Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Linear Systems and Control

Observer based state feedback controller design

August 24, 2020

Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller
Controller Design Methods

Controller Design Techniques

Recalling again, we know that there are 3 types of techniques to design

controllers which are:

Full-state feedback controller or state feedback controller

Observer-based state feedback controller
PID controller
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller
Controller Design Methods

Controller Design Techniques

Recalling again, we know that there are 3 types of techniques to design

controllers which are:

Full-state feedback controller or state feedback controller

Observer-based state feedback controller
PID controller

Last week, we studied the design of full-state feedback controller and its
pre-requisites.

Today, we will study the design and pre-requisites of observer-based state

feedback controller.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller
Controller Design Methods

Observer based state feedback controller

There are 3 pre-requisites to full-fill before we can proceed to design of

observer-based state feedback controller.
Matrix C must NOT be equal to identity and matrix D must be
equal to zero (or absent)
The system must pass controllability test.
The system must pass observability test.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller
Controller Design Methods

Observer based state feedback controller

There are 3 pre-requisites to full-fill before we can proceed to design of

observer-based state feedback controller.
Matrix C must NOT be equal to identity and matrix D must be
equal to zero (or absent)
The system must pass controllability test.
The system must pass observability test.

The first 2 pre-requisites seem easy or familiar but what is observability

test. Let us study observability test.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller
Controller Design Methods

Pre-req 3: Observability Test

A system is observable or it passes observability test if the following criteria
is satisfied:
First, determine the order of the system and call it n.
Second, using n, construct matrix Q follows:
 
C
 CA 
 
2 
Q =  CA  (1)

 .. 
 . 
CAn−1

Third, compute rank of matrix Q

Finally, check if rank of matrix Q is equal to n or not.

If rank(Q) = n, then the system is observable and we can proceed to

design of controller, otherwise STOP. No controller can be designed.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Observer Design

An observer is also called estimator - it estimates the unmeasured state-

space variables.

What is estimate called in urdu?

Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Observer Design

An observer is also called estimator - it estimates the unmeasured state-

space variables.

What is estimate called in urdu?

So, if you are doing Andaza, it must be good andaza. In control systems
literature, good andaza means observer must be stable.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Example

Check whether do we need to design a controller for the following system:

 dx1      
dt
2 3 x1 1
dx2 = + u(t)
dt
0 5 x 2 2
 
  x1
y= 1 0
x2

If we need a controller, identify which controller to design, and then design

it and place the eigenvalues at (−3, −5). If you need observer, then place
observer eigen values at (−10, −20).
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Checking Stability to know whether we require a controller

First, we check stability of this system. The eigenvalues of this system can
be obtained from det(λI − A) = 0
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Checking Stability to know whether we require a controller

First, we check stability of this system. The eigenvalues of this system can
be obtained from det(λI − A) = 0
   
λ 0 2 3
det(λI − A) = det −
0 λ 0 5
 
λ−2 −3
= det
0 λ−5
= (λ − 2)(λ − 5) − (0)(−3)
= (λ − 2)(λ − 5) − (0)
= (λ − 2)(λ − 5)

The eigenvalues of matrix A are at 2 and 5, which indicates it is an

unstable system.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Deciding controller type

Now, which controller to choose?

 dx1      
dt
2 3 x1 1
dx2 = + u(t)
dt
0 5 x2 2
 
  x1
y= 1 0
x2
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Deciding controller type

Now, which controller to choose?

 dx1      
dt
2 3 x1 1
dx2 = + u(t)
dt
0 5 x2 2
 
  x1
y= 1 0
x2
As matrix C is NOT equal to identity matrix, we proceed to design of
observer-based state feedback controller.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Prerequisite 2- Controllability Test

Let us compute now pre-requisite number 2 which is the controllability

test.

In this case n =
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Prerequisite 2- Controllability Test

Let us compute now pre-requisite number 2 which is the controllability

test.

In this case n = 2, we matrix P would have the following shape:

 
P = B AB
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Prerequisite 2- Controllability Test

Let us compute now pre-requisite number 2 which is the controllability

test.

In this case n = 2, we matrix P would have the following shape:

 
P = B AB

 
1 8
P =
2 10

det(P ) = −6

As determinant P is non-zero, so rank(P ) = 2, and it passes control-

lability test.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Prerequisite 2- Controllability Test

Let us compute now pre-requisite number 2 which is the controllability

test.

In this case n = 2, we matrix P would have the following shape:

 
P = B AB

 
1 8
P =
2 10

det(P ) = −6

As determinant P is non-zero, so rank(P ) = 2, and it passes control-

lability test.

Let us proceed to Observability Test.

Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Prerequisite 3 - Observability Test

Let us compute now pre-requisite number 3 which is the observability test.

In this case n =
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Prerequisite 3 - Observability Test

Let us compute now pre-requisite number 3 which is the observability test.

In this case n = 2, we matrix Q would have the following shape:

   
C 1 0
Q= = (2)
CA 2 3

det(Q) = 3

As determinant Q is non-zero, so rank(Q) = 2, and it passes observ-

ability test.
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Prerequisite 3 - Observability Test

Let us compute now pre-requisite number 3 which is the observability test.

In this case n = 2, we matrix Q would have the following shape:

   
C 1 0
Q= = (2)
CA 2 3

det(Q) = 3

As determinant Q is non-zero, so rank(Q) = 2, and it passes observ-

ability test.

Let us proceed to design of controller now.

Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Design Steps - Observer Design

To design controller, first we need to design observer and then state feed-
back controller as follows:

Observer:
Construct matrix L whose size is transpose the size of C
Populate matrix L with elements starting from l1 , l2 and so on
Post-multiply C with
L to obtain LC, and then compute
det sI − A − LC
Obtain the desired characteristic equation for observer and compare
coefficients to obtain the values of l1 , l2 , and so on
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Design Steps - Controller Design

State feedback Controller:

Construct matrix K whose size is transpose the size of B
Populate matrix K with elements starting from k1 , k2 and so on
Pre-multiply B with
K to obtain BK, and then compute
det sI − A − BK
Obtain the desired characteristic equation and compare coefficients
to obtain the values of k1 , k2 , k3 and so on
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - Observer Design Slide 1

 
l
L= 1
l2
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - Observer Design Slide 1

 
l
L= 1
l2
 
l1 0
LC =
l2 0
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - Observer Design Slide 1

 
l
L= 1
l2
 
l1 0
LC =
l2 0
   
2 3 l 0
A − LC = − 1
0 5 l2 0
 
2 − l1 3
A − LC =
−l2 −5
   
s 0 2 − l1 3
sI − (A − LC) = −
0 s −l2 −5
 
s − 2 + l1 −3
sI − (A − LC) =
l2 s−5
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - Observer Design Slide 2

 
s − 2 − l1 −3
sI − (A − LC) =
−l2 s−5
det(sI − (A − LC)) =
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - Observer Design Slide 2

 
s − 2 − l1 −3
sI − (A − LC) =
−l2 s−5
det(sI − (A − LC)) = s2 + (l1 − 7)s + (−5l1 + 3l2 + 10)
Now lets compare it with desired characteristic equation:

(s + 10)(s + 20) = s2 + 30s + 200

Compare coefficients to obtain values of l1 and l2 .

Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - Observer Design Slide 2

 
s − 2 − l1 −3
sI − (A − LC) =
−l2 s−5
det(sI − (A − LC)) = s2 + (l1 − 7)s + (−5l1 + 3l2 + 10)
Now lets compare it with desired characteristic equation:

(s + 10)(s + 20) = s2 + 30s + 200

Compare coefficients to obtain values of l1 and l2 .

We obtain l1 = 37 and l2 = 125

Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - State Feedback Controller - Slide 1

 
K = k1 k2
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - State Feedback Controller - Slide 1

 
K = k1 k2
 
k1 k2
BK =
2k1 2k2
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - State Feedback Controller - Slide 1

 
K = k1 k2
 
k1 k2
BK =
2k1 2k2

 
2 − k1 3 − k2
A − BK =
0 − 2k1 5 − 2k2
   
s 0 2 − k1 3 − k2
sI − (A − BK) = −
0 s 0 − 2k1 5 − 2k2
 
s − 2 + k1 −3 + k2
sI − (A − BK) =
2k1 2k2 + s − 5
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - State Feedback Controller - Slide 2

 
s − 2 + k1 −3 + k2
sI − (A − BK) =
2k1 2k2 + s − 5
det(sI − (A − BK)) =
Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - State Feedback Controller - Slide 2

 
s − 2 + k1 −3 + k2
sI − (A − BK) =
2k1 2k2 + s − 5
det(sI − (A − BK)) = s2 + (k1 + 2k2 − 7)s + (−4k2 + 10)
Now lets compare it with desired characteristic equation:

(s + 3)(s + 5) = s2 + 8s + 15

Compare coefficients to obtain values of k1 and k2 .

Controller Design Techniques Observer based state feedback controller Design of controller

Solution - State Feedback Controller - Slide 2

 
s − 2 + k1 −3 + k2
sI − (A − BK) =
2k1 2k2 + s − 5
det(sI − (A − BK)) = s2 + (k1 + 2k2 − 7)s + (−4k2 + 10)
Now lets compare it with desired characteristic equation:

(s + 3)(s + 5) = s2 + 8s + 15

Compare coefficients to obtain values of k1 and k2 .

We obtain k1 = 11.67 and k2 = 1.67