Scribd
Upload
150 views4 pages

Lec 6 Integrating Type ADC PDF

1. Integrating analog-to-digital (A/D) converters operate by indirectly converting an input voltage into a time period measured by a clock and counter. Common methods include single-slope, dual-slope, and triple-slope as well as charge-balancing quantized-feedback modulation. 2. The dual-slope technique uses two time periods - one fixed and one proportional to the input voltage - to represent the ratio of the input to a reference voltage as a digital output word. Accuracy depends only on the reference and integrator linearity. 3. Charge-balancing conversion generates a pulse train frequency proportional to input voltage by balancing current ramps with reference pulses over a fixed time period. The pulse

Uploaded by

Khalifa Eltayeb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
150 views4 pages

Lec 6 Integrating Type ADC PDF

1. Integrating analog-to-digital (A/D) converters operate by indirectly converting an input voltage into a time period measured by a clock and counter. Common methods include single-slope, dual-slope, and triple-slope as well as charge-balancing quantized-feedback modulation. 2. The dual-slope technique uses two time periods - one fixed and one proportional to the input voltage - to represent the ratio of the input to a reference voltage as a digital output word. Accuracy depends only on the reference and integrator linearity. 3. Charge-balancing conversion generates a pulse train frequency proportional to input voltage by balancing current ramps with reference pulses over a fixed time period. The pulse

Uploaded by

Khalifa Eltayeb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Integrating Type A/D Converters lec7

1 INDIRECT A/D CONVERSION


A class of analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, known as integrating type, operates
by an indirect conversion method. The unknown input voltage is converted into a
time period, which is then measured by a clock and counter. A number of variations
exist on the basic principle such as single-slope, dual-slope, and triple-slope
methods. In addition, there is another technique – completely different – that is
known as the charge-balancing, quantized-feedback method or sigma-delta
modulator.
The most popular of these methods are dual-slope and charge balancing; although
both are slow, they have excellent linearity characteristics with the capability of
rejecting input noise. Because of these characteristics, integrating type A/D
converters are almost exclusively used in digital panel meters, digital multimeters,
and other comparatively slow measurement applications.
2 DUAL-SLOPE A/D CONVERSION
The dual-slope technique, shown in Figure 1, is perhaps the best known. Conversion
begins when the unknown input voltage is switched to the integrator input; at the
same time, the counter begins to count clock pulses and counts up to overflow. At
this point, the control circuit switches the integrator to the negative reference
voltage, which is integrated until the output is back to zero. Clock pulses are counted
during this time until the comparator detects the zero crossing and turns them off.
The counter output is then the converted digital word. Figure 2 shows the integrator
output waveform where T1 is a fixed time and T2 is the time proportional to the input
voltage. The times are related as follows:
T2 = T 1* V in /Vref (1)
The digital output word, therefore, represents the ratio of the input voltage to the
reference voltage. Dual-slope conversion has several important features. First,
conversion accuracy is independent of the stability of the clock and integrating
capacitor so long as they are constant during the conversion period. Accuracy
depends only on the reference accuracy and the integrator circuit
linearity. Second, the periodic noise rejection of the converter can be infinite if T1 is
set to equal the period of the noise. To reject 60 Hz power noise, therefore, requires
that T1 be 16.667 ms or its multiples.
Figure 1. Dual-slope A/D converter.

Figure 2. Integrator output waveform for dual-slope A/D converter.


Figure 3. Charge-balancing A/D converter.
3 CHARGE-BALANCING A/D CONVERSION
The charge-balancing, or quantized-feedback, method of conversion is based on the
principle of generating a pulse train with a frequency proportional to the input
voltage and then counting the pulses for a fixed period of time. This circuit is shown
in Figure 3. Except for the counter and timer,
the circuit is a voltage-to-frequency (V/F) converter that generates an output pulse
rate proportional to input voltage. The circuit operates as follows. A positive input
voltage causes a current to flow into the operational integrator through R1. This
current is integrated, producing a negative going ramp at the output. Each time the
ramp crosses zero, the comparator output triggers a precision pulse generator, which
puts out a constant width pulse. The pulse output controls switch S1, which connects
R2 to the negative reference for the duration of the pulse. During this time, a pulse
of current flows out of the integrator summing junction, producing a fast, positive
ramp at the integrator output. This process is repeated, generating a train of current
pulses, which exactly balances the input current – hence the name charge balancing.
This balance has the following relationship:
where τ is the pulse width and f the frequency. A higher input voltage, therefore,
causes the integrator to ramp up and down faster, producing higher frequency output
pulses. The timer circuit sets a fixed time period for counting and the number of
pulses within this period represents the digital output. If the output of the comparator
is synchronized with a clock signal and directly used to control the switch S1 as the
pulse generator and more than one clock period is needed to balance the current of
maximum input voltage over two clock periods, the circuit becomes a sigma-delta
modulator. The synchronized comparator output signal generates a sequence of 1
and 0, and the output pulse density balances the input voltage. The counter for the
digital output counts the periods n where the switch is connected to the reference
voltage and its relation to the used number N of clock periods in the time window
represents the digital output signal.

Like the dual-slope converter, the circuit also integrates input noise, and if the timer
is synchronized with the noise frequency, infinite rejection results.

You might also like