By : Er.Jaikishan Kumar (M.

Tech-CSE)
1. Adders and Subtractors
2. Parallel Binary Adders
3. Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
4. Encoders and Decoders
5. Seven segment decoder (7-Segment Decoder)
6. Code Converters
▪ Adders are important in computers and also in other types of digital systems in which
numerical data are processed. An understanding of the basic adder operation is fundamental
to the study of digital systems. In this section, the half-adder and the full-adder are introduced.

The half adder perform the

addition of 2-bits
▪It cannot perfume addition of two input
bits with pervious carry and this
limitation can be removed in full adder
▪ The second category of adder is the full-adder. The full-adder accepts two input bits and an input carry and
generates a sum output and an output carry.
▪ The basic difference between a full-adder and a half-adder is that the full-adder accepts an input carry. A logic
symbol for a full-adder is shown in Figure 6–3, and the truth table in Table 6–2 shows the operation of a full-adder.
▪ A full-adder has an input carry while the half-adder does not.
▪ Two or more full-adders are
connected to form parallel
binary adders.
▪ In this section, you will learn
the basic operation of this
type of adder and its
associated input and output
functions.
DECIMAL ADDER
Computers or calculator that perform arithmetic operation directly in decimal number system. It uses
the BCD adder internally which accept the binary coded form of decimal numbers. A decimal adder
requires a minimum of Nine inputs and Five the outputs ,
since 4-bits are required to code each decimal digit and the circuit must have an input carry and
output carry .

NO Engineering is needed , just learn the table with the trick and logic gates.
This simple Binary This is also the same
Conversion (from 0 to 19 but bit wise
Q1.Design Full and Half
Subtractor using Universal
Gates only (VVI)
▪Note: I will check for internal
marking
▪ A decoder is a digital circuit that detects the presence of a specified combination of bits
(code) on its inputs and indicates the presence of that code by a specified output level.
▪ In its general form, a decoder has n input lines to handle n bits and from one to 2n
output lines to indicate the presence of one or more n-bit combinations.
▪ A decoder is a logic circuit that coverts an N-bits binary input code to M output lines
such that only one output line is activated for each one of the possible combinations of
inputs.
▪ The Basic Decoding Element is AND Gate
Note : the
Respective input
value in input gets
activated in the
respective output D
▪ The BCD-to-decimal decoder converts each BCD code (8421 code) into one of ten possible decimal digit
indications. It is frequently referred as a 4-line-to-10-line decoder or a 1-of-10 decoder.
▪ The method of implementation is the same as for the 1-of-16 decoder previously discussed, except that only
ten decoding gates are required because the BCD code represents only the ten decimal digits 0 through 9
FULL ADDER USING
DECODER

Remember the
truth table of
Full-adder
Now we write the minterms for the difference output and borrow output.

From the truth table,

The minterms of difference function can be expressed as - (1,2,4,7)

Whereas the minterms for borrow function are - (1,2,3,7)

Coming back to the decoder, we have 8 outputs numbered 0 to 7

If the input is 000, output 0 is active, if the input is 001, output 1 is active and so on.

So now we take outputs from 1,2,4 and 7 and connect it to a NAND gate. The
output from the NAND gate is the difference.

Similarly connect outputs from 1,2,3 and 7 to another NAND gate whose output
turns out to be the borrow.

For example if we give input as 001, output 1 is active. As it's active low output, we
get output from NAND gate of difference function as high. The borrow function also
turns out to be high. Hence we get the desired output. Now the decoder is
functioning as a full subtractor.
Remember : NOR and NAND ARE UNIVERSAL GATES
Half adder and half subtractor using
decoder
▪ Just connect the
output pin
To the Or gate
▪ Simple Explain about the decoder along with the logic
gates and truth table..

Hai na simple ?
▪ An encoder is a combinational logic circuit that essentially performs a “reverse” decoder function. An
encoder accepts an active level on one of its inputs representing a digit, such as a decimal or octal
digit, and converts it to a coded output, such as BCD or binary.
▪ Encoders can also be devised to encode various symbols and alphabetic characters. The process of
converting from familiar symbols or numbers to a coded format is called encoding

▪ An encoder is a device whose inputs are decima digits or alphabetic characters and whose outputs
are the coded representation of those inputs.
Encoder :Single input High at
input and generate its
corresponding output

Decoder : Single output high.

Truth Table

Logic Circuit
▪ A multiplexer is a circuit that accept many input but give only one output. A demultiplexer function exactly in
the reverse of a multiplexer, that is a demultiplexer accepts only one input and gives many outputs. Generally
multiplexer and demultiplexer are used together, because of the communication systems are bi directional.
▪ Multiplexer means many into one. A multiplexer is a circuit used to select and route any one of the several
input signals to a signal output.
▪ Multiplexer handle two type of data that is analog and digital. For analog application, multiplexer are built of
relays and transistor switches. For digital application, they are built from standard logic gates.
▪ The multiplexer used for digital applications, also called digital multiplexer, is a circuit with many input but
only one output.
▪ By applying control signals, we can steer any input to the output. Few types of multiplexer are 2-to-1, 4-to-1, 8-
to-1, 16-to-1 multiplexer
For 8-1 and 16-1 MUX, Link
Multiplexer are used in various fields where multiple data need to be transmitted using a single
line. Following are some of the applications of multiplexers –

1. Communication system – Communication system is a set of system that enable

communication like transmission system, relay and tributary station, and communication
network. The efficiency of communication system can be increased considerably using
multiplexer. Multiplexer allow the process of transmitting different type of data such as audio,
video at the same time using a single transmission line.

2. Telephone network – In telephone network, multiple audio signals are integrated on a single
line for transmission with the help of multiplexers. In this way, multiple audio signals can be
isolated and eventually, the desire audio signals reach the intended recipients.
3. Computer memory - Multiplexers are used to implement huge amount of memory into the
computer, at the same time reduces the number of copper lines required to connect the
memory to other parts of the computer circuit.
4. Transmission from the computer system of a satellite – Multiplexer can be used for the
transmission of data signals from the computer system of a satellite or spacecraft to the ground
system using the GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites
2n to 1 MUX where n is selection bit .(Input can be
A or A’ i.e 1 or 0 .
ABCD ( A- Input and BCD are the selection lines)
D-S0
C-S1
B-S2
▪ Implements F(A,B,C,D)= ∑(1,3,5,6)
Here , A=Input (1 or 0 / A or A’ )and B(S1) and C(S0) selection lines

MIN-TERM
▪ Demultiplexer means one to many. A demultiplexer is a circuit with one input and many
output. By applying control signal, we can steer any input to the output. Few types of
demultiplexer are 1-to 2, 1-to-4, 1-to-8 and 1-to 16 demultiplexer.
▪ Following figure illustrate the general idea of a demultiplexer with 1 input signal, m
control signals, and n output signals.
 ▪ The select line will define , where the input data will go.
▪ Let suppose , no of output line =n and select line = m then

n=2m

1-to-4 line
de-Mux
Nutshell : When the Enable is used
in the decoder , then e will act as
input line and A and B…. Will act
as select lines .
Pdf LINK