JCSF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: HELICAL GEARS

MODULE VII

HELICAL GEARS

DEFINITION AND USEFUL INFORMATION

 A helical gear is an outgrowth of a type of gear known as a stepped gear. A stepped-gear consists a number of spur
gears placed side by side. Each successive gear is rotated on its axis through a small angle relative to the adjacent gear.
The surface of the helical gear follows a helix, rather than a straight line parallel to the axis, as is the case for spur gears.

 Helical gears have teeth inclined to the axis of rotation, can be used for some applications as spur gears and, when so
used, are not noisy, because of more gradual engagement of the teeth during meshing. The inclined tooth also develops
thrust loads and bending couples, which are not present with spur gear. Some times helical gears are used to transmit
motion between nonparallel shafts.

 Helical gears are called right-hand or left-hand, depending on the direction in which the helix slopes away from the
viewer. The line of sight is parallel to the axis of the gear.

HELICAL GEAR TERMINOLOGY AND GEOMETRY

 Terminology used for helical gears is very similar to that used for spur gears. Most of the relationships developed for
spur gears are equally applicable to helical gears on parallel shafts. Except for additional terms that are discussed
below.

Figure 7.1a. Helical Gear With Parallel Shaft

Nomenclature of Helical Gear With parallel Axes

Let, Pd = diametral pitch

Pc = circular pitch or transverse circular pitch
Pcn = normal circular pitch, measured on the pitch surface along a normal to to a
Helix
Pdn = normal diametral pitch
Pa = axial pitch
 = helix angle
 = pressure angle
n = normal pressure angle
T = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter

Figure 7.2. Helical Gear Pitches Pa

Pcn

Pcn


Left-hand Right-hand
Helical Gear Helical Gear
Pitches of Helical Gear

o Circular Pitch or Transverse Circular Pitch

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JCSF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: HELICAL GEARS

D
Pc  Eq. 7.1
T

o Diametral Pitch or Transverse Diametral Pitch

T
Pd  Eq. 7.2
D

o Normal Circular Pitch

D
Pcn  Pc cos     cos  Eq. 7.3
 T 

o Normal Diametral Pitch

Pd T
Pdn   and Pcn Pdn   Eq. 7.4
cos  D cos 

o Axial Pitch is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent teeth measured in axial direction.

Pc D
Pa   Eq. 7.5
tan  T tan 

o Module or Transverse Module is the ratio of pitch diameter and the number of teeth.

D
m Eq. 7.6
T

o Normal Module

m n  m cos  Eq. 7.7

o Pressure Angles

tan n  tan  cos  Eq. 7.8

Note:
 If the helical gears are manufactured with standard hobs, a common practice, the normal pitch is the standard.
 Shaper cutters for helical gears are based on the pitch Pd in the diametral plane.
 Helical gears may have a normal pitch that is standard or a pitch in the diametral plane that is standard.

Helix Angle and Face Width

o Helix angle, , is the angle between a tangent to the pitch helix and the intersecting axial element of the pitch
cylinder.

Typical helix angle   = 15o to 25o

o Face width of helical gear

b  2 Pa
o Face contact ratio is the advance of the tooth in the face width, b, divided by the circular pitch.

b b tan 
mf   Eq. 7.9
Pa Pc

Standard Tooth Proportion for Helical Gears

1
o Add 
Pdn
1.25
o Dedendum 
Pdn
Tp
o Pinion pitch 
Pn Cos

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JCSF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: HELICAL GEARS

Tg
o Gear Pitch Diameter =
Pn Cos
o Pinion Base Diameter  D p cos 
o Gear Base Diameter  D g Cos 
o Base Helix Angle  tan 1  tan  cos  

o External Gears
D p  Dg
 S tan dard Center Dis tan ce 
2
 Gear Outside Diameter  D g  2  Add 
 Pinion Outside Diameter  D p  2  Add 
 Gear Root Diameter  D g  2  Ded 
 Pinion Root Diameter  D p  2  Ded 

o Internal Gears
Dg  Dp
 Center Dis tan ce 
2
 Inside Diameter  D g  2  Add 
 Root Diameter  D g  2  Ded 

Speed Ratio or Velocity Ratio Helical Gears

Let, D1 = pitch diameter of pinion or gear 1 D2 = pitch diameter of the gear or gear 2
T1 = number of teeth of pinion or gear 1 T2 = number of teeth of the gear or gear 2
N1 = rpm of the pinion or gear 1 N2 = rpm of the gear or gear 2
1 = angular velocity of pinion or gear 1 2 = angular velocity of the gear or gear 1

Figure 7.3. Meshing Helical Gears C

1
2

o Center distance

D1  D 2 Pc  T1  T2  Pcn  T1  T2 
C    Eq. 7.10
2 2 2  cos 

m  T1  T2  m n  T1  T2 
C   Eq. 7.11
2 2 cos 

o Velocity Ratio or Speed Ratio

N1 1 D2 T2
SR     Eq. 7.12
N2 2 D1 T1

HELICAL GEAR FORCES ANALYSIS

 As shown in the Figure 7.4 below, consider the following parameters:

Fn = normal or resultant load, KN, lbf.
Fa = axial load or thrust load, KN, lbf.
Fr = Radial load, KN, lbf.
Ft = tangential load or transmitted load, KN, lbf.

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Figure 7.4 & 7.5. Helical Gear Load Analysis

Fn

Fr
Fn
Ft
Fa

n


Ft
Fr

Fa

o Tangential Load or Transmitted Load (English system)

33 000 Hp  63 000 Hp   2 
Ft     Eq. 7.13
Vm  N  D 

Where, Ft = tangential load, lb Vm = pitch line velocity, fpm

Hp = transmitted Horsepower D = pitch diameter, inches
N = rpm

o Tangential Load or Transmitted Load (S.I. units)

2 Tq 60 P P
Ft    Eq. 7.14
D DN V

Where, Ft = tangential load, kN D = pitch diameter, m

Tq = transmitted torque, kN-m N = rpm
V = pitch line velocity, m/s P = transmitted power, kW.

From the load diagram above,

Ft  Fn cos  n Cos Eq. 7.15

o Axial Load

Fa  Fn cos  n Sin  Ft tan  Eq. 7.16

o Radial Load

Fr  Fn sin  n  Ft tan  Eq. 7.17

o Resultant or Normal Load

Ft
Fn    Ft  2   Fa  2   Fr  2 Eq. 7.18
cos  n cos 

DESIGN CALCULATION

 Helical Gear Tooth Beam Fatigue Strength, Using Lewi’s Equation

sbY
Fs  Eq. 7.19
k f Pdn

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Where, Fs = gear tooth beam fatigue strength, lb s = design stress which is the endurance stress, psi
b = face width, inches kf = stress reduction factor
Y = Lewi’s form factor in accordance with the formative number of teeth
Pdn = normal diametral pitch

 Dynamic Load

Fd  Ft 

0.05 Vm Ft  C b cos 2  cos  
Eq. 7.20
 
1
2
0.05 Vm  Ft  C b cos  2

Where, Fd = dynamic load, lb Fs = tangential or transmitted load, lb

Vm = pitch-line velocity, fpm b = face width, inches
C = constant or factor that depends on the elasticity of material
 = helix angle, degrees

 Limiting Wear Load

b DpQ k g
Fw  Eq. 7.21
cos 2 

Where, Fw = wear load, lb b = face width, inches

Dp = pinion pitch diameter, inches Q = ratio factor
kg = wear factor  = helix angle, degrees

 Equivalent or Formative Number of Teeth

D T
Tev  Pdn  Eq. 7.22
cos 2  cos 3 

Where, Tev = formative number of teeth Pdn = normal diametral pitch

D = pitch diameter, inches T = actual number of teeth
 = helix angle, degrees

Prob. # 1] A helical gear of 10 inches pitch diameter has a helix angle of 30 o, and there are 30 teeth. Find the value of the
circular and diametral pitches measured both circumferentially and normal to the teeth.

Solution:
D   10 
Solving for the value of Pc, Pc    1.0472 inches / tooth
T 30

T 30
Solving for the value of Pd, Pd   3
D 10

 
Solving for the value of Pcn, Pcn  Pc cos   1.0472 cos 30o  0.9069 inch / tooth

Pd 3
Solving for the value of Pdn, Pdn    3.464
cos  cos 30o

Prob. # 2] A parallel helical gear set was a 17-tooth pinion driving a 34-tooth gear. The pinion has a right-hand helix angle
of 30o, a normal pressure angle of 20o, and a normal diametral pitch of 5 teeth/in. Find:
a) The normal, transverse, and axial circular pitches;
b) The transverse diametral pitch and the transverse pressure angle;
c) The addendum, dedendum, and pitch diameter of each gear.

Solution:
a) Solving for Pcn, Pc, and Pa

  Pcn 0.62832
Pcn    0.62832 inch / tooth Pc    0.72552 inch / tooth
Pdn 5 cos  cos 30o

Pc 0.72552
Pa    1.2566 inches / tooth
tan  tan 30o

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b) Solving for Pd and 

 tan n  1  tan 20 
o
Pd  Pdn cos   5cos 30o  4.33   tan 1    tan  o 
 22.8o
 cos    cos 30 

c) Solving for the Add, Ded, Dp, and Dg

1 1 1.25 1.25
Add    0.2 inch Ded    0.25 inch
Pdn 5 Pdn 5
Tp cos  17 cos 30o Tg cos  34 cos 30o
Dp    2.94 inches Dg    5.89 inches
Pdn 5 Pdn 5

Prob. # 3] A parallel helical gear-set of 19-tooth pinion is driving a 57-tooth gear. The pinion has a left-hand helix of 20 o, a
normal pressure angle of 14.5o, and a normal diametral pitch of 10 teeth/inch. If the pinion is rotating at 1800 rpm and
transmitting 50 Hp, determine the forces on the gear tooth.

Solution:

Solving for the pinion pitch diameter,

Tp cos  19 cos 20
Dp    1.7854 inches
Pdn 10

Considering the forces acting on the gear tooth,

Fn

n


Ft
Fr

Fa

Solving for the tangential load of the pinion and the gear,

 63000Hp   2   63000  50    2 
Ft      1960.33 lb
 Np   Dp   1800   1.7854 
    

Solving for the axial load,

Fa  Ft tan    1960.33 tan 20o  713.5 lb

Solving for the radial load,

 tan n   tan14.5o 
Fr  Ft tan   Ft     1960.33  o 
 539.51 lb
 cos    cos 20 

Solving for the resultant load,

 Ft    Fa    Fr    1960.33   713.5    539.51  2154.77 lb

2 2 2 2 2 2
Fn 

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Select the correct answer from each of the following questions.

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1. A rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section much smaller in diameter than its length, used to
transmit motion or power; having mounted on it such power-transmitting elements as gears, pulleys, belts, chains, cam,
flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and rolling-element bearings.
a) Gear b) Flywheel
c) Shaft d) Cam
2. A non-rotating member that carries no torque and is used to support rotating wheels, pulleys, and the like.
a) Spindle b) Axle
b) Line shaft d) Counter shaft
3. Considered as a short shaft.
a) Spindle b) Axle
c) Line shaft d) Counter shaft
4. A shaft driven by a prime mover, power is taken from it by belts or chain, usually at several points along the shaft.
a) Transmission shaft b) Line shaft, or main shaft
c) Counter shaft d) Machine shaft
5. A shaft intermediate between a line shaft and a driven machine.
a) Counter shaft b) Transmission shaft
c) Machine shaft d) Axle
6. A shaft that is used to transmit power between the source and the machine absorbing the power.
a) Transmission shaft b) Machine shaft
c) Line shaft d) Counter shaft
7. A shaft forming on integral part of the machine itself is known as:
a) Counter shaft b) Line shaft
c) Machine shaft d) Transmission shaft
8. A rotating member that acts as storage reservoir for energy when work is not consumed at as fast a rate as the power is
supplied.
a) Shafting b) Flywheel
c) Cam d) Storage tank
9. A rigid connector between a shaft and the hub of another component such as pulley, cam, or gear.
a) Hub b) Bolt c) Pin d) Key
10. Which of the following is not true for a key?
a) A demountable machinery part which, when assembled into key-seats, provides a positive means for transmitting
torque between the shaft and hub.
b) Prevent relative rotation of a shaft and the member to which it is connected, such as the hub of a gear, pulley, or
crank.
c) Prevent relative rotation between the two parts.
d) Connect two parallel shafts
11. An axially located rectangular groove in a shaft or hub.
a) Key-seat b) Keyway
c) Key slot c) Key head
12. A groove in the shaft and the mating member to which the key fits.
a) Key seat b) Keyway
c) Key slot d) Key head
13. An element frequently used to seat the key firmly in the keyway and to prevent axial motion of the parts.
a) Pin b) Seat screw
c) Key head d) Bolt
14. If the key and shaft materials are the same, the width of the square and flat keys is approximately:
a) Equal to the diameter of the shaft b) Equal to one-fourth of the shaft diameter
c) Equal to one-half of the shaft diameter d) Equal to the half of hub length
15. The most commonly used key in general industrial machinery. The key is sunk half in the shaft and half in the hub.
a) Flat key b) Round key
c) Square key d) Pin key
16. A key used where the weakening of the shaft by the keyway is serious and where added stability of the connection is
desired, as in machine tools.
a) Flat key b) Square key
c) Round key d) Pin key
17. A key used for fastening cranks, hand wheels, and other parts that do not transmit heavy torques. Some manufacturers
employed this type of key for heavy-duty shafts over 6 inches because the absence of the sharp corners reduces the
stress concentration below that which would exist had a square key and flat key been used. Keyway for this key may be
drilled and reamed after assembly of the mating parts.
a) Flat key b) Square key
c) Round key d) Pin key
18. A square key in which the two bottom corners are beveled to ensure that the key will fit tightly against the top of the
keyway when the drive is in either direction, and lessen the tendency to twist. It does not require a tight fit, and the
small clearance permits easy assembly and removal.
a) Barth key b) Kennedy key
c) Gib-head key d) Pin key
19. These are tapered square keys that are assembled with the diagonal dimension virtually in a circumferential direction.
These keys are used for heavy-duty applications; and also called as tangential keys.
a) Barth key b) Kennedy key
c) Gib-head key d) Pin key
20. A tapered square or flat key with head and classified as variable cross section key.

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a) Gib-head key b) Kennedy key

c) Barth key d) Woodruff key
21. A variable cross section key, usually a drive fit key, either straight or tapered (taper of ¼ to 3/16 inch per ft);
longitudinally assembled on the shaft, can be sized about ¼ of the shaft diameter and can transmit heavy power.
a) Woodruff key b) Pin key
c) Kennedy key d) Barth key
22. Which of the following keys has a variable cross section?
a) Square key b) Flat key
c) Pin key d) Barth key
23. Which of the following keys does not belong to the group?
a) Round key b) Barth key
c) Flat key d) Kennedy key
24. A key widely used in the automotive and machine tool industries. It fits into a semi-cylindrical seat in the shaft.
a) Round key b) Kennedy key
c) Woodruff key d) Barth key
25. A key that allows the hub to move along the shaft but prevents rotation on the shaft. It is used to permit moving
element, say gear, into or out of engagement with its mate, to engage or disengage, say, a jaw clutch.
a) Woodruff key b) Feather key
c) Saddle key d) Gib-head key
26. A variable cross-section key that is used for light power; it is tapered and either hollow, with a radius of curvature
slightly smaller than the shaft radius, or flat that is assembled flat on the shaft.
a) Saddle key b) Feather key
c) Woodruff key d) Gib-head key
27. A connector composed of a spline shaft formed by milling and mating hub with internal splines formed by broaching.
Splines are actually number of keys integral with the shaft. These splines have the advantages of greater strength and a
self-centering feature.
a) Jaws fitting b) Pin fitting
c) Spline fitting d) Bolt fitting
28. The allowable hub length in the key assembly:
a) Between 1.25 D and 2.4 D, where D = shaft diameter
b) From 1.25 D to 2.4 D, where D = shaft diameter
c) 1.25 D or 2.4 D, where D = shaft diameter
d) Depends on the computed length of the key
29. If the needed key length is greater than about 2D, use two keys 180o apart or:
a) Kennedy key b) Woodruff key
c) Barth key d) Pin key
30. A mechanical device for uniting or connecting parts of a mechanical system; it provides for connection of shafts of
units that are manufactured separately, such as a motor and a generator, and to provide for disconnection for repairs or
alterations.
a) Key b) Pin
c) Coupling d) Spline
31. Which of the following is no the function of a coupling?
a) Provides for misalignment of the shafts as to introduce mechanical flexibility.
b) Reduces the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another.
c) Introduces protection against overloading.
d) Counteract the fact that most machines do not receive and supply energy in a continuous process
32. A permanent coupling that by virtue of its construction has essentially no degree of angular, axial or rotational
flexibility and it must be used with collinear shafts.
a) Rigid coupling b) Flanged coupling
c) Flexible coupling d) Collar coupling
33. A coupling that allows angularity for the misalignment of the shafts.
a) Flexible coupling b) Flanged coupling
c) Rigid coupling d) Collar coupling
34. A rigid coupling that consists of two halves of flanges and is connected to each other by bolts.
a) Collar coupling b) Flanged coupling
c) Chain coupling d) Oldham coupling
35. A coupling that is necessary for the shafts that are to be connected to be in good alignment, both laterally and angularly,
in order to avoid excessive loads on the coupling, on the shafts, or on the shaft bearings.
a) Rigid coupling b) Flexible coupling
c) Oldham coupling d) Chain coupling
36. A flexible coupling consists of essentially of two chain sprockets connected with short continuous length of roller or
silent chains.
a) Oldham coupling b) Chain coupling
c) Flanged coupling d) Universal joint
37. A flexible coupling that can be employed for connecting two parallel shafts with axial eccentricities from zero to a
reasonable amount.
a) Oldham coupling b) Chain coupling
c) Flanged coupling d) Collar coupling
38. An all metal coupling with the intermediate flexible elements being thin steel disks.
a) Universal joint b) Flexible disk coupling
c) Chain coupling d) Oldham coupling

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39. A flexible coupling used to connect shafts whose axes intersect, that is, whose angular misalignment is permanent.
a) Universal joint b) Oldham coupling
c) Chain coupling d) Flexible disk coupling
40. A coupling that employs a fluid to provide angular flexibility between the input and output shafts.
a) Hydraulic coupling b) Flexible disk coupling
c) Chain coupling d) Old ham coupling
41. A machine member that supports another part that rotates, slides, or oscillates in or on it.
a) Key b) Bearing
c) Coupling d) Screw and fastener
42. A bearing that permits constrained relative motion of rigid parts; lubricant is generally inserted or supplied between the
mating surfaces to reduce friction and wear, and to carry away the heat generated.
a) Sliding contact bearing b) Journal bearing
c) Ball bearing d) Rolling element bearing
43. A bearing where surfaces are non-conformed and motion is primarily rolling; it composed of rolling elements
interposed between outer and inner rings.
a) Ball bearing b) Journal bearing
c) Rolling element bearing d) Sliding contact bearing
44. Surfaces that do not conform to each other very well as in the rolling-element bearings.
a) Sliding surfaces b) Rolling surfaces
c) Non-conformal surfaces d) Conformal surfaces
45. The study of lubrication, friction, and wear of moving or stationary parts.
a) Lubrication b) Tribology
c) Viscosity d) Friction analysis
46. The process of separating relatively moving parts or elements for the purpose of reducing the friction, wear, and heating
of parts.
a) Sliding b) Rolling
c) Lubrication d) Tribology
47. Any substance, when inserted between moving surfaces, reduces friction, wear, and heating of the surfaces; and
provides smooth running and satisfactory life for machine elements.
a) Grease b) Lubrication
c) Lubricant d) Oil
48. The measure of the resistance to flow of the fluid or the property that resists shearing of the fluid or lubricant.
a) Viscosity b) Absolute viscosity
c) Dynamic viscosity d) Kinematic viscosity
49. The ratio of the lubricant layer shearing stress to that of its shear strain rate.
a) Absolute viscosity b) Lubricant shear strain
c) Lubricant ratio d) Kinematic viscosity
50. The ratio of absolute viscosity and the density of the fluid or lubricant.
a) Dynamic viscosity b) Kinematic viscosity
c) Shear strain rate d) Absolute viscosity
51. The ratio of velocity of a particular lubricant layer to that of its perpendicular distance from the stationary surfaces.
a) Absolute viscosity b) Dynamic viscosity
c) Shear strain rate d) Kinematic viscosity
52. A tin or lead base alloy that is used as bearing material.
a) Aluminum b) Vanadium
c) Platinum d) Babbit
53. A rolling element bearing that uses spherical balls as rolling elements.
a) Journal bearing b) Roller bearing
c) Ball bearing d) Clearance bearing
54. A rolling element bearing that uses cylindrical rollers as rolling elements.
a) Journal bearing b) Roller bearing
c) Ball bearing d) Clearance bearing
55. A bearing that supports radial loads and furnishes lateral support to rotating shaft.
a) Radial or journal bearing b) Guide bearing
c) Thrust bearing d) Slipper or slider bearing
56. A bearing that primarily guides the motion of a machine member without specific regard to the direction of load
application.
a) Journal bearing b) Clearance bearing
c) Guide bearing d) Thrust bearing
57. A bearing that carries a load collinear to the axis or a bearing designed to support axial load of the rotating element.
a) Thrust bearing b) Journal bearing
c) Clearance bearing c) Slider bearing
58. A bearing in which two surfaces are flat and nearly parallel and the relative motion is translation.
a) Thrust bearing b) Slipper or slider bearing
c) Clearance d) Clearance
59. One of the principal parts of journal bearing that is the inside cylindrical part, usually a rotating or an oscillating
member.
a) Bearing b) Journal
c) Housing d) Sliding surface
60. One of the main parts of journal bearing that is the surrounding shell or the bushing, may be stationary as on the line
shaft bearing or moving as on a crankpin.

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a) Casing or housing b) Journal

c) Bearing d) Sliding surface
61. A journal bearing with the angle of contact of the bushing or bearing with the journal is 360o.
a) Concentric journal bearing b) Eccentric journal bearing
c) Full journal bearing d) Partial journal bearing
62. A journal bearing with angle of contact of the bushing or bearing with the journal is 180 o or less, 120o is the common
value.
a) Partial journal bearing b) Full journal bearing
c) Clearance journal bearing d) Concentric journal bearing
63. A journal bearing where the radius of the journal is less than the radius of the bushing or bearing.
a) Fitted journal bearing b) Clearance journal bearing
c) Full journal bearing d) Partial journal bearing
64. It refers to the thickness of the space allowed for the lubricant that separates the parts having relative motion.
a) Radial clearance b) Diametral clearance
c) Film thickness d) Clearance
65. A journal bearing where the radii of the journal and the bushing are equal; it must be a partial bearing and the journal
must run eccentric with the bushing in order to provide space for the lubricant.
a) Fitted journal bearing b) Clearance journal bearing
c) Full journal bearing d) Partial journal bearing
66. A partial journal bearing where the line of action of the load or bearing reaction is bisecting the arc of the partial
bearing.
a) Partially loaded bearing b) Centrally loaded bearing
c) Eccentrically loaded bearing d) Fully loaded bearing
67. A journal bearing where the line of action of the load is passing to one side of the center.
a) Eccentrically loaded or offset bearing b) Centrally loaded bearing
c) Fully loaded bearing d) Partially loaded bearing
68. A bearing lubrication where the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by a relatively thick film of
lubricant, so as to prevent metal-to-metal contact; and where the stability of the film can be explained by the laws of
fluid mechanics.
a) Hydrodynamic lubrication b) Hydrostatic lubrication
c) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication d) Boundary lubrication
69. A bearing lubrication obtained by introducing the lubricant, which is sometimes air or water, into the load-bearing area
at a pressure high enough to separate the surfaces with a relatively thick film of lubricant. This lubrication does not
require motion of one surface relative to another.
a) Hydrodynamic lubrication b) Hydrostatic lubrication
c) Boundary lubrication d) Solid film lubrication
70. A bearing lubrication condition where considerably asperity interaction occurs between solids and lubrication
mechanism is governed by properties of thin surface films that are of molecular proportion.
a) Boundary lubrication b) Solid film lubrication
c) Hydrodynamic lubrication d) Hydrostatic lubrication
71. It is a lubrication condition where non-conformal surfaces are completely separated by lubricant film and no asperities
are in contact.
a) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication b) Solid film lubrication
c) Boundary lubrication d) Hydrodynamic lubrication
72. A bearing lubrication condition that uses graphite or molybdenum disulfide when the bearings are to separate at
extreme temperature.
a) Solid film lubrication b) Boundary lubrication
c) Hydrodynamic lubrication d) Hydrostatic lubrication
73. ‘To maintain the velocity of a particular layer of the fluid, the shearing force is proportional to the shearing area and the
shear strain rate.” The preceding statement is known as:
a) Newton’s law of viscous flow of fluid b) Pascal’s law flow of fluid
c) Plank’s statement of the flow of fluid d) Poiseuille’s law of flow of fluid
74. A bearing where surfaces are non-conformed and motion is primarily rolling; it is composed of rolling elements
interposed between outer and inner rings.
a) Rolling element bearing b) Sliding element bearing
c) Roller bearing d) Ball bearing
75. Surfaces that do not conform to each other very well as in the rolling element bearings.
a) Conformal surfaces b) Non-conformal surfaces
c) Bearing d) Journal
76. A rolling element bearing that uses spherical balls as rolling elements.
a) Ball bearing b) Roller bearing
c) Partial bearing d) Thrust bearing
77. A rolling element bearing that uses cylindrical rollers as rolling elements.
a) Roller bearing b) Ball bearing
c) Thrust bearing d) Needle bearing
78. A rolling element bearing in which the balls are assembled by the eccentric displacement of the inner ring; it is also
known as Condrad-type ball bearing.
a) Filling-slot ball bearing b) Deep-groove ball bearing
c) Self-aligning ball bearing d) Angular contact bearing
79. A rolling element bearing that has slots or notches that permit the assembly of more balls, giving a bearing of larger
radial load capacity. This bearing is used where the load is principally radial.

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JCSF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: HELICAL GEARS

a) Deep-groove ball bearing b) Self-aligning ball bearing

c) Filling-slot ball bearing d) Double-row ball bearing
80. A ball bearing that compensates for angular misalignments that arise from shaft or foundation deflection or errors in
mounting.
a) Self-aligning ball bearing b) Deep-groove ball bearing
c) Filling-slot ball bearing d) Double-row ball bearing

81. A rolling element bearing that is intended to take heavy thrust loads.
a) Self-aligning ball bearing b) Angular contact bearing
c) Filling-slot ball bearing c) Double-row ball bearing
82. A bearing that is similar to single-row ball bearing, except that each ring has two grooves. The two rows of balls give
the bearing a capacity somewhat less than twice that of a single-row.
a) Double-row ball bearing b) Single-row ball bearing
c) Angular contact bearing d) Deep-groove ball bearing
83. A rolling element bearing in which the contact is a line instead of a point as in ball bearing, which results in a greater
area carrying the load and in a larger radial capacity.
a) Deep-groove ball bearing b) Cylindrical roller bearing
c) Double-row ball bearing d) Angular contact bearing
84. A roller bearing with spherical rollers running in a double-grooved inner ring, has curved outer ring that looks much
like the outer ring of a self-aligning ball bearing.
a) Double-row ball bearing b) Self-aligning roller bearing
c) Self-aligning ball bearing d) Needle bearing
85. A cylindrical roller bearing that has no retainer to hold the rollers in alignment. An application of this is a universal
joint with needle bearing.
a) Needle bearing b) Self-aligning roller bearing
c) Double-row roller bearing d) Tapered roller bearing
86. A roller bearing in which the rolling elements are frustums of cones, so mounted in the races that all of the surface
elements and the axes intersect at a point on the axis of the shaft. It is capable of carrying sustainable radial and thrust
loads.
a) Needle bearing b) Tapered roller bearing
c) Self-aligning roller bearing d) Deep-groove roller bearing
87. A machine part considered as a friction wheel with teeth cut around its circumference and used to connect shafts for the
purpose of transmitting motion and power.
a) Gear b) Cam
c) Bolt d) Screw
88. Gears with teeth formed on conical surfaces and are used mostly for transmitting motion between intersecting shafts.
a) Spur gears b) Helical gears
c) Bevel gears d) Worm gearings
89. The circle on gear that corresponds to the contact surface of the friction wheel.
a) Addendum circle b) Root circle
c) Pitch circle d) Base circle
90. The circle on the gear drawn through the top of the gear tooth; its center is at the gear center.
a) Addendum circle b) Base circle
c) Clearance circle d) Root circle
91. The largest circle centered at the gear center, which is not penetrated by the teeth of the mating gear. It is a circle
tangent to the addendum circle of the mating gear.
a) Root circle b) Base circle
c) Clearance circle d) Addendum circle
92. The radial distance from the clearance circle to the root circle. It is the difference between the dedendum of one gear
and addendum of the mating.
a) Tooth space b) Backlash
c) Clearance d) Working depth
93. The radial distance between the addendum and the clearance circle.
a) Backlash b) Whole depth
c) Working depth d) Clearance
94. The minimum distance between the non-driving side of a tooth and the adjacent side of the mating tooth. It is the
amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch circle.
a) Backlash b) Addendum
c) Tooth space d) Clearance
95. An arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from the first point of contact with the mating tooth to the point
where the contact ceases.
a) Arc of action b) Arc of approach
c) Arc of recess d) Arc of departure
96. An arc of the circle through which a tooth travels from the point of contact with the mating tooth to the pitch point.
a) Arc of action b) Arc of approach c) Arc of recess d) Tooth face arc
97. The plane that contains the two axes; in a single gear. It may be any plane containing the axis and the given point.
a) Normal plane b) Axial plane in a pair of gear c) Tooth top land d) Tooth bottom land
98. The angle between the line drawn from the pitch point perpendicular to the line of centers and the line drawn from the
pitch point to the point where a pair of teeth is in contact.
a) Pressure angle b) Helix angle c) Lead angle d) Pitch angle

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99. The member in worm gearing having the screw-like thread, and worm teeth are frequently spoken of as threads is
known as:
a) Screw b) Worm c) Gear d) Worm wheel
100.The distance, measured axially on the worm, from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on an adjacent
thread.
a) Axial pitch b) Lead
c) Circular pitch d) Thread length

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JCSF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: HELICAL GEARS

ANSWERS

1. c 58. b
2. b 59. b
3. a 60. c
4. b
5. a 61. c
62. a
6. a 63. b
7. c 64. d
8. b 65. a
9. d
10. d 66. b
67. a
11. a 68. a
12. b 69. b
13. b 70. a
14. b
15. c 71. a
72. a
16. a 73. a
17. c 74. a
18. a 75. b
19. b
20. a 76. a
77. a
21. b 78. b
22. c 79. c
23. d 80. a
24. c
25. b 81. b
82. a
26. a 83. b
27. c 84. b
28. a 85. a
29. a
30. c 86. b
87. a
31. d 88. c
32. a 89. c
33. a 90. a
34. b
35. a 91. c
92. c
36. b 93. c
37. a 94. a
38. b 95. a
39. a
40. a 96. b
97. b
41. b 98. a
42. a 99. b
43. c 100.a
44. c
45. b

46. c
47. b
48. a
49. a
50. b

51. c
52. d
53. c
54. b
55. a

56. c
57. a

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