Customer Educational Services

DVB Return Channel

(Inbound Data Link)

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Agenda

Overview
Physical layer
MAC layer
LLC layer
Application – data-link mediation layer
The Details
Synchronization
Time frequency plan composition
Logon
Capacity requests
Allocations
P-ACM

22

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DVB-RCS Standard Introduction

The DVB-RCS standard defines the following:

Physical layer – modulation, coding, scrambling.
System synchronization.
Access scheme to the shared time/frequency resource; burst formats.
MAC layer – capacity request methods, forward and return signaling.
Protocol stack – up to IP level.
Encryption – optional.
What is not covered (SatLabs covered some of it):
Role of the terminal in “the IP world” (routing functionality, IP addresses
management etc.)
ODU and IDU-ODU interface
Protocol acceleration.
QoS and VoIP.
Management and control (like SW download).
Native telephony.

33

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Return Channel
The Physical Layer
Symbol rate is not specified (no min. or max.).
QPSK modulation –
Less bandwidth
Linear ODU – more power
More complicated installation and terminal power maintenance.
Turbo coding: advanced scheme. Different from Gilat Turbo code. More
variety of code rates.
CRC for some of the bursts (CSC must, SYNC optional).
Strict synchronization
PLL-Locked ODU, unique PCR in forward channel chain.

44

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Return Channel
The Media Access Control (MAC) Layer
Initial logon to the network.
The communication is non-reliable:
Error-detection (No error correction)
No re-transmission
MAC messages use the following containers:
SAC (Satellite Access Control) field of assigned SYNC bursts
SAC prefix of TRF (traffic) slots (capacity request as piggybacking)

55

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The expected SAC field contents are created and stored or retrieved prior to the test case
execution. Forward link events are triggered by the reception of the pre-defined SAC
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message. SAC fields may be present in SYNC or TRF bursts as described in the DVB-RCS
standard.
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Return Channel
The Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer

Network Logon mechanisms

Link Synchronization
Power-ACM (“inbound adaptive power, coding and modulation”)
Allocations match the VSAT changing link conditions
As a VSAT link deteriorate, it will be allocated less efficient but robust slots –
ACM
VSAT may also compensate for any link deterioration by increasing Tx power (if
available) – P-ACM
Capacity request and reservation
Power Loop and corrections
Detection of saturation point (Linear BUC)

66

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Gilat Inbound Introduction

High Inbound throughput:

2.6 Mbps in V6.0
6.1 Mbps in V6.1
Excellent bandwidth efficiency
Roll-off factor and channel spacing 0.35 (0.2 in the future)
Inbound Turbo Coding
Bandwidth on Demand access
Robust Admission control mechanism
Guaranteeing service level for real-time applications
Automatic detection of VoIP signaling (in the future)

77

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Gilat Inbound Introduction (cont’d)

Maximum availability with ACM and ACR: 19db dynamic range

Dynamic switching of both Modulation and Coding (IB ACM)
Dynamic Adaptive carrier Rate (ACR)
Self adapting access scheme learns the network and dynamically
optimizes bandwidth distribution (future plan)
Inbound BW as low as 175KHz (128 Ksps x 1.35)
Linear ODU with adaptive power control, for optimum Tx power
Supports high symbol rates when needed
New Receiver Architecture –MCR Receivers
Up to 8 inbound channels supported by a single 1U hub receiver (MCR)
Channel rates from 128Ksps to 1 Msps (2.56Msps in the future)

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ACM – Adaptive Coding and Modulation
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ACR – Adaptive Carrier Rate (future plan)

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Inbound Basic Terms

Carrier Type

Carrier Type
Carrier types are used to distinguish between carriers.
Each carrier type uses only one Symbol Rate.
Each Carrier Type has its own mapping structure.
Up to 4 Carrier Types in the network: 1, 2, 3, 4.
Each Carrier Type has a Start and Stop RF frequency.
All carriers are assigned to one Inbound Band only!
Available Symbol-rates: 128, 160, 192, 256, 320, 384, 512, 640, 832, 1024,
1280, 1536, 2048, 2560 Ksps.
Up to 8 RF segments per HSP. Amplitude

BW
BW=Symbol Rate x Roll off Factor
Frequency
99

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Inbound Basic Terms

Carrier Type (cont’d)
Delta from
The list shows all available Symbol Rates Symbol Adjacent
and their power change according to link Rate Symbol Rate
budget requirements. # [sps] [dB]
Provides maximum dynamic range of 13dB 1 128
2 160 1
3 192 0.8
4 256 1.2
5 320 1
6 384 0.8
7 512 1.2
8 640 1
9 832 1.1
10 1024 0.9
11 1280 1

1 x 512Ksps 2 x 256Ksps 4 x 128Ksps 12 1536 0.8

13 2048 1.2

14 2560 1
1010

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Inbound Basic Terms

MODCOD

MODCOD is a combination of Modulation and Coding:

QPSK: 1/2, 2/3, ¾, 4/5, 6/7
8PSK: 2/3, ¾, 4/5, 6/7
Up to 8 MODCODs multiplexed in time, are available in all the Carrier Types.
The MODCOD composition table includes the following:

Carrier Symbol Amount of MODCOD

Type Rate Carriers Composition
A 128 1 QPSK ½ - 100%

B 128 3 QPSK 3/4 - 100%

C 160 2 8PSK ¾ - 50%

8PSK ¼ - 50%

Currently (SE IIv6.0) - only one MODCOD per carrier!

1111

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RCS-Based Access

The Inbound Access Scheme is based on the official DVB-RCS standard.

Gilat is on Satlabs’ steering board.
Gilat specific options
Improved modulation – 8PSK
Optimized VoIP solution for better voice quality – allocations with short jitter
Optimizing bps/Hz with adaptive power control
Faster frequency hopping for better spectral efficiency
Embedded TCP and HTTP acceleration

1212

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Access Scheme
Physical and Communication Layers
Multi-Frequency Time-Division Multiplexing (MF-TDMA):
Near zero-time frequency hopping capabilities, the near zero-time
frequency hopping is achieved by using dual synthesizers at the
VSAT for Inbound transmission Slots as short as 250 μsec
Multiple carrier types (symbol-rates).
VSAT are allocated on slots according to link conditions.

Freq

CT 3 512Ksps user traffic

CT 2 256Ksps user traffic

CT 1 128Ksps Management traffic

Time 1313

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The Guard between two close time-slots is used for frequency stabilization.

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Access Scheme
Physical and Communication Layers (cont’d)

Possibly, multiple MODCODs time-multiplexed on the same carrier.

Freq

CT 2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
CT 1 6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4

Time

1414

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DVB-RCS Tables
Service Information (SI) Tables

SkyEdge II is a new system that is backward incompatible to the legacy

SkyEdge system.
Through use of a DVB-S2 Outbound signal, SkyEdge II uses the
Outbound (forward link) to transmit all relevant tables to define:
Satellite Position
Time-Frequency plan for Inbound channels
Frequency, power and time corrections
VSAT log-on time slots allocation
Individual VSAT parameters
Capacity Request
Etc.

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Service Information (SI) header includes information about network-wide tables,
table id, table version number of the sub-table, etc,.
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DSM-CC header includes information about section, Destination MAC address,
payload and address scrambling control, LLC/SNAP encapsulation, etc,.
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Time-Frequency Plan

The need for multiple carrier-types / MODCODs:

Supporting robust slot types for fade mitigation
Supporting heterogeneous network with VSATs running different
capabilities: ODU power, antenna size of location in the satellite beam
Using multiple carrier types:
Yields better satellite utilization
However, this may not fit a very small network
Using multiple MODCODs :
“Full carrier rate” is decreased as a factor of faster and more robust slots
mix
However, this eliminates the need for additional carriers; Mixture granularity
is better; The concept is more adequate for future dynamic networks.

1616

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Time-Frequency Plan Composition

The Time-Frequency Plan (TFP) is build from “simple” inputs:

“Start-stop” satellite bandwidth segments
Required carrier types, symbol-rate and amount of carriers
Slot/MODCOD composition

Stop
Freq Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2

Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Start 6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4
Freq
Time

1717

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Time-Frequency Plan Composition

An Example
Example
Carrier Type 1:
2 x 128 Ksps:
100% QPSK ½
Carrier Type 2:
1 x 384 Ksps:
50% QPSK ¾
50% 8PSK 6/7

Stop
Freq Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2

Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Start 6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4
Freq
Time

1818

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Each HSP can be configured with up to 4 Carrier Types.

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Each Carrier Type is an independent symbol-rate and mapping (time-multiplexing) of slots
from other Carrier Types.
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Each receiver contains 4 reception chains composed of A/D and DSP. In each time slot
only one reception chain is active. Each reception chain is responsible for one carrier type.
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The DSP receives from HSP the center frequency of one and only one carrier.
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Gilat is going to use one symbol rate per carrier.

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Superframe

TFP is constructed to have a full repetition of a superframe every 360 ms.

Freq TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

Superframe Superframe
CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN

Time

360 msec

1919

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Superframe yields a minimal rate allocation of 2 Kbps (96Bytesx8bit)/360ms

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Superfarme
Allocation Request
Allocation is performed every 40ms and published to All VSATs using TBTP
table. Each allocation round is independent.
Bandwidth is requested over a capacity-request that may be piggy-backed over
traffic slots (TRF) . It is either fully allocated and guaranteed or rejected.

Freq TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

Superframe Superframe
CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN

Time

40 msec –
Allocation Round

360 msec -
Superframe
2020

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Allocations are made over short intervals (40 ms). Each allocation round is independent.
Each allocation round generates its own “allocation table” broadcasted to the network.
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Time-Frequency Plan
Slot Types

The Time-Frequency Plan (TFP) is composed of 3 slot types:

Traffic slot (TRF)
Logon slot (Common Signaling Channel - CSC)
Maintenance slot (SYNC)
CSC and SYNC slots are not part of the HSP configuration. The HSP will
assign these slots automatically, out of the amount of VSATs in the
network and carrier types, to the most robust carrier type.

Freq TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN CSC SYN

Time
360 msec
2121

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Time-Frequency Plan - Slot Types

Traffic Slot
TRF slot carries User Traffic, by containing ATM cells
TRF can be composed of: 1/2/4 ATM cells. 2 ATM cells are the default.
Capacity-request that may be piggy-backed over traffic slots.
Up to 8 different TRF types (8 MODCODs).
IP datagrams are encapsulated over the ATM cells by AAL5 (RFC 2684)

2222

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The Time-Frequency Plan is broadcasted in the Outbound every few seconds.

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Time-Frequency Plan - Slot Types

Traffic Slot (cont’d)
Traffic slots allow 96 user-traffic bytes.
TRF burst consists of:
Preamble for receiver detection
SAC (Satellite Access Control) prefix. Used for piggy-backed capacity requests
and other MAC signaling.
TRF can be composed of: 1/2/4 ATM cells. 2 ATM cells are the default.

2323

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Time-Frequency Plan - Slot Types

Common Channel Signaling - CSC Slot

The Common Signaling Channel (CSC) is responsible for network Logon

Includes terminal initial identification by MAC address
CSC is the only slot-type that is used in contention.
CSC interval per VSAT- 10sec by default.
CSC slot is a 16 bytes block.

2424
Network recovery assumes all VSATs to be ‘up’ on one minute.
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A VSAT will keep on trying to log-on the system until successful compilation.
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Time-Frequency Plan - Slot Types

Maintenance - SYNC Slot

The SYNC slot is used for Link synchronization.

Used for time, frequency and power maintenance.
Used for initial capacity-request.
It is pre-allocated once a second for every logged-on VSAT.
SYNC slot is a 16 bytes block.

2525

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CSC and SYNC MODCOD

CSC and SYNC slots are placed on channels of the most robust carrier type
that is configured in the system.
The HSP assigns these MODCODs automatically to:

TRF MODCOD CSC/SYNC MODCOD

QPSK ½ QPSK ½
QPSK 2/3 QPSK 2/3
QPSK ¾ QPSK ¾

QPSK 4/5 QPSK 4/5

QPSK 6/7 QPSK 6/7
8PSK 2/3 QPSK 6/7
8PSK 3/4 QPSK 6/7

8PSK 4/5 QPSK 6/7

8PSK 6/7 QPSK 6/7

2626

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Time-Frequency Plan Composition

Time-Slot Types

Slots of different types on the same carrier are multiplexed in time in a uniform
manner as much as possible.
Example:
If QPSK3/4 and both QPSK6/7 TRFs are used at a ratio of 1:2, then two
QPSK6/7 slots will be placed before each QPSK3/4…
If two CSC slots are required in each carrier during a super-frame, they will be
spaced at about 180ms one from the other…

Stop TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

Freq C S S S
Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2
TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF
C S S S
Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2 Q 1/2

TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF TRF

Start Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4 6/7 6/7 3/4
Freq
Time
2727

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Network Logon Procedure

In order to logon the terminal only needs:

Start-up transport stream frequency and symbol rate.
Interactive–network-ID and Inbound ID.
All the information about the relevant forward link for tables and data is
obtained from standard DVB tables pointing procedure, starting from the NIT
in the start-up transport stream.
After acquiring the relevant forward link, the terminal extracts from it all the
information required for the return link (contained in the tables).
The terminal transmits CSC burst (random access with retransmission).
The Hub acknowledges.
The Hub-terminal start synchronization procedure.

2828
VSAT wait’s random time (up to 10 sec) until the next attempt)
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Network Logon Procedure (cont’d)

Network logon is performed in contention

mode over CSC slots Hub VSAT

Logon is performed using the VSAT ID

During logon some basic information is
passed between VSAT and hub:
Logged-on VSATs are assigned a fixed CSC reply (co
rrections, SY
NC assignmen
SYNC slots (once a second) t)

VSAT MPN, VSAT priority and required

CBR allocation

Corrections

Correction

Allocation

2929

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CSC message (Logon) is transmitted on the most possible MODCOD channel.

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In case that the VSAT requires CBR, the request is part of the Logon message. In this case
the VSAT will not generate the Capacity Request message.
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VSAT
Capacity Requests

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Reservation Solutions
Three mechanisms are used for reservation concept:
Admission-Controlled rate-based
Rate-Base
Volume-Based
Flywheel Implementation

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Capacity requests can be sent by the VSAT over SYNC slot or over TRF as a piggy-back.
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Capacity-Requests
Admission Controlled Rate-Based
Admission-Controlled reservation is used for managed Multimedia applications
(VoIP, Video) and applications that have strict jitter limitations (Abis).
Capacity request class, intended for Multimedia usage and backhauling
applications where the following is required:
Guaranteed allocation (grant or reject).
Uniform Bandwidth (slots) allocations with low jitter and minimal inter-slot delay.
Admission Control capacity requests are allocated as uniformly-distributed slots
across the super-frame.
Starting by a single slot per SF (=2Kbps, 1 slot per 360 ms)
Up to a full carrier rate
Full multi-frequency allocation (even across carriers of different type / symbol-rate)

3232

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Capacity-Requests
Rate-Based
In Rate-Based VSAT pronounce its needs. The Hub allocates bandwidth
according to needs and overall network demand and available capacity.
Used for Raw-IP, ICMP, TFTP and UDP applications.
No explicit reply is provided.
Granularity as good as 2 Kbps.
Prioritization by VSAT priority and flow priority.
Allocations are constantly re-evaluated as network demand changes.

3333

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Capacity-Requests
Volume-Based
Volume-Based is used for TCP traffic. Every TCP packet is counted and
the RSP generates a Volume Base Dynamic Capacity (VBDC) request
(every 100msec to 1 sec).
VSAT pronounce its needs. The Hub allocates bandwidth according to
needs and overall network demand and available capacity.
The VSAT asks only once for each buffered data
Allocations are “calculated” each allocation round from scratch

3434

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Customer Educational Services

Capacity-Requests
Free Capacity Assignment
Volume based capacity, assigned from the pool of unused capacity.
Assigned by the Hub according to its criteria, without any request or signaling.
There is no similar allocation category in Gilat proprietary system.

3535

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Allocations

Prioritization:
Admission Control capacity-requests are prioritized above any other
CBR and CIR capacity-requests are next in line
Other Weighted Fair Queue prioritized rate and volume based capacity-
requests: High, medium and low priority

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Customer Educational Services

IB P-ACM

P-ACM: Adaptive Power, Coding and Modulation

The ability to increase TX power as the link faces fade conditions
The VSAT learns the 1dB compression point (saturation) and is able to
adapt TX power to changing link conditions (in order to be received at a
fixed level at the satellite)
The HSP allocates slots according to the VSAT link conditions and its
capabilities to increase power
When in fade the VSAT first increases TX power until reaches its limit, then
robust slots are used
During clear-sky, the VSAT decreases TX power and fast slots are used

3737

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IB P-ACM (cont’d)

Power loop is maintained by using SYNC bursts

The VSAT attempts higher and higher SYNC bursts TX power and
receives SYNC reception power readings, until saturation is reached
Saturation: TX power increase doesn’t fully translate into receive power
increase
During the process, TRF TX power isn’t affected
This process takes place slowly and repeatedly
The result is the dB gain that can be reached by adjusting the IDU
attenuators before saturation
This gain can be used to (a) allocate faster slots to the VSAT and (b) allow
the VSAT some gain during fade

3838

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Test Your Knowledge

1. Which layer is responsible for the Link synchronization? ________________

2. How many allocation cycles there are in the Superslot?_________________

3. What are the functions of the MAC layer?

_____________________________________________________________
4. What are the functions of the LLC layer?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Which layer takes care of the MODCODs assignment?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Which MODCOD will carry the SYNC and CSC
slots?________________________________________________________
7. If the TRF MODCOD is QPSK 4/5, what will be the MODCOD for the CSC and
SYNC slots?_______________________________________________
8. Calculate the required channel bandwidth for a carrier with symbol rate of 512
Ksps. ____________________________________________________
9. What is the minimal allocation bit rate? _____________________________

10. What is the user date size in each slot? _____________________________ 3939

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The End

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