Electrical Machines - I

Prof. Tapas Kumar Bhattacharya

Lecture - 01
Magnetic Circuit and Transformer

Welcome to this course on Electrical Machines – I, where we will discuss about

Transformers as we will see will generally consist of a magnetic core material made of
subtitle, over which there will be at least two coils wound. And one of the coil will be
energized with AC source of known frequency and in the other coil will get voltage of
same frequency, but at different levels. So, that is primarily the job of a transformer is,
that is suppose you have a 200 volt 50 Hertz supply, you require 400 volt 50 Hertz
supply, then I will use a transformer to change the level of the voltage from 200 to 400
volt keeping the frequency constant.

It can be similarly a step down situation where you have a say 400 volt you want to step
it down to 100 volt level then use a transformer. Transformer is a static device its
efficiency is very large. In case of power transformer efficiency could be as large as 99
percent unlike a rotating machine efficiency which may be 80 percent, 85 percent very
good efficiency because there is no rotating parts in it.

There will be of course, losses which accounts for that 1 percent or 2 percent loss in
power, that is there because of conductors will carry current it will have a high square or
loss. And also core we will see when it is having a time varying flux then also there will
be heat loss inside the core of the material. Anyway, those things we will discuss in
detail.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:58)

But it looks like then we have to deal with this situations, that is suppose you have a
magnetic core of this kind ok. And it has got a thickness, like this in 3 dimension I am
trying to draw and it will be like this. So, this is called it is a made of soft iron and I have
drawn it right now as a solid iron block. We will see what is to be done because solid
irons are not used.

But this is the structure of the iron and over which there will be coils wound like this ok.
When there is a single coil and there is a core like this, core material then if this coil
carries current it will produce flux inside the core. So, we start with magnetic circuit ok.
We just review that because that will be essential in understanding the.

Student: (Refer Time: 04:51).

Magnetic circuit because there is a magnetic material, there will be coils wound over it
and the coils are supposed to carry current therefore, they are going to produce flux in
the core. And we know that if this is the direction of the current, suppose DC current first
then the direction of the current will be like this in the coil, I. Suppose we have
connected DC source this is the current. Then what happens, in the core there will be a
flux produced phi. Deduction of the flux will be as you know you wrap your fingers
around the coils and thumb will give you the direction of the flux produced.
Of course, if it is a constant DC current whatever flux will be produced inside the core
that too will have constant values; and how to estimate that flux? You know we apply the
ampere circuital law to find out the flux produced in the core. For example, you see if I
draw the sectional view of the core, like this, then if you draw the sectional view the
conductors can be shown to be like this, this is the coil sections. How many coils
sections you will see? As is the number of turns of this one. And the direction of the
current as shown can be shown by cross and dot like this will be cross current, [FL] cross
and these will be dot, is it not?

Then the flux inside the core what do we do is we take a mean path of the flux which I
am showing by dotted lines. This is the flux and this red one is the length of the mean
path, length of mean path of the flux that length let me call l. If these are N then ampere
circuital laws says that integral H dot dl over a closed path is equal to current enclosed, is
it. But in this case the direction of H and l are same.

Therefore, what will come out to be H into l that dot product because the direction of H
and l as I move they are same, direction of H, direction of B, direction of phi they are all
same and also length is like that, H dot dl means H into l should be equal to the current
enclosed. How much current is enclosed by this path? N into I, N into I. We know this,
so I will not spend much of this time.

So, this is NI by l. Its unit is ampere turns per meter this will be the case. Once I know H
then I will calculate B, B will be equal to mu 0 mu r into H, where mu are is called the
relative permeability of the core and if the relationship between B and H is linear, then
mu r is a constant value and so this will be equal to mu 0 mu r and for H I can write NI
by l. Then the then I go here, then the flux produced which is in vapor will be equal to B
into the cross sectional area A. What is this A? A is this cross sectional area that is this,
this, this, this, through which flux will be flowing, so, this is A ok.

So, this cross sectional area is perpendicular to the flux at any sections therefore, flux in
vapor will be B into A and B already I have calculated, so I substitute that mu 0 mu r NI
by l, this is H into area. Now, if you see this can be written as NI I am sorry, if you see
this it will be NI and bring all the other things in the denominator which will become 1
by mu 0 mu r l by A. Why I have written in this fashion is this, that this is the cause I can
identify this, this is the cause and phi is the effect, is not? I have supplied with mmf and
this magnetic circuit returns c way flux phi. And how to calculate that flux? Mmf, this is
called mmf and you this is called reluctance. And that is why we name magnetic circuit.

In case of electrical circuit, I is equal to EMF by resistance and if you recall EMF is
EMF voltage resistance is rho l by A. So, there is a striking similarity and that is why it is
called reluctance. Reluctance limits the value of the flux when you apply an mmf.
Although, the mmf and the flux in electrical circuit as you know the circuit is like this
resistance and this is your EMF say E E by R. And this is the current, but in magnetic
circuit this mmf and this flux wherever it is flowing they are totally decoupled, I mean it
is not that flux is in the conductor.

But nonetheless this equation prompts us to simplify the matter and say that as so far as
calculation of mmf is concerned you do it like this NI and connect it by a reluctance
which is shown by a curly letter R and here you show the flux. Although, in this diagram
I show there as if connected, but they are not in practice, but only prompted by this
relationship corresponding in the existing in the electrical circuit, it is better, that is why
it is called magnetic circuit.

So, if mmf is known. I will first calculate, what is the reluctance? Reluctance of the
magnetic circuit per depends upon its geometry, what is the length, what is the cross
sectional area, cross sectional area is this one of this, this is the cross sectional area then
you calculate H and I by l and then multiply it with mu 0 mu r to get B, then multiply
with a and get that one. Therefore, in a simple excitation with DC current this value of
the flux whatever you will get, if you divide the mmf with reluctance that two will be
constant and its direction will be also fixed in this case it is clockwise ok.

The reverse problem is also very simple. In that case I will say that I want to create a
certain amount of flux what should be the current necessary. So, I will calculate
reluctance, reluctance into flux will give me NI and if I know the number of turns I will
simply divide that NI with m to get the current necessary. Anyway, these are known stuff
and we have a magnetic circuit like this ok. And I will presume that you know about it,
so no question of further telling about it [FL]. Now, we will go to next page, next page.

Student: L that keyboard is (Refer Time: 16:21) useful.

Let us go to next page.

Now, I will tell you that what happens if the same magnetic circuit that is this one, this
point you listen very carefully and this is the most interesting thing, sorry, I am sorry. Let
me try to draw another thing here, that is the core I am drawing you must understand.
Why it is getting circle, anyway.

So, suppose this is the core of the material let me draw slowly ok. And suppose you have
the let us consider a single coil same magnetic circuit with N turns, but this time what I
will do is this I will connect it to an AC source this is AC source of known voltage.

For example, V 1 is equal to root 2 I am sorry will write it like this v 1 t is equal to root 2
V 1, some say sin omega t or cos omega t I will write it applied voltage to this coil. Now,
if you pass a sinusoidal voltage across the coil, in case of DC circuit magnetic circuit
what I was telling when the current is constant then NI you calculate mmf divide it by
reluctance get the flux. But in AC circuit AC magnetic circuit the coil is connected across
a AC supply voltage of known frequency, rms value V 1 and supply frequency is f.

Then what I am telling, first I will tell this statement the flux in the core gets fixed I
mean no question of once the supply voltage and rms value is known, I mean we do not
start telling that I will first calculate current, then calculate mmf, then divide that mmf
with reluctance to get the flux, not like that; it will be the moment you apply a known
rms voltage at certain frequency f where omega equal to 2 phi f and AC voltage across
the coil.
The level of flux which will be produced which will be also time varying it is expected
flux gets fixed. Now, what is the reason for that? Reason for that is it is expected
whatever current it draws that will be also sinusoidal varying, because after all it is some
sort of coil or inductance we have connected across an AC supply, some alternating
current it will draw and since current value and magnitude is changing with time the this
phi 2 will be time dependent, sometimes it will be flowing to clockwise sometimes in the
anticlockwise direction, sometimes it will be 0 when the instantaneous value of the
current will be 0 and so on. But the moment an alternating flux is created inside the core
of the coil, inside the core of this magnetic circuit between these two points they are
appears an AC induced voltage.

Suppose the number of turns of this coil is N or say N 1 single coil l 1. Then according to
Faraday if there is a coil if there is a time varying flux in the coil then this coil itself
become a seat of EMF. The value of instantaneous value of which is some minus N 1 d
phi d t about that sign it is not necessarily so important, but what I am telling this is the
induced voltage the flux linking the coil is chaining with time and therefore, there will be
induced voltage across this coil.

In this case this flux is created by the current carried by the coil itself, but it does not
matter, Faraday says, if there is a change of flux rate of change of flux exists linking a
coil it is time bearing then between these two points it will become a seat of EMF.
Negative sign is the Langer’s law it tells that the polarity of this induced voltage will be
such that it will try to oppose the very cause for which it is due.

For example, this coil can be modeled as here is your AC supply V 1 t I have applied.
Then what I am telling across this coil if I neglect the resistance of the coil there appears
another source here and that induced voltage is E 1 and the polarity of this voltage will
be such that if this side is d phi dt is positive then it will try to oppose the cause, so its
polarity will be like this ok. Or in other words what I am telling, so these thing can be
now be modeled like these applied voltage and there is another induced EMF.

In case of DC magnetic circuit DC 1 will not be there, there is applied voltage which is
constant. Of course, current will be limited by the resistance of the circuit V by r that is
why current gets fixed I. But here what I am telling the induced voltage in the coil will
be same as the applied voltage, only thing about the polarity its polarity will be such that
it will try to oppose the cause very cause that is the flux it will try to oppose it. What was
the reason for flux existing and increasing? This current it was increasing in the positive
direction. So, it will try to limit reduce that value of the current that was the reason.

Anyway, after this I can say that in this loop k V l equation is to be satisfied. Therefore,
applied rms voltage must be equal to the rms voltage of V 1 what else, is not? Now, you
see this flux will be some phi max, say let us forget about this cos omega d sin suppose I
start with these one phi max equal to sin omega t. Why I am assuming this? Because the
circuit cannot, but draw sinusoidally varying current let call phi is equal to phi max sin
omega t. If that be the case then the rms value of the then the induced voltage in the coil
E 1 will be equal to N 1 d phi 1 dt ok.

If you differentiate these this will become equal to N 1 phi max omega sum cos omega t.
This will the value of the induced voltage, is not? So, what will be the rms value of that
voltage? It will be the peak value of the voltage phi max, omega by root 2. For omega if
you substitute 2 phi f, so it will become root 2 phi f phi max into N 1. See I am not so
much bothered about this minus 1, I should not struggle, my intention here is to calculate
what is the rms value of the induced voltage ok. Differentiate it, peak value you get
divide it by root 2 and that will give you rms voltage.

What I am telling is in the circuit k V l equation must be satisfied or is vanishingly small.

So, what I have told you that in case of AC E same magnetic circuit which I considered
with DC excitation, if you connect it to an external voltage source which is alternating in
nature sinusoidally and the rms value of that applied voltage is known current whatever
flows has to be sinusoidal therefore, phi created inside the core of this magnetic material
2 will be time dependent and vary sinusoidally. And if this flux vary sinusoidally then
Faraday tells us that across this two points; this two points there will be induced voltage.

What is the magnitude of this induced voltage rms value? That magnitude of this rms
voltage is root 2 phi f phi max into N 1. Applied rms voltage is known V 1, induced rms
voltage is known capital E 1 and these two must be same because k V l is to be satisfied
in the primary. If that be the case in this equation what are the things I know, V 1 is
known, supply frequency is known, N 1 is known number of turns and your phi max is
equal to V 1 by root 2 phi f into N 1. This is the crucial thing.

As I told you see mind you in case of alternating magnetic circuit if you apply an AC
voltage the level of flux phi max is decided, decided by whom? By the supply voltage
rms value by the supply frequency and number of turns; so, is it not? Something different
from DC circuit; DC circuit you apply some known current, DC current in the circuit
calculate mmf divide by reluctance, get the flux. But here it is somewhat interesting.

The moment you connect an AC voltage V 1 and f I can tell you the flux is sinusoidally
varying. What is the maximum value of that flux? It is fixed it is this one. Therefore, this
phi max how much will be produced inside the core is decided. I do not have any control
over it. In fact, I will go a step ahead I will tell you. If this core material it has got a
permeability of mu r 1 you replace this core material with another magnetic material
having relative permeability mu r 2 then also phi max is V 1 by these one.

So, no matter what is the kind of magnetic material it is good magnetic material, back
bad magnetic material, the moment supply rms voltage and supply frequency are known
phi max in the core is decided. A very crucial point to go ahead with the concept of
transformer. We will continue with that.

Thank you.