met

1 Poor Below 70% expectations were not met

Explore!

Think-Pin-Whole

Directions: Based on your activity, answer the following questions and write your
answer on the space provided.

1. What materials did you use to construct the pinhole camera?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

52
2. What problem did you encounter in this activity?
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Type of Problem: (Check One)

Construction Discovery Testing

3. How did you solve the problem?

______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Sketch / Diagram of the Device/Model Constructed

4. What concepts did you apply in constructing the device?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. What is your recommendation to improve the design/model you made?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

6. Explain the factors that affect the image formation on the screen?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

53
 A pinhole camera is the simplest camera possible. It is consisted of a light-proof
box, some sort of film and a pinhole. The pinhole is simply an extremely small hole
like you would make with the tip of a pin in a piece of thick aluminium foil.
A pinhole camera works on a simple principle. Imagine you are inside a large,
dark, room-sized box containing a pinhole. Imagine that outside the room is a friend
with a flashlight, and he is shining the flashlight at a different angles through the
pinhole. When you look at the wall opposite the pinhole, what you will see is a small
dot created by the flashlights beam shining through the pinhole. The small dot will
move as your friend moves his flashlight. The smaller the pinhole (within limits), the
smaller and sharper the point of light the flashlight creates.
Now imagine that you take your large, dark pinhole-equipped room outside and
you point it at a nice landscape scene. When you look at the wall opposite the pinhole,
what you will see is an inverted and reversed image of the scene outside. Each point
in the scene emits light, and, just like the flashlight, the beam of light from that point
passes through the pinhole and creates a point of light on the back wall. All of the
points in the scene do that at the same time, so an entire image, in focus, is created
on the back wall of the room. The image is very dim because the pinhole is so small,
but you can see it if the room is very dark.
A pinhole camera is a simply a smaller version of that room, and the film inside
the camera replaces you. The film records the image that comes in through the
pinhole. The pinhole in a pinhole camera acts as the lens. The pinhole forces every
point emitting light in the scene to form a small point on the film, so the image is crisp.
Images from pinholes were mentioned by Aristotle, explained in principle by
Leonardo da Vinci and analyzed formally by Lord Rayleigh. Simplicity is only one of
the advantages the pinhole camera offers over a camera with a lens.
The reason a normal camera uses a lens rather than a pinhole is because the
lens creates a much larger hole through which light can make it onto the film, meaning
the film can be exposed faster

54
 My Reflection!

“Show me who your friends are, and I will tell you who you are.”
-Vladimir Lenin

How can you relate today’s activity with the above passage?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Yey! You are one step closer to the final assessment. Are you feeling ecstatic
and fantastic? It is just right! You will be finishing the module soon, why not celebrate
and have fun?

55
 LESSON 8: LASER AND FIBER OPTICS
Finally, we have reached the door to this lesson’s end. I can see
how happy you are. Who wouldn’t be anyway? But before you get lost
with such happiness, check out the aims first.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1.
. Describe the difference between laser light and ordinary
light.
2. Identify and cite uses for lasers and optical fibers.
3. Demonstrate appreciation on the importance of laser and
fiber optics in changing the lives of people nowadays.

ACTIVITY 8-A

Directions: Read the paragraph below on Ordinary Light and Laser Light,
and then fill in the table below:

What is Ordinary Light

The sunlight, fluorescent bulbs and incandescent bulbs (Tungsten filament bulbs) are the
most useful ordinary light sources.
According to theories, any object with a temperature greater than the absolute zero (0K)
emits electromagnetic radiation. This is the basic concept used in incandescent bulbs.
An incandescent bulb has a Tungsten filament. When the bulb is switched on, the applied
potential difference causes the electrons to accelerate. But these electrons collide with
atomic cores within shorter distances as Tungsten has a high electrical resistance. As a
result of electron- atomic core collisions, the momentum of the electrons changes,
transferring some of their energy to the atomic cores. So, the Tungsten filament heats
up. The heated filament acts as a blackbody and emits electromagnetic waves covering
a wide range of frequency. It emits microwaves, IR, visible waves, etc. Only the visible
part of its spectrum is useful to us.
The sun is a super-heated blackbody. Therefore, it emits a tremendous amount of energy
in the form of electromagnetic waves covering a wide range of frequency from radio
waves to gamma rays. In addition, any heated body emits radiation including light waves.
The wavelength corresponding to the highest intensity of a blackbody at a given
temperature is given by the Wien’s displacement law. According to the Wien’s

56
 normal situation. So, this situation is called population inversion.
However, an atom that exists in a metastable state can be stimulated to de-excite by
an incident photon. During the transition, a new photon is emitted. If the incoming
photon’s energy is exactly equal to the energy difference between the metastable
state and the ground state, the phase, direction, energy and the frequency of the new
photo will be identical to those of the incident photon. If the material medium is in the
population inversion state, the new photon will stimulate another excited atom.
Eventually, the process will become a chain reaction emitting a flood of identical
photons. They are coherent (in phase), monochromatic (single color) and directional
(travels in the same direction). This is the basic laser action.
The unique properties of laser light such as coherence, directionality, and narrow
frequency range are the key advantages used in laser applications. Based on the type
of lasing mediums, there are several types of lasers namely solid state lasers, gas
lasers, dye lasers and semiconductor lasers.
Today, lasers are being used in many different applications while more new
applications are being developed.

Summarize the difference between Ordinary Light and Laser Light

Characteristics Ordinary Light Laser Light

Nature of Emission
Coherence
Directionality
Monochromatic/Polychromatic
Applications
Focusing

57
 ACTIVITY 8-B
Laser vs. Conventional or Ordinary Light

A. Hit me! Draw a light path that connects with its proper definition. You may use
color pen as your light indicators.

a. Monochromatic – composed of EM waves of

one (or almost)
LASER
b. EM waves are emitted in all direction; beam
spreads out
c. Composed of EM waves of different
CONVENTIONAL
LIGHT frequencies
d. Very bright (or very intense as others say it) –
because of the highly collimated beam. It can
therefore be focused onto a very small spot
e. Coherent – EM waves are in step with each
other
f. Much less bright than a laser light because
beam diverges

B. Answer the following

1. Being monochromatic, it is being used in making 3-dimentional photographs and

holograms.

a. What is a Hologram?
___________________________________________________________________
b. How does a hologram differ from a photograph?
___________________________________________________________________
c. How are holograms made?
___________________________________________________________________
d. What are the two basic types of holograms?
___________________________________________________________________
e. What are some uses of holograms?
___________________________________________________________________

2. Laser is used in surgery such as treatment of detached retina, cutting blood

vessels and removal of tumors.
a. What are other medical uses of laser?
___________________________________________________________________

3. Being collimated, it is used in surveying to measure long distances and can be

reflected without losing too much energy.
a. How do land surveyors conduct surveys by using laser device?
___________________________________________________________________

58
4. Explain the uses of laser in the following:
a. Used to drill a very small hole in a diamond
b. Used to scan bar code at supermarket checkout counters
c. Used to weld and cut metals

5. Why are fiber optic systems revolutionizing telecommunications?

___________________________________________________________________

6. Why is the INTERNET referred to as the Information Superhighway or Cyber

space?
__________________________________________________________________

Optical fibers are glass or plastics as thin as human hair, designed to guide light
waves along their length. An optical fiber works on the principle of total internal
reflection.
Why are fiber optic systems revolutionizing telecommunications? Compared to
conventional metal wire (copper wire), optical fibers are:
Less expensive-several miles (or kilometers) of optical cable can be made cheaper
than equivalent sizes of copper wire.
Thinner – optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters than copper wire.
Higher carrying capacity – because optical fibers are thinner than copper wires, more
fibers can be bundled into a given diameter cable than copper wires. This allows more
phone lines to go over the same cable or more channels to come through the cable
into your cable TV box.
Variety of practical application of laser and fiber optics:
 Being monochromatic, it is used in making three-dimensional photographs
and holograms
 It is used in medical surgery
 It is used in surveying to measure long distances
 It is used in drilling small holes in a diamond
 It can scan a bar code
 It can weld and cut metals
 Optical Fibers are used in telecommunications
 Optical Fibers are used in Smoke Detectors
 A coherent optical fiber bundle is used to enlarge the image displayed on a
TV screen.

59
  A wide variety of interferometric techniques
 Raman spectroscopy
 Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
 Atmospheric remote sensing
 Investigating nonlinear optics phenomena
 Holographic techniques employing lasers also contribute to a number of
measurement techniques.
 Laser based lidar (Light Radar) technology has application in geology,
seismology, remote sensing and atmospheric physics.
 Lasers have been used aboard spacecraft such as in the Cassini-Huygens
mission.
 In astronomy, lasers have been used to create artificial laser guide stars,
used as reference objects for adaptive optics telescopes.

Below are some of the most popular uses of fiber optic cables:

Internet
Fiber optic cables transmit data at very high speeds. This technology is therefore
widely used in Internet cables. In comparison to traditional copper wires, fiber optic
cables are less bulky, lighter, more flexible and carry more data.

Cable TV
The use of fiber optic cables in the transmission of cable signals has grown fast in
recent years. These cables are ideal for transmitting signals for high definition
televisions because they have greater bandwidth and speed. Also, fiber optic cables
are cheaper as compared to the same quantity of copper wire.

Telephone
Reaching telephones within or outside the Philippines has never been so easy. With
the use of fiber optic communication, you can connect faster and talk to your friends
without any lag on either side.

Computer Networking
Networking between computers in a single building or across nearby structures
becomes way much faster with the use of fiber optic cables. Users can see a marked
decrease in the time it takes to transfer files and information across networks.

Surgery and Dentistry

Fiber optic cables are widely used in the fields of medicine and research. Optical
communication is an important part of non-intrusive surgical methods, popularly known
as endoscopy. In such applications, a minute, bright light is used to light up the surgery
area within the body, making it possible to reduce the number and size of incisions
made. Fiber optics are commonly used in microscopy and biomedical research.

Lighting and decorations

The use of fiber optics in the area of decorative lighting has also grown over the years.
Fiber optic cables provide an easy, economical and attractive solution to lighting

60
projects. As a result, they are widely used in lighting decorations and illuminating
Christmas trees.

Mechanical Checks
Fiber optic cables are widely used in checking hard-to-reach places. Some of such
applications are on-site inspections for engineers and also inspection of pipes for
plumbers.

Military and Space Applications

Because of the extremely high level of data security needed in military and aerospace
applications, fiber optic cables offer the ideal solution for data transmission in these
areas.

The Automotive Industry

Fiber optic cables are very important in the lighting and safety features of present day
vehicles. They are widely used in lighting, both in the interior and exterior of vehicles.
Because of its ability to conserve space and provide superior lighting, fiber optics is
used in more vehicles every day. Also, fiber optic cables can transmit signals between
different parts of the vehicle at very fast speed. This makes fiber optic cable invaluable
in the use of safety applications such as traction control and airbags

My Reflection!

After I studied this module…

Now, I learned that laser is different from an ordinary light because

_____________________________________________________________.

Secondly, laser and fiber optics have many uses like

_____________________________________________________________.

Finally, I understand that laser and fiber optics are important in changing the lives of
people nowadays because
______________________________________________________________

Hooray! Your successful completion of lesson eight really calls for a celebration.
I am confident to say that you will definitely do well in your grade level this year. You
were given a bridge to cross raging waters which you are conquering for the first time.
Hold your head high for you exerted effort to learn what you must learn with no single
protestation.

61
 Let’s assess what you have learned

POST TEST
I. Directions: Write TRUE if the following statement is correct and FALSE if the
statement is wrong, underline the word that makes it false and write the correct
answer in your paper.

1. The principle of Dual Nature of Light is consisted of both particles and waves.
2. Sir Isaac Newton proposed that light travels in a straight line at enormous speed.
3. Electromagnetics Theory of light is proposed by Max Planck.
4. Law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
5. Computer networking is one of the significant uses of laser light.

II. Directions: Read and analyze the questions carefully then choose the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Zed stands 1.5m tall in front of a plane mirror. What is the height of his image?
a. 4.5m b. 3.0m c. 2.0m d. 1.5m

2. A boy stands beside a girl in front of a large plane mirror. They have the same
distance from the mirror as shown in the diagram. Where does the boy see the
girl’s image?

A B C D
____/____/____/____/____/____/____/____/____/____/____Mirror

Girl Boy

Girl Boy
3. In the diagram shown below, which of the following light rays is labeled correctly?

A B C

________________________

62
 A. A- Incident Ray C. A- Incident Ray
B- Normal Line B- Reflected Ray
C- Reflected Ray C- Normal Line

B. A- Reflected Ray D. A- Normal Line

B- Incident Ray B- Incident Ray
C- Normal Line C- Reflected Ray

4. If a man wishes to use a plane mirror on a wall to view both his hands and his feet
as he stands in front of the mirror the required length of the mirror is ___________
a. equal to the height of the man.
b. equal to one half the height of the man.
c. depends on the distance the man stands from the mirror.
d. depends on both the height of the man and the distance from the man to the
mirror.

5. When the image of an object is seen in a convex mirror, the image will ___
a. Always be real c. Maybe either real or virtual
b. Always be virtual d. Will always be magnified

6. When the image of an object is seen in a concave mirror, the image will __
a. Always be real c. Maybe either real or virtual
b. Always be virtual d. Will always be magnified

7. Why are convex mirrors used on cars?

a. Convex mirrors have a wider field of view
b. In convex mirror, objects look bigger than they are
c. Convex mirror reflects less in a smaller space
d. It has a very narrow field of view

8. What type of mirror do dentists usually use to see the images of our teeth clearly?
a. Plane mirror c. Concave mirror
b. Convex mirror d. None of the above

9. Where should an object be placed in front of a concave mirror so that the image
would have the same size as an object?
a. At the focus
b. At the center of the curvature
c. Between the focus and the vertex
d. Between the center af curvature and focus

10. What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?

a. Concave lens c. Converging lens
b. Convex lens d. Can’t be determined

11. _______ are images that are formed by the intersection of real refracted rays.
a. real images c. convex lens
b. virtual images d. concave lens

12. _______ are images formed by the intersection on non-real rays.

63
 a. real images c. convex lens
b. virtual images d. concave lens

13. What optical instrument uses both lens and mirror?

a. sunglasses b. flash light c. microscope d. camera

14. Which of the following equipment could magnify far objects and appear clearer?
a. camera and flashlight c. binoculars and telescope
b. Eye glass and microscope d. microscope and camera

15. Which statement is true about the application of mirrors and lenses?
a. Dentists used concave mirrors to give larger image of teeth.
b. Eye doctors use concave mirrors to correct vision.
c. Camera use both lenses and mirrors to improve quality of
photographs.
c. The lenses in the microscope absorb the greatest amount of light to brighten
the object being studied.

16. What kind of camera has no lens but with a tiny aperture – effectively a light-proof
box with a small hole in one side?
a. pinhole camera c. smart phone camera
b. digital camera d. DSLR camera

17. What are the factors which affect the quality of display?
a. The quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen display depends
primarily on its resolution, response time, brightness, dot pitch, and contrast ratio.
b. The quality of an LCD screen display depends primarily on its
brightness, dot pitch, and contrast ratio.
c. The quality of an LCD screen display depends primarily on its brightness,
dot pitch, contrast ratio and sound.
d. The quality of an LCD screen display depends primarily on its brightness
only.

18. LASER is an acronym which stands for ______.

a. Light Amplified by Stimulated Emitting Radiation.
b. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiowaves.
c. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
d. Light Amplification by Straight Emission of Radiation.

19. How does laser differ from conventional light?

a. Laser is monochromatic, which means it has only one frequency, while
conventional light is of different frequencies.
b.. Conventional light waves are coherent while lasers are incoherent.
c. In conventional light, the EM waves travel in one direction while laser beam
spreads out.
d. Laser light's beam diverges while conventional light is focused onto a small
spot.

20. Which of these is referred to as the Information Superhighway?

A. Google B. Internet C. Worldwide Web D. Facebook

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