Solved Examples

Type I. Problems based on direct use of rules of integration and formulae for
standard integrals

Find 
(4x 3
 3x 2  2x  4) dx.
Q 1.
x 5 7

Find   x(x  7x  9x ) dx
2 2 2
Q 2.
(1+x)3
 x dx
Q 3. Find
x 4  5x 2  3
 x
dx
Q 4. Find
(x 3  8)(x  1)
Q 5. Evaluate
 x 2  2x  4 dx
sin 3 x  cos3 x
Q 6. Find
 sin 2 x cos2 x dx
Q 7. For what values of c and a is the following equation satisfied?
1
 (sin 2x  cos 2x) dx  2
sin(2x  c)  a.

Evaluate 
o
sec x tan x o dx
Q 8.
1 5
Q 9. If f’(x) = x + x and f (1) = 2 , then what is f (x)?

Answers
3
x 3
x x 4 5
6 52 2 72
 7.  9.  c 2 x  2x 2  x  x c
1. x  x  x  4x  c
4 3 2
2. 3 4 5 3. 5 7
2 9 5
x 3
x 2 1  
x  2x  6 x  c
2 2
  2x  c sin  2x    k
4. 9 5. 3 2 6. sec x  cos ec x  c 7. 2  4
2
180 x
sec x o  c log | x |  2
8.  9. 2

Exercise
Type I. Problems based on direct use of rules of integration and formulae for
standard integrals
Find :

 (x  5x  7) dx  (ax  bx 2  cx  d) dx
2 3
Q 1. Q 2.
 1  1 1 3
  x  x  2  dx  (x 3  2x 2  x 2 ) dx
Q 3. Q 4.
2
 x 2  2x  3   1 
  x 4  dx   x  x  dx
Q 5. Q 6.
 (x  2) 2 (x   1) (x  2)
 x dx  x 2  x  2 dx
Q 7. Q 8.

 (ax  bx  c) dx  (3x  4x 3 ) dx
2 2
Q 9. Q 10.
x 3  5x 2  4 x3 1
Q 11.
 x 2 dx Q 12.
 x 2 dx
2 1  x 3  3x  4
 x 1  x 2  dx  x
dx
Q 13. Q 14.

 (x  1) dx  (1  x)
2/3
x dx
Q 15. Q 16.
2
 1 
  x  x  dx  x (3x 2  2x  3) dx
Q 17. Q 18.

x3  x 2  x 1  1 
 x  1 dx   x
x
 dx

Q 19. Q 20.
 1
  x  2e x 
3/ 2
 dx
 (4e  1) dx
3x
Q 21. Q 22. x

 (2x  e )dx  (sin x  cos x)dx

2 x
Q 23. Q 24.
2  3sin x
Q 25.
 cos 2 x
dx
Q 26.  cos ec x (cos ec x  cot x) dx
1  sin x
Q 27.  sec x(sec x  tan x) dx Q 28.
 cos 2 x
dx

 (sec x  cos ec x)dx  (sin2x  4e ) dx

2 2 3x
Q 29. Q 30.

 (2x  3cos x  4e ) dx  2x  3sin x 5 x dx

x 2
Q 31. Q 32.
 1  sin 8 x  cos8
  5cos x  4sin x  cos 2 x dx  dx
(ii) 1  2sin x cos x
2 2
Q 33. (i)
1  2sin x 5cos3 x  7 sin 3
Q 34.
 cos 2 x
dx
Q 35.
 sin 2 x cos2 x dx
e x sin x cot x  x sin x
Q 36.
 sin x
dx
Q 37.  sec(11  12x) tan (11  12x) dx
 (cos x  sin x)
2
dx
Q 38.
dy
Q 39. If dx = cos x + sec2 x and when x = 0, y = 0, what is y?
Q 40. Find the antiderivative F of f defined by f(x) = 4x3 – 6, where f(0) = 3
3
5
Q 41. If f(x) = 4x3 – x such that f(2) = 0, then find f(x)

Answers
 x3 x2 x4 x3 x2 x2
 5,  7x  c a.  b.  c  d.x  k  log | x |  2x  c
1. 2 2 2. 4 3 2 3. 2
3 3 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 x2
.x  .x  .x  c   2  3 c  log| x |  2x  c
4. 4 3 5 5. x x x 6. 2
2 x 2 x3 x 2 x3 x2
(x  10x  45)  c  xc a  b  cx  k
7. 5 8. 3 2 9. 3 2 10. x3 + x4 + c
x2 4 x2 1 x3 2 7/ 2
 5x   c  c xc x  2x 3/ 2  8 x  c
11. 2 x 12. 2 x 13. 3 14. 7
3 15/ 3 2 3/ 2 2 5/ 2 x2
x xc x  x  2x 3/ 2  c  log| x |  2x  c
15. 5 16. 3 5 17. 2
6 7/ 2 4 5/2 x3 2 3/ 2
x  x  2x 3/ 2  c xc x 2 x c
18. 7 5 19. 3 20. 3
4 3x 2 5/ 2 2 3 x
e xc x  2ex  log| x |  C x e c
21. 3 22. 5 23. 3 24. – cos x + sin x + c
25. 2 tan x – 3 sec x + c 26. – (cot x + cosec x) + c 27. tan x + sec x + c 28. tan x – sec x + c
cos 2x 4 3x
  e c
29. tan x + cot x + c 30. 2 3 31. x2 – 3 sin x + ex + c
2 3 10 sin 2x
x  3cos x  x 3/ 2  c  c
32. 3 3 33. (i) 5 sin x + 4 cos x + tan x + c (ii) 2
x2
e x  cos ec x  c
34. tan x + 2 sec x + c 35. 7 sec x – 5 cosec x + c 36. 2
1 cos 2x
.sec(11  12x)  c x c
37. 12 38. 2 39. y = sin x + tan x 40. f(x) = x4 – 6x + 3
1 129
x4  3 
41. x 8

Solved Examples
TYPE I. Method of Transformation: Integration of Algebraic functions:
dx 3x  5
 x  x 1  7x  9
dx
Q 1. Find Q 2. Find
x2
Q 3. Evaluate  (x  1) x  1 dx
Q 4.
 2 dx
Evaluate 1  x
x 14

Q 5.

Evaluate: x
2
1
dx

TYPE II. Method of Transformation: Integration of trigonometric functions.

sec 2 x
Q 6.
 2
Find cos ec x
dx
Q 7. Evaluate  sin x dx
3

 cos Evaluate: 
4 4
x dx sin 2x dx.
Q 8. Evaluate Q 9.
Q 10. Evaluate  1  cos x dx.
Q 11. Find  1  sin  d .

dx dx
Q 12.

Find 1  cos x Q 13.

Evaluate 1  sin x
.

dx
Q 14.

Evaluate 1  sin x
.
Q 15. Evaluate  sin 2x sin 3x dx.
Q 16. Evaluate  sin 3x cos 5x dx.
Evaluate 
sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx.  sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx
Q 17.
x cos 2x  cos 2
 sin 
3
x cos dx dx
Q 18. Find 2 Q 19. Evaluate cos x  cos 
sin x 1  sin x
Q 20.

Evaluate 1  sin x
dx
Q 21.

Evaluate 1  sin x
dx

1  sin x x4  x2 1
 tan
1

1  sin x
dx  2(x 2  1) dx
Q 22. Evaluate Q 23. Evaluate
cos 5x  cos 4x
Q 24. Evaluate
 1  2 cos 3x
dx

TYPE III. Method of Transformation: Integration of exponential functions.

a  (e
3x  3
dx, a  0 xloga
 ealogx )dx,a  1
Evaluate Q 26.
Q 25.
81 x  41 x
Q 27. Evaluate
 2X dx
Answers
3 3 3
2 2 2 2
(x  1)  x  c
2 2
(7x  17) 7x  9  c (x  1) 2 (3x  7)  c
1. 3 3 2. 49 b 3. 15
1 3 3 cos 3x
x  x  2 tan1 x  c  cos x  c
6. tan x  x  c
1
4. x  tan x  c 5. 3 7. 4 12
3 sin 2x sin 4x 1 1 x
8. 8
x
4

32
c
9. 8
 [3x  sin 4x  sin 8x]  c
8 10.
2 2 sin  c
2
    x
2  sin  cos   c cot     c
11.  2 2 12.  cot x  cos ec x  c 13. 4 2
 sin x sin 5x 3
a   and b  c   c c
14. 4 and arbitrary constant 15. 2 10 16. 16
cos 4x cos 2x cos 6x 1 3x 3 x 1 7x 1 5x
   c  cos  cos  cos  cos c
17. 16 8 24 18. 4 2 4 2 28 2 20 2
19. 2 sin x  2x cos   c 20. x  tan x  sec x  c 21. 2 tan x  2 sec x  x  c
 x2 x3 1  sin 2x  a3x
x c  tan1 x  c   sin x   c a3 . c
22. 4 4 23. 6 2 24.  2  25. 3 loga
x a 1 2x  2 2 3x
a x 2 2
 c  c
26. loga a  1 27. log 2 3log2
 Exercise
TYPE I. Method of Transformation: Integration of Algebraic functions:
Evaluate:
dx dx
 xa  x b  x  1  x 1
Q 1. (i) (ii)
dx dx
 x 3  x 2  x 1  x  2
Q 2. (i) (ii)
dx dx
 5  3x  4  3x  1  2x  3  2x
Q 3. (i) (ii)

 e
2x  3
ax  b dx dx
Q 4. (i) (ii)
x
 1  2x
dx
 (x  2) x  3 dx
Q 5. Q 6.
x 2 1
Q 7.
 x 2  1 dx
TYPE II. Method of Transformation: Integration of trigonometric functions.
 sin  sin (2x  5) dx  cos x dx
2 2 2
x dx
Q 8. (i) (ii) (iii)

(i)  (ii) 
sin 2
(2x  1)x dx sin 3
x cos3 x dx
Q 9.
tan x
Q 10. (i)  tan x dx
2

(ii) cot x
dx

 sec x cos ec x dx
2 2
Q 11.

(i)   (tan x cot x)

(cot 2x  tan 3x) dx
2 2 2
dx
Q 12. (ii)
sin 2 x cos 2x  2sin 2

Q 13. (i) 1  cos x
dx
(ii)
 cos2 x dx
 cos  sin
3 4
x dx x dx
Q 14. Q 15.

Q 16.  1  cos 2x dx
Q 17.  1  sin 2x dx

Q 18.  1  sin x / 2 dx
Q 19.  1  sin kx dx

2 dx
Q 20.

(i) 1  sin 2x
dx 
(ii) 1  sin 3x
1  cos x cos x
Q 21.

(i) 1  cos x
dx 
(ii) 1  cos x
dx

sec x cos ecx

Q 22.
 sec x  tan x dx Q 23.
 cos ecx  cot x dx
Q 24. If  1  sin 2x dx  2 sin (x  a)  b,
then find the values of a and b.
Q 25. (i)  sin 3x sin 5x dx (ii)  sin 4x sin 8x dx
(i)  (ii) 
sin 2x cos 3x dx sin 3x cos 4x dx
Q 26.

(iii)  (iv) 
sin 4x cos 3x dx cos 2x cos 4x dx

x
Q 27. (i)
 sin 3x sin 2 dx (ii)  sin x sin 7x dx
Q 28. (i)  cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx (ii) 
cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x dx

 sin
2
x cos 2x dx
Q 29.
1  cos 2x cos 2x
Q 30.

(i) 1  cos 2x
dx 
(ii) cos
2
x sin 2 x
dx

4  5cos x 3cisx  4
(iii)
 sin 2 x
dx
(iv)
 sin 2 x
dx

Q 31.  sin(ax  b) cos(ax  b) dx

 1  cos 2x   1  tan 2 x 
  1  cos 2x  dx  cos  1  tan 2 x  dx
1 1
tan
 sec (7  4x) dx
2
Q 32. (i) (ii) (iii)
 sin 2x 
 tan
1
  dx
 tan
1
 1  cos 2x  (sec x  tan x) dx
(iv)
(iv)
TYPE III. Method of Transformation: Integration of exponential functions.
e5 log x  e4log x
Q 34. e
3x 1
dx
Q 35.
 e3log x  e2log x dx
elog x

Q 36.
 x dx

Answers
3 3
2 1 3 3
[(x  a) 2  (x  b) 2 ]  c [(x  1)  (x  1) 2 ]  c
2

1. (i) 3(a  b) (ii) 3

3 3
2 2
[(x  3) 2  (x  2) 2 ]  c [(x  2)3/ 2  (x  1)3/ 2 ]  c
2. (i) 3 (ii) 3
3 3 3 3
2 1
[(5  3x) 2  (4  3x) 2 ]  c [(1  2x) 2  (3  2x) 2 ]  c
3. (i) 9 (ii) 6
2 1 2x 3 1
(ax  b)3/ 2  c e c  (1  x) 1  2x  c
4. (i) 3a (ii) 2 5. 3
2 3
1 sin 2x  1 sin(4x  10) 
(2x  16)(x  3) 2  c  x    c  x    c
6. 15 7. x – 2 tan–1 x + c 8. (i) 2 2 (ii) 2 4
1 sin 2x  1 1
x  c
(iii) 2  2  9. (i) 24 [cos (6x + 3) – 9 cos (2x + 1)] + c (ii) 192 (–9 cos 2x + cos 6x) + c
10. (i) tan x – x + c (ii) tan x – x + c 11. – 2 cot 2x + c
 cot 2x tan 3x
   2x  c
12. (i) 2 3 (ii) – 2 cot 2x + c 13. (i) x – sin x + c (ii) tan x + c
3 sin 3x  3x sin 2x sin 4x 
sin x  c    c
14. 4 12 15.  8 4 32  16. 2 sin x + c
   x  2 2  kx  
2 cos  x    c 4 2 sin     c sin     c
17.  4 18. 4 4 19. k  2 4
  1   3x  x x
cot   x   c cot     c 2 tan  x  c x  tan  c
20. (i) 4  (ii) 3 4 2  21. (i) 2 (ii) 2
x  x 
tan     c cot  c a   ,b 
22.  2 4  23. 2 24. 4 an arbitrary constant.
1 1 1 1
sin 2x  sin 8x  c sin 4x  sin12  c
25. (i) 4 16 (ii) 8 24
cos 5x cos x cos x cos 7x 1 cos 7x  sin 6x sin 2x
  c  c  sin x  c  c
26. (i) 10 2 (ii) 2 14 (iii) 2  7  (iv) 12 4
1 5x 1 7x 1 1
sin  sin c sin 6x  sin 8x  c
27. (i) 5 2 7 2 (ii) 12 16
1 sin 6x sin 4x sin 2x  1 sin12x sin 8x sin 4x 
x    c x   c
28. (i) 4  6 4 2  (ii) 4  12 8 4 
1 sin 4x 
 sin 2x  x  c
29. 4  4 
30. (i) tan x – x + c (ii) – cot x – tan x + c (iii) – 4 cot x + 5 cosec x + c (iv) – 3 cosec x – 4 cot x + c
1 1 1
 [cos(2ax  2b)]  c  tan(7  4x)  c tan(2x  3)  x  c
31. 4a 32. (i) 4 (ii) 2
 x2 x2 x2 x x 2
x c c c  c
33. (i) 2 2 (ii) 2 (iii) x2 + c (iv) 2 (v) 4 4
1 3x 1 x3
.e c c
34. 3 35. 3 36. 2x + c

Solved Examples
TYPE I. Substitution Method:
Integration of algebraic functions which are of the form.
 (5x  3) 2x  1 dx. x ax  b dx
2
Q 1. Evaluate Q 2. Find
x2 x2
 x2
dx  (x  1) 2
dx
Q 3. Find Q 4. Find
2  3x x2
 1  3x
dx  (a  bx)2 dx
Q 5. Find Q 6. Evaluate
 x 2  3x  1
 x(1  x)
23
dx  (x  1)2 dx
Q 7. Evaluate Q 8. Evaluate

x6 x2 1
 dx  (x  1)2 dx
Q 9. Evaluate x  1 Q 10. Evaluate:
Answers
3 3
(2x  1) .(3x  4)
2
2 (ax  b) 2
2
c . 3
[15a2 x 2  12abx  8b 2 ]  c x  2(3x 2  8x  32)  c
1. 3 2. 105 a 3. 15

1 2 1  a2 
log | x  1|  c (8  3x) 1  3x  c bx  2a log | a  bx |   c'
x 1 b  a  bx 
4. 5. 9 6.
(1  x)24 (1  24x) 3 x2 x3 x 4 x5 x6
 c x  log | x  1|  k x      log | x  1| c
7. 600 8. x 1 9. 2 3 4 5 6
2
x  2log | x  1|  c
10. x 1

Exercise
TYPE I. Substitution Method:
Integration of algebraic functions which are of the form.

Q 1.  (x  2) 3x  5 dx Q 2.  (x  1) x  1 dx
Q 3.  (x  2) 2x  1 dx Q 4.  x 2x  1 dx
 x(3x  5) dx  (x  2) x  3 dx
4
Q 5. Q 6.

Q 7.  (x  2) 2x  3 dx Q 8.  (ax  2) cx  d dx
 x ax  b dx  x (1  x) dx
2
Q 9. Q 10.

x x  2 dx  (2x  3) x  2 dx
2 2
Q 11. Q 12.
x x
 x 5
dx  1  2x
dx
Q 13. Q 14.
2x  1
 x x  2 dx  3x  2
dx
Q 15. Q 16.
3x  5 x2
 7x  9
dx  x 1
dx
Q 17. Q 18.
x2 x2
 1 x
dx  x4
dx, x  0
Q 19. Q 20.
x2 x2
 3x  4
dx  x 1
dx
Q 21. Q 22.
 2x  1 x 2  3x  2
 (x  1)2 dx  (x  2) (x  1) dx
Q 23. Q 24.

x 2  3x  1 dx
 (x  1)2 dx  1 1

Q 25. Q 26. x2  x3
Answers
1 3 3
2 2 1
(9x  20) (3x  5) 2  c (x  1) 2 (3x  7)  c (x  3) (2x  1) 2  c
1. 135 2. 15 3. 5
3 3
1 1 2
(3x  1) (2x  1) 2  c (3x  1) (3x  5)5  c (3x  16) (x  3) 2  c
4. 15 5. 54 6. 15
3
1 3 2 2 3
(2x  7) (2x  3) 2  c 2
(cx  d) 2
(3acx  5bc  2ad)  c (ax  b) 2 (3ax  22b)  c
7. 15 8.
15c 9. 15a 2

3
 (x  1) 2 2 1 3
 (x  2) 2 4 4
2(1  x) 2   (x  1)    c 2(x  2) 2   (x  2)    c
10.  7 5 3
11.  7 5 3
3
2 8 11  2 1
2(x  2) 2  (x  2) 2  (x  2)    c (x  10) x  5  c  (1  x) 1  2x  c
12.  7 5 3  13. 3 14. 3
2 2 2
(x  2)3/ 2 (3x  4)  c (6x  1) 3x  2  c 7x  9 (7x  17)  c
15. 15 16. 27 17. 49
2 2 2
x  1 (3x 2  4x  8)  c 1  x (3x 2  4c  8)  c x  4 (x  8)  c
18. 15 19. 15 20. 3
2  (3x  4) 2 8   (x  1) 2 2 
3x  4   (3x  4)  16   c 2 x 1   (x  1)  1  c
27  5 3   5 3 
21. 22.
1 1
2 log| x  1|  c x  log| x  1|  c
23. x 1 24. x + 4 log |x  2|  c 25. x 1
1 1 1

26. 2 x  3x  6x  6 log(1  x )  c
2 6 6

Solved Examples
TYPE II. Substitution method:

Integrals of the form: 

m
s in xcos n x dx.

Find  Find 
3 5
cos x dx sin x dx
Q 1. Q 2.

Find  Evaluate 
cos 3
x sin x dx sin 3
x cos 2 dx  sin 3 x cos 2 x dx
Q 3. Q 4.
dx
Q 5. Find  sin x cos x dx
3 5
Q 6.

Find sin x cos
3
x

 sin  sin
2
x cos 2 x dx 4
x dx
Q 7. Evaluate Q 8. Evaluate
Answers
 3 7
sin3 x 2 cos5 x 2 2
sin x  c  cos x  .cos3 x  c sin 2 x  sin 2 x  c
1. 3 2. 3 5 3. 3 7
cos3 x cos5 x cos6 x cos8 x tan2 x
  c   c log | tan x |  c
4. 3 5 5. 6 8 6. 2
1 2 3 sin 2x sin 4x
sin 2x x  c
7. 4 8. 8 4 32

Exercise
TYPE II. Substitution method:

Integrals of the form: 

m
s in xcos n x dx.
Find:

 sin  cos x dx
3 5
x dx
Q 1. Q 2.

 sin Q 4. 
2 2 3
x cos x dx sin x cos x dx
Q 3.
3

 cos x sin x dx  sin 4 x cos x dx

2 3
Q 5. Q 6.

 sin  sin x cos

4
x cos3 x dx 2 5
x dx
Q 7. Q 8.

 sin Q 10. 
3 3
x sin 2x dx sin x cot x dx
Q 9.
cos3 x sec 
 cos x tan x dx
3  sin x
dx
 tan2

d
Q 11. Q 12. (i) (ii)

 cos x sin 3x dx  cos

2 3
x.elog sin x dx
Q 13. Q 14. c

 sin 2x dx Q 16. 
3 5
cos x cos ec 2 x dx
Q 15.
dx
Q 17.  cos
7
ax sin ax dx 
Q 18. sin
2
x cos 2 x
dx sin 4 x
Q 19.
 sin x cos 5 x
3  6 dx
Q 20. cos x
cos x dx
Q 21.
 sin 5 x
dx 
Q 22. 4sin 2x cos
2
x
dx

tan x sin 6 x  cos 6 x

Q 23.
 sin x cos x
dx
Q 24.
 sin 2 x cos2 x dx
 cos  cos
4 4
x dx 2x dx
Q 25. Q 26.

Answers
3
cos x 2 sin 5 x sin 3 x sin 3 x sin 5 x
 cos x  c sin x  sin 3 x  c c  c
1. 3 2. 3 5 3. 3 4. 3 5
 cos5 x cos3 x 4 74 sin 5 x sin 7 x sin 3 x 2 5 sin 7 x
 c sin x  c  c  sin x  c
5. 5 3 6. 7 7. 5 7 8. 3 5 7
2 5
sin x  c
9. 5 10. – cosec x – sin x + c 11. sec x + cos x+ c
 sin 2 x  cos3 x 4 cos 4 x
2 sin x 1  c  cos5 x  c  c
 5  3 5 4
12. (i) (ii) – cosec + c 13. 14.
cos 2x cos3 2x sin 3 x cos8 (ax)
  c  cos ecx  2sin x  c  c
15. 2 6 16. 3 17. 8a
2 4
cot x 3 tan x tan 5 x
  3log| tan x |  tan 2 x  c c
18. tan x – cot x + c 19. 2 2 4 20. 5
3
2 1 1
 cot x  c 2
log| tan x |  tan 2 x  c
21. 3 22. 8 16 23. 2 tan x  c 24. tan x – cot x – 3x + c
3x sin 2x sin 4x 1 1
  c [3x  sin 4x  sin 8x]  c
25. 8 4 32 26. 8 8

Solved Examples
TYPE III. Substitution Method:
 tan  cot
m
xs e c n x dx m
xcos n x dx
Integrals of the form: or
 tan x sec 2 x dx, (n  1)  tan
n 2
x sec 4 x dx.
Q 1. Find Q 2. Evaluate

 tan  sec  d.  sec

4 4
x dx
Q 3. Find Q 4. Evaluate

 tan x dx  tan
3
x dx
Q 5. Find Q 6. Evaluate

Find  Find 
3 4
tan 2x sec 2x dx tan x dx.
Q 7. Q 8.

Find  Find 
6 4
tan x dx. cos ec x dx.
Q 9. Q 10.

 cot  cos ec x cot xs dx (n  0)

2
x cos ec 4 x dx n
Q 11. Find Q 12. Find
Answers
n 1
tan x 3
tan x tan x 5
tan2  tan4  tan3 x
 c  c  c tan x  c
1. n 1 2. 3 5 3. 2 4 4. 3
2 3
sec x sec 2x sec 2x tan3 x
 log | sec x | c  c  tan x  x  c
5. log | sec x | c 6. 2 7. 6 2 8. 3
tan5 x tan3 x cot 3 x cot 3 x cot 5 x
  tan x  x  c  cot x  c   c
9. 5 3 10. 3 11. 3 5
n
cos ec x
 c
12. n
 Exercise
TYPE III. Substitution Method:
 tan  cot
m
xs e c n x dx m
xcos n x dx
Integrals of the form: or
Find:

 tan x sec x dx Q 2. 
 sec 4  d
2 5
tan
Q 1.

 tan x sec x dx Q 4. 
4 2 6
sec x dx
Q 3.
x
 sec
4
dx
 sec
3
2 x tan x dx
Q 5. Q 6.

 sec x tan x dx
6
Q 7.

(i)   sec  tan

6 3 3
sec x tan x dx x tan x dx 2x sec 2x dx
Q 8. (ii) (iii)
7 x x
Q 19.  s ec 2 x tan x dx Q 10.
 s ec 2 tan 2 dx
 tan x dx  cot x cos ec 2 x dx, n  1
5 n
Q 11. Q 12.

 cot x cos ec x dx Q 14. 

2 4
cot x dx
Q 13.

 cot x dx Q 16. 
3 4
cot x dx
Q 15.
sin 2 x
 (1  cos x)2 dx
Q 17.
Answers
tan x2
tan  tan  6 8
tan 5 x 2 tan 5 x
c  c c tan x  tan 3 x  c
1. 2 2. 6 8 3. 5 4. 3 5
x 1 x sec3 x tan 2 x tan 6 x tan 4 x sec6 x
2 tan 1  tan 2   c c    c.or c
5. 2 3 2 6. 3 7. 2 6 2 6
x
1  sec3 2x  2 sec 4
secn x sec3 x  sec 2x   c 2 2 c
c c  sec 7 x  c
n 3 2  3  2
8. (i) (ii) (iii) 9. 7 10.
4 n 1 3
sec x cot 2
 sec2 x  log| sec x |  c  c  cot 2 x  c
11. 4 12. n 1 13. 3 14. – log | cosec x| + c
cos ec 2 x cot 3 x x
  log| cos ec x |  c x  cot x  c 2 tan xc
15. 2 16. 3 17. 2
Solved Examples
TYPE IV. Substitution Method:

Problems based on  tanx dx,  cotx dx,  s e cx dx, and  cos e c x dx.
dx dx
 1  cos 2x  1  cos x
Q 1. Find Q 2. Find
 dx
Q 3.

Find sin x  cos x Q 4. Evaluate  tan x tan 2x tan 3x dx
sin x
 1  2 tan x(tan x  sec x) dx  sin(x  ) dx
Q 5. Q 6. Evaluate
dx dx
 sin(x  ) sin (x  )  cos(x  a) cos (x  b)
Q 7. Evaluate Q 8. Evaluate
sin(x  ) 1
 sin(x  ) dx  5cos  12sin x dx
Q 9. Evaluate: Q 10. Evaluate:
dx sin x
 1  sin x  1  sin x
dx
Q 11. Evaluate Q 12. Evaluate
Answers
1 x 1    
log | sec x  tan x | c 2 log tan c log sec  x    tan  x    c
1. 2 2. 4 3. 2  4   4 
1 1
log | sec 3x |  log | sec x |  log | sec 2x | c
4. 3 2 5. log | sec x(sec x  tan x) | c
1 sin(x  )
log c
6. (x   )cos   sin  log | sin(x   ) | c 7. sin(    ) sin(x   )

1 sec(x  b)
log c
8. sin(a  b) sec(x  a) 9. x cos 2  sin 2 log | sin(x   ) | c
1  x  x
 log | cos ec (x   )  cot(x   ) | c  2 log sec     tan     c
10. 13 11. 4 2 4 2
 x   x  x
2 2 sin     2 log sec     tan     c
12.  2 4   4 2  4 2

Exercise

TYPE IV. Substitution Method:

Problems based on  tanx dx,  cotx dx,  s e cx dx, and  cos e c x dx.
Find :
1  cos 2x dx
 1  cos 2x
dx  1  cos 2x
Q 1. Q 2.
dx
 1  cos x  sec(ax  b) dx
Q 3. Q 4.
dx
Q 5.  cos ec(2x  3) dx 
Q 6. cos x  sin x
dx 1  cos x
Q 7.
 cos x sin 2
x Q 8.
 sin x
dx
 dx dx
 3 cos x  sin x 
Q 9. Q 10. a sin x  b sin x
dx sec x
Q 11.
 sin x  cos x 
Q 12. b  a sin x
dx

dx
 tan 2x tan 5x tan 7x dx  sex  cos ec x
Q 13. Q 14.
dx dx
Q 15.
 sin x  tan x Q 16.
 sin x cos 2
x
dx sin x
 13  5cos x  12sin x  sin(x  a) dx
Q 17. Q 18.
cos x
 tan(x  ) tan 2x tan(x  ) dx  1  cos x
dx
Q 19. Q 20.
dx sin x
 cos x cos(x  )  sin(x  ) sin(x  ) dx
Q 21. Q 22.
dx
 cos (x  a) cos(x  b) dx
Q 23.
Answers
1 x 1 x x
.log tan  c log sec  tan  c
1. log |sec x| + c 2. 2 2 3. 2 2 2

1 1  3
log tan  x    c
4. a . log | tan (ax + b) + sec (ax + b) + c 5.
2  2
1    
log sec  x   tan  x    c
6. 2  4  4 7. – cosec x + log |sec x + tan x| + c
x 1    
log tan  log | sin x |  c log sec  x    tan  x    c
8. 2 9.
2  6  6
1 x 1 a 1    
log tan   tan 1   c log sec  x    tan  x    c
10. a b
2 2
2 2 b 11. 2  4  4
1 x 1 a 1 1 1
log tan   tan 1   c
12. a 2  b2 2 2 b 13. 7 log |sec 7x| – 2 log |sec 2x+ – 5 log |sec 5x| + c
1 1  3 x   1 x 1 x
  cos x  sin x  log tan      c log tan  tan 2  c
2 2  8 2
14.  15. 2 2 4 2
x 2 x x  5
sec x  log tan  c log sec  tan  c, where   cos 1
16. 2 17. 26 2 2 13
1
18. x cos a – sin a log |sin (x + ) + c 19. 2 log |sec 2x| – log |sec (x – | – log |sec (x + ) + c
 x x x
2 2 sin  2 log sec  tan  c
20. 2 2 2 21. x cos  + log| sin (x – )| + c 22. log |sin2 x – sin2 | + c
sec(x  b)
cos ec (b  a) log c
23.
sec(x  a)

Solved Examples
TYPE V. Substitution Method:
Problems in which integrand contains any expression of the form sin , cos
, tan , cot , sec , cosec , where  is a function of x
sin x
 x
dx
 x cos ec x
2
cot x 2 dx
Q 1. Find Q 2. Evaluate
cot (log x) e x (1  x)
 x dx  2 x dx
Q 3. Q 4. Find cos (xe )

 (2x  1)sin (2x  3x) dx

2 2 3
Q 5. Find
Answers
1
 cos ec x 2  c
3. log | sin(log x) | c 4. tan(xe )  c
x
1. 2 cos x  c 2. 2
1
[4x 3  6x  sin(4x 3  6x)]  c
5. 12
Exercise
Find:
cos x 1 1
 x
dx
 2
sin dx
Q 1. Q 2. x x
1 1
Q 3.
x 2
cos dx
x Q 4. e
x
cos(e x  2) dx

sin x  1
 x 1
dx
x
2
sec x 3 dx
Q 5. Q 6.
1 4

x  (x  1) cos(x 3  3x  2x) dx
2
3
sin(x ) dx
3
Q 7. Q 8.
cos(log x) sec 2 (log x) cos ec 2 (log x)
Q 9.
 x e dx Q 10. (i)
 x dx (ii)
 x
dx

sin(2  3log x) tan x sec 2 x

 x
dx  x
dx
Q 11. Q 12.
1
 x cos2 (log e x) dx e
x
tan e x sec e x dx
Q 13. Q 14.
sec 2 x  1
 x  1 dx  2x sin(x
2
 1) dx
Q 15. Q 16.
 e x (1  x)
 sin x sin(cos x) dx  2 x dx
Q 17. Q 18. sin (xe )
cos( x  3) sec 2 (2  log x)
 x
dx
 x
dx
Q 19. Q 20.
cos ax  b sin 3 (3  2 log x)
 ax  b dx  x
dx
Q 21. Q 22.
sin(tan 1 x) x 3 sin(tan 1 x 4 )
Q 23.
 1  x 2 dx Q 24.
 1  x8 dx

Answers
1 1
cos c  sin c
1. 2 sin x + c 2. x 3. x 4. sin(ex + 2) + c 5. 2 cos x  1  c
4
1 3 1
log | sex 3  tan x 3 |  c  cos(x) 3  c sin(x 3  3x  2)  c
6. 3 7. 4 8. 3 9. sin (log x) + c
1
 cos(2  3log x)  c
10. (i) tan (log x) + c (ii) – cot (log x) + c 11. 3 12. tan
2
x c

13. tan (log x) + c 14. sec (ex) + c 15. 2 tan( x  1)  c 16. – cos (x2 + 1) + c
17. cos(cos x) + c 18. – cos (xex ) + c 19. 2sin(x – 3) + c 20. tan(2 + log x) + c
2 3 1
sin ax  b  c  cos(3  2 log x)  cos(9  6 log x)  c
21. a 22. 8 24 23. – cos (tan–1 x) + c
1
 cos(tan 1 x 4 )  c
24. 3
Solved Examples
TYPE VI. Substitution method:
Integral of functions when integrand is the product of two functions such
that one of them is a function of a function  (x) and other is k ’ (x), where k
is constant, i.e., if integrand is of the form kf ( (x)). ’ (x).
cos x
 (1  cos x)
2
sin x dx  1  sinx
dx
Q 1. Evaluate Q 2. Evaluate
sin 2x
Q 3. Evaluate  2  sin 3t cos 3t dx
Q 4.

Evaluate a
2
 b 2 sin 2 x
dx

sin x
Q 5.

Evaluate 1  cos
2
x
dx
Q 6. Evaluate  (tan x  x) tan
2
x dx

x3 x5
 x4 1
dx  1  x3
dx
Q 7. Q 8. Evaluate
(1  log x) 2
e 2x
Q 9. Evaluate
 x
dx
Q 10.
 1  e x dx
 (sin 1 x)3 ea tan x
1

 1 x2
dx
 2 dx
Q 11. Evaluate Q 12. Evaluate 1  x
x dx
 x 2
dx
 dx
Evaluate 1  e
x
Q 13. Evaluate Q 14.
dx e 2x  1

Q 16. Evaluate e  e
x x  2x dx
Q 17. Evaluate e  1
dx  1  x  1x
   x 2  e dx
1 
Q 18. Evaluate 1  cot x Q 19. Evaluate
 x 1  1
 log  x  x(x  1) dx
Evaluate 
x 13/ 2
1  x 5/ 2 dx
Q 20. Evaluate Q 21.
1 x sec 2 x tan x
Q 22. Evaluate:
 1 x
dx   2 dx
Q 23. Evaluate sec  tan x
dx 1  2x sin x  cos x
x 2
(x 4  1)3/ 4
dx  x(1  cos x) dx
Q 24. Evaluate Q 25. Evaluate
dx
 4
(x  1) .(x  2)
3 5

sin 2x
dx
Q 26. Evaluate Q 27. Evaluate a
2
cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2

2x tan 1 x 2 ax
 1  x 4 dx  1  a 2x
dx
Q 28. Evaluate Q 29. Evaluate
Answers
(1  cos x)6 2 3
1
 c (2  sin3t) 2  c log | a2  b2 sin2 x | c
2. 2 1  sin x  c
2
1. 6 3. 9 4. b
(tan x  x)2 x4  1 2
1 c c 1  x 3 (x 3  2)  c
5.  tan (cos x)  c 6. 2 7. 2 8. 9
(1  log x)
3
(sin1 x)4 1 a tan1 x
c c e c
10. e  log | 1  e | c
x x
9. 3 11. 4 12. a

13. x  4 x  8log( x  2)  c 14. x  log(1  e )  c 15. 2log(e  1)  x  c

x x

1 1
1 x x  log | cos x  sin x | c
16. tan (e )  c  
x x
17. log(e e ) c 18. 2 2 19. e
x 1/ x
c
2
1   x  1  4  z7 z5 z3 
 log    c   2.  c
2   x   57 5 3 1
22. sin x  1  x  c
2
20. 21.
1 (1  x 4 )1/ 4
log(sec 2 x  tan2 x)  c  c
23. 4 24. x 25. log | x | 2  2log | 1  cos x | c
1/ 4
4  x 1 1 (tan1 x 2 )2 1
  c log | z |  c c sin1(a x )  c
26. 3  x  2  27. b  a 29. loge a
2 2
28. 2

Exercise
TYPE VI. Substitution method:
 Integral of functions when integrand is the product of two functions such
that one of them is a function of a function  (x) and other is k ’ (x), where k
is constant, i.e., if integrand is of the form kf ( (x)). ’ (x).

Evaluate:
cos x sin x
 (1  sin x) 2
dx
 1  cos x dx
Q 1. Q 2.
sin x 1  cos x
 (1  cos x) 2
dx  3
x  sin x
dx
Q 3. Q 4.
2
sec x sin x
 1  tan x
dx
 a  b cos x dx
Q 5. Q 6.
cos x
Q 7.

(i) 1  sin
2
x
dx
(ii)  cos 6x 1  sin 6x dx

sin x  cos x 2 cos x  3sin x

Q 8.

(i) sin x  cos x
dx 
(ii) 6 cos x  4sin x
dx

sec 2 x dx
 1  tan 2 x
dx  cos 2
x(1  tan x) 2
dx
Q 9. (i) (ii)
cos 2x cos x  sin x
 (cos x  sin x) 2
dx
 1  sin 2x
dx
Q 10. (i) (ii)

(i)  (ii) 
(cot x  x) cot x dx 2
sin 2x cos 2x dx
Q 11.

 (a  b cos x) sin x dx, n  1

n
Q 12.

(i)  (ii) 
(2x  3) x 2  3x dx (4x  2) x 2  x  1 dx
Q 13.

Q 14.  (4x  2) 4x 2  6x  1 dx

Q 15. (i) x 1  x 2 dx
(ii) x 1  2x 2 dx
3x  1
 3x 2  2x  7
dx
 (x  1) x 2  2 x dx
Q 16. Q 17.
2 ax  b 2x
Q 18.

(i) ax
2
 bx  c
x dx 
(ii) 1  x
2
dx

2ax  b

5
dx
 x(1  3x ) 2 dx
2
Q 19. ax  bx  c
2
Q 20.
x2

5
dx
 x(1  3x
2 2
) dx
(ii) (2x  3x )
3 3
Q 21. (i)
x x
 a2  x2
dx  a2  x2
dx
Q 22. Q 23.
 x
 (ax 2
 b) p
dx, p  1
Q 24.

(i)  (ii) 
x 3
x 2  5 dx x 2
a 3  x 3 dx
Q 25.
x
Q 26. (i)  (x  1) x dx
3 1/ 3 5

(ii) 9  4x
2
dx

x3

x3
dx  3
dx
Q 27. x2  3 Q 28. (x  a )
2 2 2

(log x) 2
Q 29.
 x dx
1 dx
 x log e x dx x(log x) m
,x  0
Q 30. (i) (ii)
dx
x log e x
dx
Q 31.
dx dx
 x(1  log x) 2
dx  x  x log x
Q 32. e (ii)
tan x
 log e cos x
dx
Q 33.
cot x
 cot x log e sin x dx  log sin x dx
Q 34. (i) (ii)
1 ex
 x log x log (log x) dx  1  e x dx
Q 35. Q 36.
ex ex
 e x  2 dx  (3  ex )2 dx
Q 37. Q 38.

e
tan x
sec2 x dx
Q 39.
ex  ex e 2x  e 2x
 x  x dx
Q 40. (i) e  e
 2x 2x dx
(ii) e  e
x
Q 41. (i) 
xe x2
dx 
(ii) e
x2
dx

(tan 1 x) 2 e x  sin x
Q 42.
 1  x 2 dx Q 43.
 ex  cos x dx
1
dx esin x

 (1  x)2 tan 1 x dx  1 x2
dx
Q 44. Q 45.
1 x 2 tan 1 (x 3 )
 1  x 2 cos 1 x dx  1  x 6 dx
Q 46. Q 47.

(i)  (ii) 
(2x  4) x 2  4x  3 dx (2x  1) x 2  x  1 dx
Q 48.
 1  x 2 x  1x dx
 x 2 e dx x x
Q 49. Q 50.
x tan 2 x sec 2 x
 (x 2  2)1/ 3 dx  1  tan 6 x dx
Q 51. Q 52.
dx e 2x
 x log x[log(log x)] 4 e 1x
dx
Q 53. Q 54.
dx
 x sin x
2
dx x x 2n  a 2n
Q 55. Q 56.
x3
 (1  x 2 )2 dx  x (1  x
3 2 5/ 2
) dx
Q 57. Q 58.
sin 2x
Q 59.  sec x  1 dx
Q 60.
 sin x  cos
4 4
x
dx

x e 1  e x 1 1  cos 
Q 61. (i)
 ee  e x dx 
(ii)   sin 
d

1  tan x (3 tan 2  x2) sec 2 x

 x  log sec x dx  3 dx
Q 62. (i) (ii) (tan x  2 tan x  5)
1  sin 2x dx
 dx x x
(iii) x  sin
2
x (iv)
tan x 1  cot x
Q 63.

(i) sec x  cos x
dx 
(ii) 1  cot x
dx
1
e tan
Q 64.
 1  x 2 dx Q 65.  sec x log(sec x  tan x) dx
tan 4 x sec 2 x tan x sec 2 x
 x
dx
 1  tan 2 x dx
Q 66. (i) (ii)
dx dx

Q 67. (i) 1  tan x

(ii) 1  tan x
a ex
Q 68.
 b  ce x
dx
Q 69.
 ex  e x dx
(x  1) (x  log x) 2 sin 2
 x
dx  (a  b cos x)2 dx
Q 70. Q 71.
10x 9  10 x.log e 10
Q 72.
 10x  x10 dx
x5 x3
 1 x2
dx  1  x8
dx
e
3log x
(1  x 4 ) 1 dx
Q 73. (i) (ii) (iii)

dx dx
 
3
(x  1) 2 (x  1) 4 1  x 2 log(x  1  x 2 )
Q 74. Q 75.
 dx

 [f (ax  b)] f '(ax  b) dx
n
sin 3 x sin(x  )
Q 76. Q 77.
Answers
2
1 1 3
 c c (x  sin x) 3  c
1. 1  sin x 2. – log |a + cos x| + c 3. 1  cos x 4. 2
1 3
 .log | a  b cos x |  c
5. 2 1  tan x  c 7. (i) tan–1 (sin x) + c (ii) 19(1  sin 6x)  c
2
6. b
1 1
c
8. (i) log |sin x – cos x| + c (ii) 2 log |6 cos x + 4 sin x| + c 9. (i) sin–1 (tan x ) + c (ii) 1  tan x
1 1 (x  cot x) 2 1 3/ 2
log(1  sin 2x)  c  c  c sin (2x)  c
10. (i) 2 (ii) cos x  sin x 11. (i) 2 (ii) 3
3
1 (a  b cos x) n 1 2 2 3
4 2 (4x 2  6x  1) 2
 . c (x  3x) 2  c (x  x  1)3/ 2  c c
12. b n 1 13. (i) 3 (ii) 3 14. 3
3 3
1 1 1 2
(1  x 2 ) 2  c (1  2x 2 )3/ 2  c (x  2x) 2
c
15. (i) 3 (ii) 6 16. 3x 2  2x  7  c 17. 3
7
1
(a  3x )  c
2 2

19. 2 ax  bx  c  k
2
18. (i) log |ax2 + bx + c| + k (ii) log (1 + x2) + c 20. 21
1 1
.log | x 3  1|  c  c
18(2  3x 2 ) 2 22.  a  x  c a2  x2  c
2 2
21. (i) 3 (ii) 23.
(ax 2  b)1p 1 3
2 3 3
c (3x 2  10)(x 2  5) 2  c (a  x 3 ) 2  c
24. 2a(1  p) 25. (i) 15 (ii) 9
1 3 1 1 2
(x  1)1/ 4 (4x 3  3)  c  log | 9  4x 2 |  c x  3(x 2  6)  c
26. (i) 28 (ii) 8 27. 3
x 2  2a 2 (log e x)3 1
c c m 1
c
28. x2  a2 29. 3 30. (i) log |loge x| + c (ii) (1  m)(l, ogx)
1
 c
2 log e x  c 1  log x
31. 32. (i) e (ii) log |1 + log x| + c 33. – log |loge (cos x)| + c
[log e (sin x)]2
c
34. (i) 2 (ii) log |log (sin x)| + c 35. log |log (log x)| + c 36. log (1 + ex) + c
1
c
38. 3  e
x
37. log |(ex + 2) + c 39. etan x + c
2
1 2x
2
1 ex
log(e 2x  e 2x )  c c  e c
x –x
40. (i) log (e + e ) + c (ii) 2 41. (i) 2 (ii) 2
(tan 1 x)3
c 1

42. 3 43. log |ex + cos x| + c 44. log |tan1 x| + c 45. e

sin x
c
1 2 2 2 2
tan 1 (x 3 )]2  c (x  4x  3)3/ 2  c (x  x  1)3/ 2  c
46. - log (cos x) + c 47. 6
1
48. (i) 3 (ii) 3
 2
3 2 1
x
1
(x  2) 3  c tan 1 (tan 3 x)  c
49. e c 50. 2 log( x  1)  c 4 52. 3
x
51.
n
4 x 3
1 1 n x
(e  1) 4 (3e x  4)  c  cos x 2  c a sec 1    c
53. log (log ( logx)) + c 54. 21 55. 2 56. n a
1 1 1 9
1 7
 x
log(1  x 2 )  c (1  x )  (1  x )  c
2 2 2 2 2sin 1  2 sin   c
57. 2 2(x 2
 1) 58. 9 7 59.  2
1
log | x e  e x | c
60. tan–1 (tan2 x) + c 61. (i) e (ii) log | + sin | + c
62. (i) log |x + log sec x| + c (ii) log |tan3 x + 2 tan x + 5| + c (iii) log |x + sin2 x| + c
1
(iv) 2 log | x  1|  c 63. (i)  tan (cos x)  c (ii) – log| sin x+ cos x| + c
1 2 5 1
tan 2 x
[log(sec x  tan x)]2  c tan x  c  log |1  tan 2 x | c
64. e c 65. 2 66. (i) 5 (ii) 2
x 1 x 1 1
 log | cos x  sin x |  c  log | cos x  sin x |  c (x  log x)3  c
67. (i) 2 2 (ii) 2 2 70. 3
2  a 
 2 log | a  b cos x |    c
71. b  a  b cos x 72. log (10x + x10) + c
1 2 1 1 4 1
(1  x 2 )5/ 2  (1  x 2 )3/ 2  1  x 2  c sin (x )  c log(1  x 4 )  c
73. (i) 5 3 (ii) 4 (iii) 4
3 3 1 x [f (ax  b)]n 1
. c c
74. 2 1  x 75.
2 log(x  x 2  1)  c 76. (n  1)a

77. 2 cos ec  cos   sin  cot x  c

Solved Examples

TYPE VII. Category I. When integrand involves expression of the form

a2 - x2
dx
 a  x2
2
 a 2  x 2 dx
Q 1. Evaluate Q 2. Evaluate
dx
 3

(sin 1 x)3
dx
Q 3. Evaluate (a 2  x ) 2 2
Q 4. Evaluate 1 x2
x
e
 1  e 2x
dx
Q 5. Evaluate

TYPE VII. Category II. When integrand involves expression of the form a2 + x2
2 2
or a + x
 dx dx
  a2  x2
Evaluate a  x
2 2
Q 6. Q 7. Evaluate
dx
 a2  x2
Q 8. Evaluate
dx
y 3

Q 9. (1  x ) and y = 0 when x = 0, find value of y when x = 1.

If
2 2

dx dx

Q 10. Evaluate 1  e
x 
Q 11. Evaluate e  e
x x

TYPE VII. Category III. When integrand involves expression of the form
x2 - a 2
dx dx
 x2  a2
x x4 1
Q 12. Evaluate Q 13. Evaluate
ex
 e2x  4
dx
Q 14. Evaluate
TYPE VII. Category IV. When integrand involves expression of the form
a-x a+x
or
a+x a-x

1 x 1 x
 1 x
dx  1 x
dx
Q 15. Evaluate Q 16. Evaluate
TYPE VII. Category V. When integrand involves expression of the form :
- + - -
, , , , , , ( - ) ( - )
- + - -
x dx
 1 x
dx  (x  1)(b  x)
Q 17. Evaluate Q 18. Evaluate
Answers
x a2 x x 2 1 x (sin1 x)4
sin1  c sin1  a  x2  c 2
. c c
a a a x
2 2
1. 2. 2 a 2 3. 4. 4
1 x tan1(x 4 )
1 tan1  c c
5. sin (e )  c 7. log(x  a  x )  k
x 2 2
6. a a 8. 4
1
1
10. x  log(1  e )  c 11. tan (e )  c 12. log | x  x  a | c
x x 2 2
9. 2
1
sec 1(x 2 )  c
14. log(e  e  4)  c
x 2x 1
15.  cos x  1  x  c
2
13. 2
 2x  a  b 
cos 1  c
1
16. 2 1  x  cos x  1  x. x  c 17. sin
1
x  x 1 x  c 18.  ab 
 Exercise
TYPE VII. Category I. When integrand involves expression of the form
a2 - x2
Evaluate :
dx
 1  x 2 dx  1 x2
Q 1. Q 2.
dx 1 x2
x 2
a2  x2
 1 x2
dx
Q 3. Q 4.
2x x2
 1  x 4 dx  1 x6
dx
Q 5. Q 6.
dx cos x dx
 4x 2  4  sin x2
dx x ax  x 2
Q 7. (i) (ii) (iii)

TYPE VII. Category II. When integrand involves expression of the form a2 + x2
dx x 1
 9  x2  1 x2
dx
Q 8. Q 9.
x x5
Q 10.
 1 x4
dx  12 dx [Hint: Put x6 = tan ]
Q 11. 1  x
dx dx
x 2
1  x [Hint: Put x = tan ]
2 
Q 13. 1  e
2x
Q 12. [Hint: Put ex = tan ]
e 2x ex  1
 1  e4x dx 
x
dx
Q 14. Hint: Put e2x = tan ] Q 15. e x
 1 [Hint : Put e 2
= tan ]

TYPE VII. Category III. When integrand involves expression of the form
x2 - a 2
x3
x
dx  3
dx
Q 16. x2 1 Q 17. (x  a )
2 2 2

ex dx
 e 92x
dx  e 2x  1 [Hint : ex = sec ]
Q 18. [Hint: Put ex = 3 sec ] Q 19.

TYPE VII. Category IV. When integrand involves expression of the form
a-x a+x
or
a+x a-x
ax 1 x
Q 20.
 ax
dx
Q 21.
 1 x
dx
 Answers
1 1 a2  x2 3 1 x
(sin 1 x  x 1  x 2 )  c  2 c sin x  1 x2  c
1. 2 2. sin–1 x + c 3. a x 4. 2 2
1 1 3 x  sin x  2 ax
sin (x )  c sin 1    c sin 1  c  c
5. sin–1 (x2) + c 6. 3 7. (i) 2 (ii)  2  (iii) a x
1 1  x  1 1
tan    c tan 1 (x 2 )  c tan 1 (x 6 )  c
8. 3 3 9.
1  x 2  log(x  1  x 2 )  c 10. 2 11. 6
1 x2 1 1
 c x  log(1  e 2x )  c tan 1 (e 2x )  c
12. x 13. 2 14. 2
 1  ex  x 2  2a 3
  c  2log(1  e )  x  c
x
2 log  x / 2 c
15.  e  16. sec–1 x+ c 17. x2  a2
 x a2  x2 
a cos 1  c
log(e x  e 2x  9)  c  a a 
18. 19. sec–1 (ex) + c 20.
1
21.  cos x  1  x  c
2

Solved Examples
TYPE I. Some Problems Integration by Partial Fractions :
 xe  x sin 3x dx.
x
dx
Q 1. Evaluate Q 2. Evaluate

 x sin 2x cos 3x dx.  x cos

2
x dx
Q 3. Evaluate Q 4. Evaluate

x x
2 2
sin x dx cos 2 x dx
Q 5. Evaluate Q 6. Evaluate

Q 7. Evaluate  cos x dx
Q 8. Evaluate  (5x  3) 2x  1 dx.

x log x dx, n  1  log x dx.

n
Q 9. Evaluate Q 10. Evaluate

 (log x)  x log(x  1) dx
2
dx
Q 11. Evaluate Q 12. Evaluate

 sin  sec
1 1
x dx x dx
Q 13. Evaluate Q 14. Evaluate
x sin 1 x
 dx
Evaluate 
1
x tan x dx 1 x2
Q 15. Q 16. Evaluate

 sec  a 2  x 2 dx.
3
x dx.
Q 17. Evaluate Q 18. Evaluate

Evaluate  Evaluate 
x 2  a 2 dx 4  x 2 dx
Q 19. Q 20.

Evaluate  Evaluate 
x ax
e cos 3x dx. e sin bx dx.
Q 21. Q 22.
 Evaluate  Evaluate 
3 x2
sin(log x) dx. xe dx.
Q 23. Q 24.
1  sin x
Q 25.

Evaluate 1  cos x
dx.
Q 26. Evaluate:  (1  x) log x dx.
x tan 1 x
x
2
log(1  x) dx.  (1  x 2 )3/ 2 x dx.
Q 27. Evaluate Q 28. Evaluate
sin 1 x log x
 x 2 dx.  (1  x)3 dx
Q 29. Evaluate Q 30. Evaluate
x2  cos x  sin x 
 (x sin x  cos x) 2 dx  cos 2x.log  cos x  sin x  dx
Q 31. Evaluate Q 32. Find
m tan 1 x
e
 (1  x 2 3/ 2
)
dx
 sin
1
x dx
Q 33. Evaluate Q 34. Evaluate
sin 1 x  cos 1 x x
 1 x  cos1 x  sin
1

ax
dx
Q 35. Evaluate sin Q 36. Evaluate
 x
 e tan (e ) dx
x 1 x
 log(1  cos x)  x tan 2  dx
Q 37. Evaluate Q 38. Evaluate
 2x  2 
 sin
1
 2  dx
Q 39. Evaluate  log 1  x  1  x ) dx Q 40. Evaluate  4x  8x  13 

 log x.sin
1
x dx
Q 41.
Answers
x cos 3x sin 3x x cos 5x sin5x x cos x sin x
  c     c
1. xe  e  c
x x
2. 3 9 3. 10 50 2 2
x2 x 1
 sin 2x  cos 2x  c
5. x cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x  c
2
4. 4 4 8
3
x 3 x 2 sin 2x x cos 2x 1 1
   sin 2x  c (2x  1) 2 (3x  4)  c
6. 6 4 4 8 7. 2 x sin x  2 cos x  c 8. 3
xn 1 xn1
log x  c
10. x log x  x  c 11. x(log x)  2x log x  2x  c
2
9. n  1 (n  1)2
x2 (x  1)2 1
log(x  1)   x  log | x  1| c 1
13. x sin x 1  x  c
2
12. 2 4 2
x2 x tan1 x
1 tan1 x   c 1
14. x sec x  x 1 c 15. 2 2 2 16.  1  x sin x  x  c
2

sec x tan x 1 x a 2  x 2 a2
 log | sec x  tan x | c  log(x  a2  x 2 )  c
17. 2 2 18. 2 2

x x 2  a2 a2 x 4  x2 x
 log | x  x 2  a2 | k  2 sin1    c
19. 2 2 20. 2 2
 ex eax x
(cos 3x  3 sin3x)  c (a sinbx  b cosbx)  c [sin(log x)  cos(log x)]  c
22. a  b
2 2
21. 10 23. 2
1 2 x 2 1 x2 x  x2   x2 
x e  e c x tan  c  x   log x   x  c
 2   4 
24. 2 2 25. 2 26.
x3 1  x3 x2  1 x
log(1  x)     x  log(1  x)   c  tan1 x.  c
3 3 3 2  1  x2 1 x2
27. 28.
sin1 x 1 1  x2 1 log 1 x 1
  log  c   log  c
x x x 2 (1  x)2
2 1  x 2(1  x)
29. 30.
x sec x sin 2x  cos x  sin x  log | sec 2x |
  tan x  c log   c
31. x sin x  cos x 32. 2  cos x  sin x  2
1
em tan x (m  x) 1
c x sin1 x  [sin1 x  x 1  x]  c
33. (m  1) x  1
2 2
34. 2

4  x a x x
1 1  a  tan1  c
 x sin1 x  sin 1 x  x 1 x   x  c  
 a a  a 
35.   2 2  36. 
1 x
e x tan1(e x )  x  log(1  e 2x )  c x log2  2x log cos  c
37. 2 38. 2

3  2x  2   2x  2  3 
1 1 1    tan1    log c
x log( 1  x  1  x )  sin x  x  c 2  3   3  (4x 2
 8x  13)
39. 2 2 40.  

 1  1  x2 
(x log x  x) sin1 x  1  x 2 log x  log  c
 x 
41.  

Solved Examples
TYPE I. Some Problems Integration by Partial Fractions :
Evaluate the following:

 xe dx  x cos x dx
2x
Q 1. Q 2.

Q 3.  x sin 2x dx Q 4.  x sin x dx
Q 5.  x cos 2x dx Q 6.  x cos(2x  3) dx
Q 7.  (x  1) cos x dx Q 8.  x sin x cos x dx
Q 9.  x sin 2x cos 2x dx Q 10.  x cos x cos 2x dx
Q 11.  x sin x sin 2x dx Q 12.  x sin 2x cos x dx
Q 13.  x sin 5x cos 6x dx Q 14.  x cos 2x cos 3x dx
Q 15.  x cos ax cos bx dx Q 16.  x sin x sin 3x dx
 x sin 2x sin 3x dx  x sec x dx
2
Q 17. Q 18.
 x
Q 19.  x sec 2x dx
2
Q 20.
 1  cos x dx
Q 21.   x tan x sec x dx
2 2
x tan x dx
Q 22.

Q 23.   x sin x cos x dx

2 2 2
x sin x dx
Q 24.

Q 25.   x sin x dx
2 3
x cos ax dx
Q 26.

Q 27.   x cos 2x dx
2 2
x cos x dx
Q 28.

Q 29.   x sin x dx
2 2 2
x sin 2x dx
Q 30.

Q 31.   x sin x dx
3 2
sin x dx
Q 32.

Q 33.   (ax  b) cx  d dx
(x  2) 2x  3 dx
Q 34.

Q 35.  (i)   x log x dx

x ax  b dx
2 2
x log x dx
Q 36. (ii)

Q 37.  log x dx
10

(i)  (ii)  (iii)  (iv) 

log(x  1) dx x log(1  x 2
) dx x(log x) 2
dx (x 2
 1) log x dx
Q 38.

(v)  (vi) 
x log 2x dx log(2  x 2
) dx

log (log x)
Q 39.
 x
dx
Q 40.  x (log x) dx
2 2

 x (log x)  cos x dx
2 1
dx
Q 41. Q 42.

 tan x dx  sec x dx
1 1
Q 43. Q 44.
1 x 2
2x
 cos  sin
1 1
dx dx
Q 45. (i) 1 x2 (ii) 1 x2
x cos 1 x
 1 x2
dx
x
2
sin x dx
Q 46. Q 47.

 cos ec x dx e
3 ax
cos bx dx
Q 48. Q 49.

(i)  (ii) 
x x
e cos x dx e sin x dx
Q 50.

(i)  (ii) 
x 2x
e sin x dx e sin x dx
Q 51.
cos 1 x
Q 52.
 x 2 dx Q 53.  x2
x
dx

log x
Q 54.
 x2
dx
Q 55.  e sin 2x dx
sin x

x e x e  x cos x dx
2 3x 2 x 1
dx dx
Q 56. (i) (ii) Q 57.

 x sin  (sin  sin

1 1 1
x dx x) 2 dx (3x  4x 3 ) dx
Q 58. Q 59. (i) (ii)
 x 2  1[log(x 2  1)  2 log x]
Q 60.
 x4
dx

1 x
 tan
1
dx
Q 61. 1 x
Answers
2x
e x cos 2x sin 2x
(2x  1)  c   c
1. 4 2. x sin x + cos x + c 3. 2 4 4. – x cos x sin x + c
x sin 2x cos 2x x sin(2x  3) cos(2x  3)
 c  c
5. 2 4 6. 2 4 7. (x + 1) sin x + cos x + c
sin 2x x cos 2x 1 1 x sin 3x cos 3x 
 c (sin 4x  4x cos 4)  c  x sin x  cos x   c
8. 8 4 9. 32 10. 2  3 9 
1 sin 3x x cos x  sin 3x x cos 3x sin x x cos x
 x sin x  cos x  x   c    c
11. 2  3 2  12. 18 6 2 2
1  x cos11x sin11x  1  x sin 5x cos 5x 
    x cos x  sin x   c    x sin x  cos x   c
13. 2  11 121  14. 2  5 25 
1  sin(a  b)x x cos(a  b)x sin(a  b)x x cos(a  b)x 
2  (a  b) 2  a  b

(a  b) 2

a  b c
15.  
1 cos 2x x sin 4x cos 4x  1 x sin 5x cos 5x 
 x sin 2x     c  x sin x  cos x   c
16. 4  2 2 8  17. 2  5 25 
x 1 x x
tan 2x  log | cos 2x |  c x tan  2 log sec  c
18. x tan x – log |sec x| + c 19. 2 4 20. 2 2
2
x 1 1 x
x tan x  log | sec x |  c x tanh 2x  tan x   c
21. 2 22. 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 x cos 4x 
(x  x sin 2x  cos 2x)  c  x  sin 4x  c
23. 4 2 24. 16  2 8 
1  a 2 x 2 ax sin 2ax cos 2ax  3 3 x 3x
  c
a 2  4 4 8   x cos x  sin x  cos 3x  sin c
25. 26. 4 4 12 36
x2 x cos 2x sin 2x
sin 2x   c
27. x2 + sin x + 2x cos x – 2 sin x + c 28. 2 2 4
x2 x sin 2x cos 2x x 3 x 2 sin 2x x cos 2x sin 2x
 cos 2x   c    c
29. 2 2 4 30. 6 4 4 8
1
(sin x 2  x  cos x 2 )  c
31. 2(sin x  x cos x )  c 32. 2
2 3
1 2
(2x  3) 3 (3x  7)  c 2
(cx  d) 2
(3cax  5bc  2ad)  k
33. 15 34. 15c
 2 3
1 2b b2  x3  1 x2 x2
(ax  b) 2
7 (ax  b) 2
 (ax  b)  c  log x    c
a2  5 3  log x   c
35. 36. (i) 3  3 (ii) 2 4
37. log10e (x log x  x) + c 38. (i) x log (x + 1) + log (x + 1) – x + c
x2 1 1 x2  1
(log x)  log x  2   c
2
log(1  x 2 )  (1  x 2 )  log(1  x 2 )  c
(ii) 2 2 2 (iii) 2
 x3  x3 x2 x
  x  log x  xc (2 log 2x  1)  c
3 9
(iv)   (v) 4 (vi) x log (2 + x2) – 2x + 2 2 tan–1 2 +c
x3
[9( log x) 2  6 log x  2]  c
39. log x [log(log x) – 1] + c 40. 27
2 32 1
x [9(log x) 2  12 log x  8]  c 1
x tan 1 x  log(1  x 2 )  c
42. x cos x  1  x  c
2
41. 27 43. 2
1 1
44. x sec x  log | x  x  11  c 45. (i) 2x tan x  log(1  x )  c (ii) 2x tan–1 x – log (1 + x2) + c
2 2

x 3 sin 1 x 1 1
1
 1  x 2  (1  x 2 )3/ 2  c
46.  x  1  x cos x  c
2
47. 3 3 9
1 x 1 e ax
log tan  cos ec x cot x  c (a cos bx  b sin bx)  c
48. 2 2 2 49. a  b
2 2

e x e 2x
(sin x  cos x)  c (2sin x  cos x)  c
50. (i) 2 (ii) 5
cos 1 x 1 1 x2
e x e 2x   log c
(sin x  cos x)  c (2sin x  cos x)  c x x
51. (i) 2 (ii) 5 52.
x x
2 2 2  log x
x.  c  c
53. log 2 (log 2) 2 54. x 55. 2 (sin x – 1)e – sin x + c
x 2 3x 2 3x 2 3x
e  xe  e  c
(ii) e (x  2x  2)  c
x 2
56. (i) 3 9 27
x2 1 1 1
cos 1 x  x 1  x 2  log | x  1  x 2 |  sin 1 x  c
57. 2 4 4 2
x2 1 1 1
sin 1 x  x 1  x 2  log\ x  1  x 2 |  sin 1 x  c
58. 9 4 4 2
1 1 1
59. (i) x(sin x)  2 1  x sin x  2x  c (ii) 3x sin x  3 1  x  c
2 2 2

3/ 2
1 1    1  x 1 x
1  2   2  3log 1  x 2    c cos 1 x  1 x2  c  x cot c
60. 
9 x     61. 2 2 62. 2
Solved Examples

e
x
[f( x)+ f'( x) ]dx = e x f( x)
TYPE II. Problems based on formula :
 e x (1  sin x)
Q 1. Evaluate e
x
(tan x  sec x) dx 2
Q 2. Evaluate
 1  cos x dx.
x  x 1
2

 3
e x dx xe x
 (1  x)2 dx
Q 3. Evaluate (x 2  1) 2
Q 4. Evaluate
 1 1  (x 2  1)e x
  log x  (log x)2  dx  (x  1)2 dx
Q 5. Evaluate Q 6. Evaluate
2
x 1 x x  x2
 (x  1)3 e dx  e  x  4  dx
Q 7. Evaluate Q 8. Evaluate
log x  1 
 (1  log x) dx 2  log(log x)  (log x) 2  dx

Q 9. Evaluate Q 10. Evaluate
x
e sin x
e 2
1  sin x
Q 11.

Evaluate cos
2
x
(x cos3 x  sin x) dx
Q 12. Evaluate
 1  cos x
dx

Answers
x ex ex x
e tan  c
x c c c
1. e tan x  c 5. log x
x
2. 2 3. x 1
2
4. 1  x
 x  1 x
x
e xe x
ex  c c c c
6.  x  1  7. (x  1)2
8. x  4 9. 1  log x

 1  x
x
x log(loge x)  c e

2
sec c
loge x  sin x
(x  sec x)  c
10.  11. e 12. 2

Exercise

e
x
[f( x)+ f'( x) ]dx = e x f( x)
TYPE II. Problems based on formula :
Evaluate the following:
e x (1  x log x)  1 1 
 e  tan x 
x
dx  dx
Q 1. x Q 2.  1 x2 
1  sin x
e
x
dx
 e (sin x  cos x) dx
x
Q 3. Q 4. 1  cos x
1 x (1  x) 2
e e
x
x
dx dx
Q 5. (2  x) 2 Q 6. (1  x 2 ) 2
e (x  x  1)
x 3

 3
dx
Q 7. (1  x ) 2 2

e (tan x  log cos x) dx e (cot x  cos ec 2 x) dx

x x
Q 8. (i) (ii)
 1  sin x cos x 
e
x
  dx
e (tan x  log sec x) dx
x
(iii) (iv)  cos 2 x 
  (sin x cos x  1) 
e
x
  dx
(vi) 
 sin 2 x  e x
(cot x  log sin x) dx
(v)

e sec x(1  tan x) dx

x
(vii)
e x [1  1  x 2 sin 1 x]
 1 x2
dx
Q 9.
 1  1 1  2x  1 2x
e  2  3  dx e   2  dx 
x x
e dx
Q 10. (i) x x  (ii) x x  (iii) 4x 2
x 3 2x
 (x  1) 3
e x dx  (1  x) 2
e x dx
(iv) (v)
e (2  sin 2x)
x
e x (2  sin 2x)
Q 11.
 1  cos 2x
dx
Q 12.
 1  cos 2x dx
e (  sin x  2 cos x) dx
2x
Q 13.

(i)  (ii) 
[tan(log x)  sec (log x)]dx 2
e [sec x  log(sec x  tan x)]dx
x
Q 14.
e x (1  x) 2 e x (x 3  x  2) xe 2x
 (1  x)2 dx  (1  x 2 )2 dx  (1  2x)2 dx
Q 15. (i) (ii) (iii)
tan 1x  x  1
 e 1  1  x 2  dx  x [x (log x)
2
 2 log x]e x dx
Q 16. Q 17.

Answers
x ex
e x cot c c
1. e log x  c
x 1
2. e .tan x  c 3. e sin x  c
x x
4. 2 5. x  2
x
ex xe
c c
7. 1  x
2
6. 1  x
2
8. (i) –ex log cos x+ c (ii) ex cot x + c (iii) ex log sec x + c
(iv) ex tan x + c (v) ex cot x + c (vi) ex log sin x + c (vii) ex sec x + c
ex ex e 2x ex ex
 c c c c c
(iv) (x  1)
2
(v) 1  x
2
9. ex sin–1 x + c 10. (i) x (ii) x (iii) 4x
11. – ex cot x + c 12. ex tan x + c 13. e2x cos x + c
14. (i) x tan (log x + c) (ii) ex log (sec x + tan x) + c
 x 3 x  x 1  e 2x
x
e  c e  2 c c
 1 x   x 1 (iii) 4(1  2x)
tan 1 x
15. (i) (ii) 16. xe c 17. ex (log x)2

Solved Examples
TYPE III. Category I. Integrals of some rational and irrational functions.
dx

Evaluate 
1  2x  x 2 2x 2  3x  4 dx
Q 1. Evaluate Q 2.
 dx ex
  5  4e x  e 2x
Evaluate 9x  6x  5
2
Q 3. Q 4. Evaluate
TYPE III. Category II. Problems based on integrals of the form:
x 1 2x  1
 2x  x  3
2
dx
 2
 4x  3
dx
Q 5. Evaluate Q 6. Evaluate : 2x
2sin 2  cos 
 6  cos 2
  4sin 
dx
 (2x  5) x 2  4x  3 dx
Q 7. Evaluate Q 8. Evaluate:
x2 3x 2  2x  1
Q 9.
 2
Evaluate: x  6x  12
dx
Q 10. Evaluate
 x 2  x  1 dx
Answers
4x  3 23  4x  3 2x 2  3x  4 
 1 x 
1 2x 2  3x  4  log   c
sin  c 8 16 2  4 2 
1.  2  2.

1  3x  1   ex  2  1 3 1 2x 2  x  3
tan1  sin1  c 2x 2  x  3  log x   c
c 3  2 4 2 4 2
3. 3  2  2  4.  5.
5
x  1
1 1 2 c
log | 2x 2  4x  3 |  log
2 2 10 5
x  1 1
7. 2log | sin   4 sin   5 | 7 tan (sin   2)  c
2
6. 2
2 2 1 1
(x  4x  3)3 / 2  (x  2) x 2  4x  3  log x  2  x 2  4x  3  c
8. 3 2 2
6 x 3 1  2x  1 
x  3log | x 2  6x  12 |  tan 1  c 3x  log(x 2  x  1)  3 tan1  k
9. 3  3  10. 2  3 
Exercise
TYPE III. Category I. Integrals of some rational and irrational functions.
Evaluate the following:
dx dx
 1  4x 2
 9  25x 2
Q 1. (i) (ii)
dx dx
 x  3x  4
2  2ax  x 2
Q 2. (i) (ii)
dx
 3x  4x  1 dx
2  x 2  3x  2
Q 3. Q 4.
dx dx
 10  8x  2x 2
 4  2x  2x 2
Q 5. Q 6.
dx dx
 16  2x  2x 2  x  2x  2
2
Q 7. Q 8.
dx dx
 7  6x  x 2
 5x 2  2x
Q 9. Q 10.
 dx dx
 8  3x  x 2
 2x  2x 
Q 11. Q 12.
dx dx
  (2  x) 2  1
Q 13. (i) 5  4x  x 2 (ii)
dx dx
 (x  1)(x  2)  (x  1)(2  x)
Q 14. (i) (ii)
dx
 (x  1)(x  b) x
dx
Q 15. Q 16.
2
 16
dx dx
Q 17.
 3x 2
 13x  10 Q 18.
x 2
 6x  13

(i)  (ii) 
4  x 2 dx 1  4x 2 dx
Q 19.

(i)  (ii) 
3  2x  x 2 dx 1  4x  x 2 dx
Q 20.

Q 21.  1  3x  x 2 dx
Q 22.  x 2  4x  5 dx

Q 23.  x 2  4x  1 dx

(i)  (ii) 
x 2  3x dx x 2  8x  7 dx
Q 24.
x2
Q 25. (i)  1  x 2 dx
(ii)
 1
9
dx

Q 26.  x 2  4x  6 dx
Q 27.  x 2  2x  5 dx

TYPE III. Category II. Problems based on integrals of the form:

x 3 5x  2
Q 28.
x 2
 2x  5
dx
Q 29.
 1  2x  3x 2
dx

x2 3x  1
Q 30.
 2x 2
 6x  5
dx
Q 31.
 2x 2
 2x  3
dx

x 1 x2
 x 1
2
dx  x2 1
dx
Q 32. (i) (ii)
x2 x 1
 4x  x 2
dx  2x  2
dx
Q 33. Q 34.
2x  1 4x  1
 7  6x  3x 2
dx  2x 2  x  3
dx
Q 35. Q 36.
5x  3 x 3
 x 2  4x  10
dx  5  4x  x 2
dx
Q 37. Q 38.
x2 6x  7
 x 2  2x  3
dx  (x  5)(x  4)
dx
Q 39. Q 40.
Q 41. (i)  (x  2) x 2  1 dx
(ii)  (x  1) 2x 2  3 dx

Q 42. x x  x 2 dx

Q 43. (i)  (x  3) 3  4x  x 2 dx
(ii) x 1  x  x 2 dx

3x 2 x2
Q 44.
 1  x 6 dx Q 45.
 1  x 6 dx
3x x2
Q 46.
 1  2x 4
dx
Q 47.
 1  9x 6 dx
x x
 x a
6 6
dx
x 2
 x 1
dx
Q 48. Q 49.
Answers
1 1 1  5x  3  x a 
log | 2x  1  4x 2 |  c sin    c log x   x 2  3x  4  c sin 1  c
1. (i) 2 (ii) 5  3  2. (i) 2 (ii)  a 

3x  2 3  2 3x 2  4x  1 
3x 2  4x  1  log  x   c
6 18  3 3 
3.  
2x  3 2 1  3 1 x2
x  3x  2  log  x    x 2  3x  2  c sin 1  c
4.
4 8  2 5. 2  3 
1  2x  1  1  2x  1 
sin 1  c sin 1  c 
6. 2  3  7. 2  33  8. log | (x  1)  x  2x  21  c

 x 3 1  1 2x 4x  3
sin 1  log  x    x 2  c sin 1
c 5  5 5
c
9.  4  10. 11. 41
2x  3
log  x 2  3x  2  c
12. sin–1 (x – 1) + c 13.
log | (x  2)  x  4x  5 |  c
2
14. (i) 2
2x  a  b 1 x4
log  (x  a)(x  b)  c log c
(ii) sin1 (2x – 3) + c 15. 2 16. 8 x  4

1 3x  2 1  x 3 x 4  x2 x
log c tan 1  c  2sin 1  c
17. 17 x 5 18. 2  2  19. (i) 2 2
x 1  4x 2 1 1 (x  1)  x 1 
 sin 2x  c 3  2x  x 2  2sin 1  c
(ii) 2 4 20. (i) 2  2 
(x  2) 5 x2 (2x  3) 13  2x  3 
1  4x  x 2  sin 1   c 1  3x  x 2  sin 1  c
(ii)
2 2  5  21.
4 8  13 
(x  2) 9
x 2  4x  5  log | x  2  x 2  4x  5 |  c
22. 2 2
(x  2) 2 3
x  4x  1  log | x  2  x 2  4x  1 |  c
23. 2 2
 2x  3 4 9 3 (x  4) 2 9
x  3x  log x   x 2  3x  c x  8x  7  log | x  4  x 2  8x  7 |
24. (i) 4 8 2 (ii) 2 2
x 1 x2 1 x 3
 log | x  1  x 2 | c x 2  9  log | x  9  x 2 |  c
25. (i) 2 2 (ii) 6 2
(x  2)
x 2  4x  6  log | x  2  x 2  4x  6  c
26. 2
(x  1) 2
x  2x  5  2 log | x  1  x 2  2x  5 |  c
27. 2 28.

1 2 x 1  6
log | x 2  2x  5 |  log c
2 6 x 1 6
5 11 2x  1 1 1
log | 3x 2  2x  1|  tan 1 c log | 2x 2  6x  5 |  tan 1 (2x  3)  c
29. 6 3 2 5 30. 4 2
3 5 2x  1
log | 2x 2  2x  3 |  tan 1 c
31. 4 2 5 32. (i) x 2  1  log | x  x 2  1 |  c
 x2
4x  x 2  4sin 1  c
(ii) x  1  2 log | x  x  1 |  c
2 2
33.  2 
2 3(x  1)
1
 7  6x  3x 2  3 sin 1 c
34. 2x  x  2sin (x  1)  c
2
35. 3 10 36. 2 2x  x  3  c
2

 x2
 5  4x  x 2  sin 1  c
37. 5 x  4x  10  7 log | x  2  x  4x  10  c
2 2
38.  3 
9
6 x 2  9x  20  34 log x   x 2  x  20  c
39. x  2x  3  3log | x  1  x  2x  3 |  c
2 2
40. 2
1 2
(x  1)3/ 2  x x 2  1  log(x  x 2  1)  c
41. (i) 3
1 x 3 2  3
(2x 2  3)3/ 2  2x 2  3  log  x  x 2    c
6 2 4  2
(ii)
1 2 1 1  1 
(x  x)3/ 2  (2x  1) x 2  x  log  x   x 2  x   c
42. 3 8 16  2 
1 (x  2) 7 x2
 (3  4x  x 2 )3/ 2  3  4x  x 2  sin 1  c
43. (i)
3 2 2  7 
1 1 5  2x  1 
 (1  x  x 2 )3/ 2  (2x  1) 1  x  x 2  sin 1  c 1
44. tan (x )  c
3
(ii)
3 8 16  5 
1 1 x2 3 1 1  3x 3
log c 1
tan ( 2 x )  c
2 log c
6 1  x3 18 1  3x 3
45. 46. 2 2 47.
 1 1 1  2x  1 
log x 3  x 6  a 6  c log x 2  x  1  tan 1  c
48. 3 49.
2 3  3 

Solved Examples
TYPE I. Integration by Partial Fractions:
Category I. Problems in which Q (x) has only non repeated linear factors.
dx dx
Q 1.

Evaluate a
2
,
 x 2 where x < a Q 2.

Evaluate x
2
 a2
, x  a.

dx dx
 ,x  3  x(x n
 1)
Evaluate 3  2x  x
2
Q 3. Q 4. Evaluate
x x
 (x 2
 a )(x 2  b 2 )
2
dx  (x  2)(3  2x) dx
Q 5. Evaluate Q 6. Evaluate
2x  3 dx
 (x 2
 1)(2x  3)
dx  x[10  7 log e x  (log e x) ]
2
Q 7. Evaluate Q 8. Evaluate
sin x x
 (2  cos x)(5  cos x) dx  dx
Q 10. Evaluate (1  x )(2  x )
3 3
Q 9. Evaluate
2x  1 sin 2x
 (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx  (1  sin x)(2  sin x) dx
Q 11. Evaluate Q 12. Evaluate
2x dx
 (1  x 2 )(3  x 2 ) dx 
Q 13. Evaluate Q 14. Evaluate sin x  sin 2x
TYPE I. Integration by Partial Fractions:
Category II. Problems in which Q(x) has repeated linear factors.
3x  5 3x  5
 (3x  2)(x  1) 2
dx
 3
 x2  x 1
dx
Q 15. Evaluate Q 16. Evaluate x
TYPE I. Integration by Partial Fractions:
Category III. Problems in which Q(x) has quadratic factors.
dx x
 (x  1)(x 2
 1)  (x 2
 1)(x  1)
dx
Q 17. Q 18. Evaluate
dx x 3  3x  2
  2 2 dx
Q 19. Evaluate x  x  x  1 Q 20. Evaluate (x  1) (x  1)
3 2

(x  1)(x  2)(x  3) x4
 (x  4)(x  5)(x  6) dx  dx
Q 22. Find (x  1)(x  1)
2
Q 21. Evaluate
(x 2  1)(x 2  2)
 (x 2  3)(x 2  4) dx
Q 23. Evaluate
Answers
1 ax 1 xa 1 x 1 1 xn
log c log c log c log n c
ax xa 3x n x 1
1. 2a 2. 2a 3. 4 4.
 1 x 2  a2 2 3
log c  log | x  2 |  log | 3  2x | c
2(a2  b2 ) x 2  b2 7 14
5. 6.
1 5 12 1 2  log x 1  5  cos x 
 log | x  1|  log | x  1|  log | 2x  3 | c log c log  c
7. 10 2 5 8. 3 5  log x 9. 3  2  cos x 
1 1  x3 1 1 1
log c  log | x  1|  log | x  2 |  log | x  3 | c
3 2  x3
10. 11. 6 3 2
1  1  x2 
log  2 
c
12. 2log(1  sin x)  4log(2  sin x)  c 13.
2 3 x 
1 1 2
log(1  cos x)  log(1  cos x)  log | 1  2 cos x | c
14. 6 2 3
9 9 8 1 1 4 1
 log | 3x  2 |  log | x  1|  . c  log | x  1|   log | x  1| c
15. 25 25 5 (x  1) 16. 2 x 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
log | x  1|  log(x 2  1)  tan1 x  c log(x 2  1)  tan1 x  log | x  1| c
17. 2 4 2 18. 4 2 2
1 1 1 3 1 1 x
log | x  1|  log | x 2  1|  tan1 x  c tan1 x  log | 1  x |  log(1  x 2 )  c
19. 2 4 2 20. 2 2 4 1  x2
x2 1 1 1
 x  log | x  1|  log(x 2  1)  tan1 x  c
21. x  3log | x  4 | 24log | x  5 | 30log | x  6 | c 22. 2 2 4 2
2  x  1  x 
x tan1    3 tan    c
23. 3  3 2
Exercise
dx x dx
 2
9
 (x  1) (x  2) dx  (x  1) (x  2)
Q 1. (i) x (ii) (iii)
2x 
 (x  2)(x  3) dx
(iv)
2x 5x
 2
 3x  2
dx  (x  1) (x 2
 4)
dx
Q 2. (i) x (ii)
x 2x  3
 (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx  (x 2
 1)(2x  3)
dx
Q 3. (i) (ii)
3x  1 x
 (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx  (x  1) (x  2) dx
Q 4. (i) (ii)
cos x cos x x 1
 (1  sin x)(2  sin x) dx  (1  sin x)(2  sin x) dx  x(1  xe x
)
dx
Q 5. (i) (ii) (iii)

sin 2 x
 (1  cos x)(2  cos x) dx
(iv)
sec 2 x
 (2  tan x)(3  tan x) dx
Q 6.
 dx dx dx dx
 x(x 5
 1)  x(x 6
 1)  x(x 4
 1)  x(x 4
 1)
Q 7. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
x
dx e x
  (1  e x
)(2  e x )
dx  (x 2
 a )(x 2  b 2 )
2
dx
(i) e  1
x
Q 8. (ii) Q 9.
dx dx 3x  1
 sin x(3  2 cos x) dx   (x  2) 2
dx
(ii) 1  3e  2e 2x Q 11.
x
Q 10. (i)
x 3x  2 2x
 (x  1) (x  2) dx
2  (x  1)2 (x  3) dx  (x 2
 1)(x 2  3)
dx
Q 12. (i) (ii) (iii)
(3sin   2) cos  3x  1
 5  cos 2
  4sin 
d  (x  2) (x  2) dx
2
Q 13. Q 14.
x2  x 1 2
 (x  1)3 dx  (1  x) (x  2) dx
2
Q 15. Q 16.
x x2  x 1
 (x 2  1)(x  1) dx  (x  2)(x 2  1) dx
Q 17. Q 18.
dx x2 1

Q 19. x
4
1 Q 20.
 x 2  5x  6 dx
1 x2 x3  x  1
 x(1  2x) dx  x 2  1 dx
Q 21. Q 22.
x2 1  cos x
 2 dx  cos x(1  cos x) dx
Q 23. x  6x  12 Q 24.
1  sin x dx
 sin x(1  cos x) dx  sin x(3  2 cos x)
Q 25. Q 26.
sin x (x  1)(x  2)(x  3)
 dx  (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx
Q 27. sin 4x Q 28.
dx x2
 (x  1)2 (x 2  1)  (x 2  1)(x 2  4) dx
Q 29. Q 30.
Answers
1 x 3  2  sin x  x 1 3 7
log c log  c log c log | x  2 |  log | x  3 | c
1. (i) 6 x  3 (ii)  1  sin x  (iii) x  2 (iv) 5 5
5 5 5
log | x  1|  log | x  2 |  log | x  2 |  c
2. (i) 4 log |x + 2|  2 log |x + 1| + c (ii) 3 2 6
1 3 1 5 12
log | x  1| 2 log | x  2 |  log | x  3 |  c  log | x  1|  log | x  1|  log | 2x  3 |  c
3. (i) 2 2 (ii) 10 2 5
4. (i) log |x – 1| – 5 log |x – 2| + 4 log | x – 3| + c (ii) 2 log |x – 2| – log |x – 1| + c

 1  sin x   2  sin x  xe x  1  cos x 

log  c log  c log c log  c
 2  sin x   1  sin x  1  xe x  2  cos x 
5. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
 2  tan x 1 x5 1 x6 1 x4 1
log c log 5 c log 6 c log c
3  tan x 5 x 1 6 x 1 4 x4
6. 7. (i) (ii) (iii)
1 x4  1  ex 
log 4 c log  c
4 x 1  2e
x

(iv) 8. (i) – x + log |ex – 1| + c (ii)
1  x 2  b2  1 1 2
log  2    c log(1  cos x)  log(1  cos x)  log(3  2 cos x)  c
2(a 2  b 2 )  x a 
9. 10. (i) 10 2 3
5
3log | x  2 |  c
(ii) x + log (1 + ex)  2 log (1 + 2ex) + c 11. x2
2 1 2 11 x 1 5
log | x  1|   | x  2 | c log  c
12. (i) 9 3(x  1) 9 (ii) 4 x  3 2(x  1)
4 5 x2 7
3log(2  sin )  c log  c
13. 2  sin  14. 16 x  2 4(x  2)
3 3 1
log | x  1|   c  log |1  x |  log(1  x 2 )  tan 1 x  c
15. x  1 2(x  1) 2
16. 2
1 1 1 3 1 1
log | x  1|  log(x 2  1)  tan 1 x  c log | x  2 |  log(x 2  1)  tan 1 x  c
17. 2 4 2 18. 5 5 5
1 x 1 1
log  tan 1 x  c
19. 4 x 1 2 20. x – 5 log | x – 2| + 10 log |x – 3| + c
x 3 x2 1 x 1
 log | x |  log |1  2x |  c  log | x 2  1|  log c
21. 2 4 22. 2 2 x  1
 x 3 x
x  3log | x 2  6x  12 | 2 3 tan 1  c
23.  3  24. log | sec x + tan x| – 2 tan 2 + c
1 x 1 x x 1 1 2
sec 2  log tan  tan  c  log(1  cos x)  log(1  cos x)  log(3  2 cos x)  c
25. 4 2 2 2 2 26. 2 10 5
1  1  sin x  1 1  2 sin x (x  2)5
 log   log c x  12 log c
8  1  sin x  4 2 1  2 sin x (x  1)(x  3)5
27. 28.
1 1 3 1 2 x
log | x  1|   log(x 2  1)  c  tan 1 x  tan 1  c
29. 2 2(x  1) 4 30. 3 3 2
Solved Examples
TYPE II. Category I. Problems based on some special integrals.
sin x  cos x
 sec x  1 dx  sin 2x
dx
Q 1. Evaluate Q 2. Evaluate

Q 3. Evaluate ( cot x  tan x ) dx

Q 4. Evaluate ( cot x  tan x ) dx

1 x2
Q 5. Evaluate (i)  cot x dx
(ii)  tan x dx
Q 6.
 4 dx
Evaluate 1  x
 x 2 1 x2 dx
Q 7.
 4 dx
Evaluate 1  x Q 8.
 4 dx
Evaluate (i) 1  x

(ii) 1  x
4

x2 1 16  (log x) 2
Q 9.
 4 2 dx
Evaluate x  x  1 Q 10. Evaluate
 x
dx

TYPE II. Category II. Integrals of the forms:

sin x 2sin x  3cos x
Q 11.

Evaluate sin x  cos x
dx
Q 12.

Evaluate 3sin x  4 cos x
dx

2sin   cos 
Q 13.

Evaluate 7 sin   5cos 
d

TYPE II. Category III. Integrals of the forms:

dx sin x
Q 14.

Evaluate a
2
sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2
Q 15.

Evaluate sin 3x
dx

TYPE II. Category IV. Integrals of the forms:

dx dx
Q 16.

Evaluate 4  5sin x Q 17.

Evaluate 5  4 cos x
1
Q 18.

Evaluate: 3  2sin x  cos x
dx

Answers
x
2log 2 cos  cos x  c 1
1. 2 2.  log | sin x  cos x  sin 2x | c 3. 2 sin (sin x  cos x)  c
1
2 log | sin x  cos x  sin 2x  c 5. (i) 2 
[( cot x  tan x )  ( cot x  tan x )]dx
4.

1 1  x2  1 1 x 2  2x  1
tan1  c log c
(ii) 2
 [( cot x  tan x )  ( cot x  tan x )]dx 6. 2  2x  7.
2 2 x 2  2x  1

1  1  1  log x 16  (log x)2

tan1   x  x   c  8log log x  16(log x)2  c
9. 3  3    10. 2
x 1 18 1
 log | sin x  cos x | c x log | 3 sin x  4 cos x | c
11. 2 2 12. 25 25

9 17 1 a  1 3  tan x
 log | 7 sin   5 cos  | c tan1  tan x   c log c
2 3 3  tan x
13. 74 74 14. ab b  15.
x  x
2 tan 1 tan 
1 2 2  2 c
log c tan1  
3  x  3 3  x
2  tan  2    tan1  1  tan   c
 2     2
16. 17. 18.

Exercise
TYPE II. Category I. Problems based on some special integrals.
 cos x sec3 x
 1  9sin 2 x dx  tan 2 x  4
dx
Q 1. Q 2.
cos 2x sin 2x cos x dx
 9  cos 2x 4
dx  sin x  2sin x  3
2
dx
 4
x  cos 4 x
Q 3. (i) (ii) (iii) sin
x2  4
 4 dx
(iv) x  16

TYPE II. Category II. Integrals of the forms:

cos x cos x
Q 4.
 sin x  cos x dx Q 5.
 2sin x  3cos x dx
dx dx
Q 6.
 1  tan x Q 7.
 1  cos x
sin x  2 cos x sin x
Q 8.

(i) 2sin x  cos x
dx 
(ii) 3sin x  5cos x
dx

TYPE II. Category III. Integrals of the forms:

dx dx
Q 9.
 1  cos 2
x Q 10.
 4sin 2
x9 cos 2 x
dx
 (a sin x  b cos x) 2
Q 11.
TYPE II. Category IV. Integrals of the forms:
dx dx
Q 12.
 5  4sin x Q 13.
 4  5cos x
dx
Q 14.
 3sin x  4 cos x  5
Answers

1 1   cos 2 2x 
tan 1 (3sin x)  c  sin 1 c
4  3 
1. 3 2. log | tan x  tanh 2x  4 | c 3. (i)

1  tan x  1  1  x  4 
2 2
1 1
tan    c tan  c
(ii) log | sin x  1)  sin 2
x  2sin x  3 |  c (iii)
2  2 tan x  (iv)
2 2  2 2x 
x 1 3 2
 log | sin x  cos x |  c x  log | 2sin x  3cos x |  c
4. 2 2 5. 13 13
x x 1
 log | cos x  sin x |  c  log | sin x  cos x |  c
6. 2 12 7. 2 2
1  tan x 
tan 1  c
4 3
x  log | 2sin x  cos x |  c
5 3
 log | 3sin x  5cos x |  x  c
2  x 
8. (i) 5 5 (ii) 34 34 9.
  x 
tan  4 
2 1  2
1 2  1
tan  c
tan 1  tan x   c 3  3 
10. 6 3  11. a(a tan x  b)  c 12.  
x
3  tan
1 2 c 2
log c
3 x x
3  tan 3(3 tan  1)
13. 2 14. 2