Additional Mathematics Module Form 4

Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

CHAPTER 10- SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES

10.1 SINE RULE

10.1.1 Verifying the sine rule

A
(1)

c b
h

B a D C

A
h
= sin B
c
c
h h = c sin B 1

B D

A
h
= sin C
b b
h h = b sin C 2

D C

Compare 1 and 2 ,

b sin C = c sin B
sin B sin C b c
= or =
b c sin B sin C

Page | 132
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

(2) A

c E
b

B a C

A
t
c = sin A
c
E t = c sin A 1

t
B
E
t t
= sin C
a
B C t = c sin C 2
a

Compare 1 and 2 ,

c sin A = a sin C
sin A sin C a c
= or =
a c sin A sin C

From the first solution we know that

sin B sin C b c
= or =
b c sin B sin C

From the second solution we know that

sin A sin C a c
= or =
a c sin A sin C

Hence,
or
sin A sin B sin C a b c
= = or = =
a b c sin A sin B sin C

Page | 133
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

10.1.2 Using the sine rule

Example 1:

60° 40°
A B
5cm
The diagram above shows a triangle ABC.
Calculate
(a) the length of BC
(b) the length of AC

Solution:
From the given information, we know that
∠ACB = 180° − 60° − 40°
= 80°

(a) Using the sine rule,

BC 5
=
sin 60° sin 80°
5 sin 60°
BC =
sin 80°
= 4.3969cm

(b) Using the sine rule,

AC 5
=
sin 40° sin 80°
5 sin 40°
BC =
sin 80°
= 3.2635cm

Page | 134
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 2:
C

135° 8cm

A 12cm B
The diagram above shows a triangle ABC.
Calculate
(a) ∠BAC
(b) the length of AC

(a) Using the sine rule,

sin ∠BAC sin 135°
=
8 12
8 sin 135°
sin ∠BAC =
12
= 0.4714
∠BAC = sin −1 (0.4714)
= 28°8'

(b) At first, calculate the angle ∠ABC

∠ABC = 180° − 135° − 28°8'
= 16°52'

Using the sine rule,

AC 12
=
sin 16°52' sin 135°
12 sin 16°52'
AC =
sin 135°
= 4.9239cm

Page | 135
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

EXERCISE 10.1
1. ABC is a triangle where AB = 12cm , AC = 8cm and ∠ABC = 30° . Find two possible values of
∠CAB
2. In diagram below, KLM is a straight line.

20cm
12cm

K 8cm L M
Calculate
(a) ∠JLK
(b) ∠LJM

3. In diagram below, ABC and BED are straight lines, E is the mid-point of BD.
C

6.6cm

B
E D

9.8cm

A
Given that sin ∠CBD = 0.7 , calculate
(a) the length of BC
(b) ∠BEA
4. Find the value of θ in each of the following triangles.
(a) (b)
P
C 4.4cm
35°
θ Q
6cm θ

6.7 cm
40°
A 9cm B R
Page | 136
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

10.2 AN AMBIGUOUS CASE

b a a

A B1 B2
An ambiguous case occurs when ∠A , length of AC are fixed. While a < b.
There are two possible triangles that can be constructed.
C
C

b
a b a

A B A B

Example:
ABC is a triangle with ∠A = 28° . AB= 14 cm and BC= 9cm. Solve the triangle.
B

14cm 9cm

28°
A C
Solution:
B

14cm 9cm
9cm
28°
A C1 C2

To solve the triangle, we have to find ∠ABC , ∠ACB and the length of AC.
There are two possible triangles that can be constructed.

Page | 137
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

B
B
14cm ? 14cm
? 9cm
9cm
28° ? 28° ?
A ? C A ? C

sin ∠ACB sin 28°

=
14 9
14 sin 28°
sin ∠ACB =
9
= 0.7303
∠ACB = 46°55'

For another one triangle,

∠ACB = 180° − 46°55'
= 133°5'
B
B
14cm ? 14cm
? 9cm
9cm
28° 133°5' 28° 46°55'
A ? C A ? C

∠ABC = 180° − 46°55'−28° , 180° − 105°5'−28°

= 105°5' , = 18°55'

AC 9 AC 9
= , =
sin 18°55' sin 28° sin 105°5' sin 28°
9 sin 18°55' 9 sin 105°5'
AC = AC =
sin 28° sin 28°
= 16.2149cm = 18.51cm

Page | 138
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

EXERCISE 10.2
1. Diagram below shows triangle PQR.
P

6.2cm
130°
Q
4.8cm R
Calculate:
(a) the length of PQ
(b) The new length of PR if the lengths PQ, QR and ∠QPR are maintained.

2. Diagram below shows two triangles ABC and CDE. The two triangles are joined at C such that AE and
BD are straight lines. The ∠CED is an obtuse angle.

7cm
4cm
9cm
B C D
5cm
6.5cm

E
(a) Calculate
(i) ∠ACB
(ii) ∠DEC

(b) The straight line CE is extended to F such that DE = DF.

Find the area of triangle CDF.

Page | 139
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

10.3 COSINE RULE

10.3.1 Verifying the cosine rule

c b
h

x a−x
B D C
a

A
x
= cos B
c
c
h x = c cos B 1

c 2 = x 2 + h2 2
B x D

A
b 2 = h 2 + (a − x ) 2
b = h 2 + a 2 + x 2 − 2ax
h
= a 2 + h 2 + x 2 − 2ax 3

D a−x C

Substitute 1 and 2 into 3 ,

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2a(c cos B)
Hence,
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C

Page | 140
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

EXERCISE 10.3
1. Given a triangle ABC, AB = 7.3 cm, AC = 9.3 cm and ∠CAB = 65° . Calculate the length of BC.
2. Given a triangle PQR, PQ = 7 cm, QR = 9 cm and PR = 15 cm. Calculate the length of ∠PQR .
3. Diagram below shows a triangle PQR.
Q
10cm
12cm
R

P 13cm

Calculate ∠PQR .
4. In diagram below, KMN is an equilateral triangle. H is the midpoint of KN and KL = 8 cm.
K

8cm
H

M N
12cm
Caclulate
(a) the length of LH
(b) ∠KLH
5.
P
12cm
8cm
S
x
Q R
10.7cm

In diagram above, calculate

(a) the length of PR
(b) the value of x.

Page | 141
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

10.4 AREA OF TRIANGLE

A
The formula for area of triangle that is
1
× base × height can only be used in
c b 2
h situation where there is right angle triangle.
In the situations that the triangle is not a
B a C right-angled triangle, we cannot use the
formula.
h
SinC =
b
h = b sin C 1

h
SinA =
AB
h = C sin B 2 This formula can be used to find the area of
1 all types of triangle as long as there is
Area = × a × h 3
2 enough information given. The sine of an
angle is multiplied by the length of line that
Substitute 1 into 3 , joining to form the angle. For example, sine
1 A is multiply by AB and AC that are the lines
Area = × a × b sin C
2 that joining to form the angle A.
1
= ab sin C
2

Substitute 2 into 3 ,
1
Area = × a × c sin B
2
1
= ac sin B
2
Hence,
1
Area = ab sin C
2
1
Area = ac sin B
2
1
Area = bc sin A
2

Page | 142
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

EXERCISE 10.4
1. PQR is a triangle where PQ = 7.3 cm, QR = 9.6 cm and PR = 14.7 cm.
Calculate
(a) the area of ∆ PQR
(b) the height of P from QR

2.
A

10.9cm
8.2cm

C
B
6.4cm
In diagram above, calculate the area of triangle ABC.

3. In diagram below, BCD is a straight line.

A

10.6cm
6.5cm
73°
B C D
5.7cm
Calculate
(a) ∠ACD
(b) the length of AB
(c) the area of ∆ ABC

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

1. A The diagram shows a triangle ABC.

(a) If the length of PQ and PR and the size of ∠ACB are

9.2cm maintained, sketch and label another triangle
6.5cm different from ∆ABC in the figure.
(b) Calculate the two possible values of BC.
33°
B C

Page | 143
 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 10-Solution Of Triangles SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

2. R

40°

10cm

S
6cm Q
P 15cm

5
In diagram above, sin ∠PSR = where ∠PSR is an obtuse angle. Calculate
6
(a) the length of PR, correct to two decimal places
(b) ∠PQR
(c) the area of the whole diagram
3. Diagram below shows triangle ABC and triangle AED. AEC is a straight line.
A

5cm
8.5cm

E
D
B
15.6cm
8cm
C
Given that ∠BAC = 60° , AB = 5 cm. BC = 8 c,. AE = 8.5 cm an ED = 15.6 cm.
Calculate
(a) the length of EC
(b) ∠AED , if the area of triangle AED is 54 cm2.

4. Diagram below shows a right prism with an isosceles triangular base where DE =DF = 10 cm.
FE = 8 cm and AD = 7 cm.
Calculate
A
C (a) the angle between the line AE and the base FED
(b) ∠FAE
7cm

D
F
8cm 10cm
E

Page | 144