,ay; - 2

rh.fe;jrhkp fijfspy; rKjhag;

gof;ftof;fq;fs;
2.0 Kd;Diu
elg;gpay; r%fj;ij tpsf;Ftjhf miktJ

gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fNs. fhyj;NjhL ele;j r%fj;ijg; glk; gpbj;Jf;

fhl;Ltjd; %yk; mit ntsp cyfpw;Fj; njhpatUk;. gof;f

tof;fq;fisj; jk; gilg;gpy; mikg;gJ vd;gJ gilg;ghsDf;Fj;

njhpe;j> gpwh; $wpa epfo;r;rpfs; Nghd;wit fhuzkhfg; gjpthfpd;wd.
,t;tpay; Ma;nty;iyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rKjhag; gof;f

tof;fq;fis Ma;fpwJ.

2.1 gof;f tof;fk;

gof;fk; vd;gJ md;whl tho;fi
; fapy; epfOk; epue;jukhd
gzpfshFk;. tof;fk; vd;gJ Kd;Ndhh;fspd; tho;tpay; epfo;r;rpapy;

fhzyhFk; ek;gpf;iffs;> rFdk;> ,iw ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; ,it

njhlh;ghditfs; midj;JkhFk;. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfspy;
fhzyhFk; r%fg; gof;f tof;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw

ehd;F tifg;ghl;by; Ma;thsh; gFj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;. mit>

1. topghL njhlh;ghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;

2. tho;f;if tl;lr; rlq;Ffs; njhlh;ghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;
3. Nrhjplk; njhlh;ghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;
4. nghJthd gof;f tof;fq;fs;

2.2 topghL njhlh;ghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;

kdpj tho;tpy; ,iw ek;gpf;if kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wjhf

mike;Js;sJ. ,iwtdplk; topghL nra;Ak;NghJ gy gof;f

22
tof;fq;fis ehk; filg;gpbf;fpNwhk;. ,ijg; gilg;ghsh; jkJ
fijfspy; jpwk;gl ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

2.2.1 topghL – tpsf;fk;

‘topgL’ vd;w Nth;r; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J gpwe;j topghL vd;Dk;

nrhy; topapw; nry;Yif (Proceeding on the Way)> gpd;gw;Wif

(Following)> tzf;fk; (Reverrence Odoration)> G+rid (Ritual

Worship) vd;w nghUspidj; jUfpd;wJ vd;W gpq;fy epfz;L

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. tzf;fk; vd;w nghUspidf; $WfpwJ nre;jkpo;

mfuhjp. ‘tzf;fk;’> ‘Nfhl;ghL’ vd;w ,U nghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wJ.

jw;fhy jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp tzf;fk;> topapw; nry;Yif>

gpd;gw;Wif> G+rid> tof;fk;> rkaf; Nfhl;ghL vd;w nghUs;fisf;

$Wfpd;wJ. fofj; jkpo; mfuhjp> rkaj;jpy; ‘topghL’ vd;w nrhy;

nfsutk;> fz;zpak;> tzf;fk;> kjpg;G vd;w nghUl;fisg; ngw;W

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. flTisNah> flTsh;fisNah caph;

cs;stw;iwNah> caph; ,y;yhjtw;iwNah> topghl;Lr; nrhw;fisf;

nfhz;L topgLtij ‘topghL’ vdyhk;”1 vd;W fz;zh fUg;igah

Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

2.2.2 kuj;jpy; Kdp

“topghL nra;Ak; xt;nthU FOTk; ntt;NtWgl;l jdpj;jdp

elj;ijfisAk;> ek;gpf;iffisAk; G+rhhpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

,aw;ifapwe;j rf;jpapd;kPJ ek;gpf;ifAk; gf;jpAk; nfhz;L Gdpjkhd

elj;ijfspy; kf;fs; FOtpdh; <LgLk;NghJjhd; topghL Njhd;Wk;”2

vd Nj.Y}h;J Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

23
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhiyapy; cs;s gy kuq;fspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
kuj;jpy; Kdp ,Ug;gjhf kf;fs; nra;jpiag; gug;gp tpLth;.

mk;kuj;ijf; fz;lhy; mr;rk; tUk;. ‘caph;fs;’ vd;w rpWfijapy;

Mrphpah; mw;Gjuh[; jd; khztd; Nfhghy; $Wk; Nga;> gprhR>

fhj;jtuhad;> ma;adhh; fijfisf; Nfl;L mQ;rp Ntl;ilj;
njhopiyf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;w

,r;nray; ek;gpf;if mbg;gilapy; mike;jjhf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

thy;Kdp kuj;ijj; jhz;b tUk;NghJ mtd; “rhh; ,J nuhk;g

rf;jp tha;e;j nja;tk; rhh;. nea; thrYf;Ff; Nghw topapNy $e;jg;

gdkuj;jpw;F md;dhd;Nl ,Yg;g kuj;jpNy ,Uf;fpw KdpAk; ,JTk;
xz;Z rhh;. ,JTk; nea;thrYe;jhd; rhh; mjd; vy;iy. ,q;Nfh;e;J

mq;NfAk; mq;Nfh;e;J ,q;NfAk; Ngha; te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ

tpbQ;Rl;lh vq;fahr;Rk; jq;fpLk; rhh;”3 vd;W $wpa njhlh;fs;

kuj;jpy; Kdp elkhLtijg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

“mtd; Ngiag; gw;wp> fhj;jtuhaidg; gw;wp ma;adhiug; gw;wp

mw;Gjkhd ghtj;NjhL tpthpj;jhd;”4 vd;w khztdpd; $w;Wf;fs;

Nga;> gprhR> Kdp Nghd;w ek;gpf;if rhh;ej

; gof;f tof;fq;fis

tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

2.2.3 kutopghL
‘epoy;’ vd;Dk; fijapy; KdP];tud; kuj;ij topgLk;

g+rhhpapd; nray;fs; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. “#whtspf; fhw;W mbj;J

kuj;ij cYf;ff; $bapUe;Njhh;. “IahNt> mg;gNd> Kdpahz;b

vdf;fe;j g+rhhp KdP];tud; #yj;jpd; Kd;epd;W ‘M’ vd;W

24
Js;spf;Fjpj;jhd;. tpopfis %lhJ kuj;ijNa ghh;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. vy;NyhUk; mz;zhe;J ghh;j;jgb ,Ue;jhh;fs;. Kdp
te;JLr;R vd;W $wpa g+rhhp fPNo tpOe;J if$g;gpj; njhOjhd;.

rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; vOe;J ghidAld; Fsf;fiuf;Fg; Ngha; ePnuLj;J

te;J #yj;jpy; Cw;wpdhh;.”5 kuj;jbapy; #y topghL

epfo;j;jg;ngw;wJ. rpWnja;t topghl;by; fUtpfSk;

tzf;fj;jpw;Fhpadthf kjpf;fg; ngw;wd vd;gJ ,jd; top mwpag;

ngWfpwJ.

2.2.4 #ytopghL
#yj;jpypUe;J khiy jiuapy; Guz;L nfhz;bUe;jJ. jd;

cauj;jpw;F NkNy khiy ,Uf;Fnkd;W ,td; epidj;Jf;

nfhz;lhd;. g+rhhp> jiuapy; Guz;l khiyia vLj;Jr; nrq;fy; Nky;
itj;Jtpl;L nghpa Kdpf;F vjpNu cs;s gid kuj;jbapy; ,Uf;Fk;

rpd;d Kdpapd; fPo; xU Gjpa nrq;fy;iy el;L jpUePWk; re;jdKk;

Fq;FkKk; g+rpdhd;. G+rhhp KZKZj;jhh;. “vq;fs; Fyk; jiof;f

te;j KdpNa! MjpKdpNah! IahNt.. mg;gNd vd;W nrhw;fis

; hh;”6
cjph;jj Kdpgf;jp kf;fspilNa ,Ue;jij Mrphpah;

tpsf;fpAs;shh;. rpWnja;t topghL g+rhhpapd; gq;fspg;G kf;fspd;

ek;gpf;if ‘epoy;’ rpWfijapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2.2.5 Fynja;t topghL

fpuhk kf;fspd; ,iwek;gpf;if vd;gJ Fynja;t topghLk;>

rpWnja;t topghLk; MFk;. ,jNdhL mbnahw;wp kf;fspd;

nray;fisg; nghWj;Nj mth;fSf;F tho;T ,Ug;gjhff; fpuhk

kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. FLk;gq;fspd; topghNl gpw;fhyj;jpy; Fynja;t

25
topghlhf khwpaJ. tpUg;gj; nja;tj;ij kdjpy; epidf;Fk;gbj;
J}z;LjYk; Fynja;t topghl;bw;F topNfhyhfpaJ. Mrphpah;
rh.fe;jrhkp mth;fs; jk; fijapy; gy ,lq;fspy; Fynja;t

topghl;ilg; Nghw;Wfpwhh;. rhd;whf>

“rpj;jpiuf;F th. ek;k Fynja;tk; Kdpahz;bf;Fg; g+ir

NghlZk; vd;whs; rhtpj;jphp.”7

“vd;df;fh> jpBnud;W g+ir” cdf;F mLj;j tUlk;

Mk;gshGs;s gpwf;fZk;. mg;Gwk; fpLfpLd;D GuNkh~d; vy;yhk;

te;J> eP rPg; vQ;rpdpauh MfZk; vd;w njhlh;fs; Fy nja;t

topghl;il czh;j;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. ‘Kj;Juh[h gpuhJ’ vd;w

fij fpuhkpa Fynja;t topghl;il eaKld; tpsf;Fk; gFjpahfTk;

mikfpwJ.

2.2.6 Iadhh; topghL

Foe;ijg; NgW> jpUkzk; Nghd;wit rpwg;ghf elf;f Neh;r;ir

NeUtJ gof;fkhFk;. ‘%d;whk; gpuhh;j;jid’ vd;Dk; fijapy;

jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ Iadhh; topghL eilngw;wJ vd;gij “mg;gNd

… Iadhug;gh vd;W fuk; $g;gp kdk; nefpo;e;jhh;.”8 kfd;

fy;ahzj;jpd;NghJ ML ntl;b rhuhaKk; RUl;Lk; itj;Jg; g+i[

Nghl;lJ jhd; vd;w $w;wpd; %yk; Iadhh; topghL njspthf

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.2.7 gilay;
nja;tg; gilay; kdpjh; cz;Zk; cztpd; mbg;gilapy;
mikAk;. G+rhhp ePz;l thio ,iyia tphpj;jhh;. xU ghidr;

26
Nrhw;iwf; nfhl;bdhh;. Ml;Lf; fwpf;Fok;igAk; mjpy; Nrh;j;jhh;.
rl;bapy; Ml;L uj;jk; guq;fpf;fha; $l;L KUq;iff; fPiug; nghwpay;
Nfhopf;fwp Mfpad gilf;fg;gl;ld. G+rhhp RUl;L Nfl;lhh;. cLf;if

mbj;jhh;. rhkpahbdhh;. cLf;ifiaj; jl;LtJ> cuf;fr; rj;jkpLtJ>

khiy FYq;f MLtJk; ghLtJkhf topghL mike;jpUe;jJ.
rhkpahLk; tof;fk; cz;L vd;gJ g+rhhpapd; nrayhy;

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.2.8 caph;g;gyp
ehl;Lg;Gw topghl;L Kiwfspy; caph;g;gyp nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk;
cz;L. Ml;Lf;fwp> Nfhopf;fwp cz;Zk; khe;jh;> #y topghl;by;

ML Nfhop Nghd;w caph;fisg; gyp nfhLj;J gypaplg;gl;ltw;iwr;

rikj;Jg; gilaypl;L cz;gh;. Kdp];tud; topghL vy;iyj; nja;t
topghlhfTk; fhty; nja;tkhfTk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gij

rh.fe;jrhkp rpWfijfspy; fhzKbfpwJ.

2.2.9 fhj;jthuhaDk; KdpAk;

fhj;jtuha Iadhh; ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;tq;fspy; xd;W.
fpuhkq;fspy; jpwe;j ntspapy; Fjpiu thfdj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk;

nja;tk;. ,uT Neuj;jpy; Ciu tyk; te;J fhf;fNt Fjpiu kPJ

mkh;e;jpUg;gjhf kf;fs; ek;gpdh;. mr;rj;ij tpistpf;Fk; KdpAk;
Kdp rhkpahf> Ch;j;nja;tkhf kjpf;fg; ngWfpwhh;. kuq;fs; tbtkhf

Nty;> #yk; Nghd;w fUtpfspd; tbtkhf ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;tq;fs;

tzq;fg; ngw;w nra;jpfisr; rpy rpWfijfspy; rh.fe;jrhkp
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Fyk; jiof;f te;j Kdp vd;W $wg;gLtjhy;

Fynja;t topghl;by; Kdp ,lk; ngWfpwhh;.

27
2.3 Neha; Nghf;Fk; flTs; rf;jp
Foe;ij Neha;fisg; Nghf;Fk; Mw;wy; ma;adhh; Nfhapy;

thy;Kdpf;F cz;L vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;fspilNa ,Ue;jJ.

“md;D}h; Iadhh; NfhapYf;F thy;Kdpjhd; rf;jp tha;e;jJ.

Foe;ijfSf;F [{uk;> Ngjp te;jhy; thy;Kdp Kd;Ndjhd; Nghl;L

kUe;ij Cw;Wthh;fs;. %lhj %z;l fz;fSk; ifapy; gpbj;j

nghpa ehfg;ghk;NghLk; thy;Kdpjhd;”9 vd;w njhlh; flTs; rf;jp

Neha;fisg; Nghf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifiaf; fpuhk kf;fs; ek;Gtjhf

Mrphpah; rpj;jphpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

2.4 Ntz;Ljy;
Ntz;Ljy; vd;gJ Nfhhpf;if vd;Dk; nghUisf;
nfhLg;gjhFk;. ,iwtNdhL Nfhhpf;if itg;gNj Ntz;Ljy; MFk;.

,q;F ngz;fs; Ntz;Ljiy mwpag;glhjtd; vd;Dk; fijapy; glk;

gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

“,g;g ,g;gg; ngz;fs; vy;yhk; GU~d; rhf khl;lhdh? mtd;

Ntiy jdf;Ff; fpilf;fhjh? vd;W Nfhapy; Nfhapyhfg; Ngha;

Ntz;bf;;fpl;L ,Uf;fpwhSNt> rhh;”10 vd;whh; vd;w Re;juuh[dpd;

$w;W Ntz;Ljy; ek;gpf;ifapd; ,f;fhyr; r%f ek;gpf;ifia

ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.

2.5 ek;gpf;if
ek;gpf;iffs; kf;fspilNa jiyKiw jiyKiwahfr;
nrhy;yg;gl;L rKjhaj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLtjhFk;. kdpj tho;tpy; gy

ek;gpf;iffs; epiyj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. gy;yp

xypf;Fk; xyp rq;f fhy Kjy; ,d;W tiu ey;epkpj;jkhf Vw;fg;gl;L

28
tUfpwJ. khdpl tho;tpy; ek;gpf;if Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. “xU

tsh;r;rpaile;j kdpjdplk; gj;jhapuf; fzf;fhd ek;gpf;ifSk;>

E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd tof;fq;fSk;> vz;zw;fhpa rpy Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

,Ug;gjhfr; r%f mwptpay; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; Rl;LfpwJ”11

(International Encylopedia of the Social Science Vol.III, p.455) nja;t

ek;gpf;iff; Fif ,Ul;bypUe;J ntspr;rj;jpw;F kdpjd; te;jJ

Kjy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. nja;tk; jd;idf; fhg;ghw;Wk; vd

ek;Gfpd;wdh;. KdpNa vq;fs; Fyj;ijf; fhg;ghw;Wk; vd;w ek;gpf;if
rh.fe;jrhkp rpWfijapy; tUfpd;wJ. nja;tq;fs; kdpjiuf;

fhf;fpd;wd vd;gJ mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if.

f.fhe;jp vd;gth; “r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;L kugpid mwptpf;f

ty;yd mr;rKjhaj;jpd; ek;gpf;iffs; mJ kf;fshy;

cUthf;fg;gl;Lr; rKjhaj;jpy; Gwf;fg;gLtd. mit r%fj;

Njitfs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpd.

kdpjdpd; jd;dy czh;Tk; rKjha czh;TNk ek;gpf;iffis

tsh;j;J tUfpd;wd”12 vd;W f.fhe;jp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. goq;fhy

KjNy ek;gpf;if vd;Dk; fUj;JUthf;fk; kf;fspilNa ,Ue;J

fhyq;fhykhfj; njhlh;e;J tUfpd;wJ. jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa

E}y;fspy; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if gw;wpa fUj;J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“rpytw;iw kWf;f Kbaj cz;ik vd;W fUjp Vw;Wf; nfhs;tNj

ek;gpf;if”13 vd;W Nj.Y}h;J Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;NthUf;Ff; Fapy; fpilg;gJ mhpjhFk; NghJ

,d;W ahh; Kfj;jpy; tpopj;Njhk; vd vz;zpg; ghh;f;fpd;whh;.

29
 “ahU Kfj;jpNy tpopr;rNkh? tUj;jNjhL nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl

te;jhd; Nfhghy;”14

vjph;g;ghh;f;Fk; fhhpak; Njhy;tp mile;jhy; ahh; Kfj;jpy;

tpopj;NjhNkh vd;w vz;zk; Nkyplf; fhuzk; toptop te;j

ek;gpf;ifNa.

‘Njly;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; rpwpa tajpy; epr;rajhh;j;jk;

Kbe;j ngz;Zf;F lhf;lh; gbg;G Kbe;jgpd; khg;gps;is jpUkzk;

nra;J nfhs;tjhfr; Rl;lg;ngw;Ws;sJ.

“mts; vdf;F mLj;j ijapy; fy;ahzk; mTq;f lhf;lUf;Fg;

gbf;fpwhq;f ,J filrp tU~k;” vd;whs;.

“Fl; nuhk;g re;Njh~k;. fpl;L ,ijf; Nfl;lh

re;Njh~g;gLthd;”

“nuhk;g rpd;d taRNyNa epr;rajhh;j;jk; MapLr;R”

“xU tpjj;jpy; mJ nuhk;g ey;yJ”15

khg;gps;is igaDf;F mwpahj tajpy; nrhe;jg; ngz;

vd;gjhy; ngw;Nwhh; kpfTk; rpd;d tajpy; jpUkz cWjpia
elj;jptpLk; gof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gijg; ghj;jpu ciuahly;

%yk; tpsf;fpAs;shh; Mrphpah;. jpUkzj;jpw;Fk; kdTWjpf;Fk;

gy;yhz;Lf;fs; ,ilntsp. nrhe;jk; tpl;L tplf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhfg;
ngw;Nwhhpd; Mirf; fdTfs; mbg;gilapy; epr;rajhh;j;jk; Kbf;fg;

ngWfpwJ. ,d;dhh;f;F ,d;dhh; vd KbT nra;tJ Njtd; gzp.

,q;Fg; ngw;Nwhh; KbT nra;J tpl;l gof;fk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

30
2.5.1 ,iwek;gpf;if
‘fPh;j;jp’ vd;Dk; fijapy; ,iwek;gpf;if gutyhfg;

Ngrg;gLfpwJ. “kiy Nky ,Uf;fpw VO kiyahd Ntz;bf;f

mk;kh. mth;jhd; ek;g vy;NyhUf;Fk; Nky… Mdh xz;Z mth;

nuhk;g tU~j;Jf;F ahiuAk; f~;lg;gl tpLwJ ,y;Ny”16 vd;w

njhlh; ,iw ek;gpf;ifapd; cr;rkhFk;. ,Nj Nghy; ky;ypifj;

Njhl;lk; vd;Dk; fijapYk; ,iwek;gpf;if eakhf ntspg;gLtijf;

fhz KbfpwJ.

“KdP];tuh… ,J vd;d Nrhjid. tUk; rpj;jpiuf;Fg; nghpa

g+ir NghLNwd;. VjhtJ Fj;jk; Fiw tr;rpapUe;jh nghpa kdR

gz;zp kd;dpj;J vd;idAk; kUkfisAk; tPL nfhz;L Nrug;gh”17

vd;Dk; njhlhpy; KdP vd;w flTs; ek;gpf;if ntspg;gLk; tpjkhff;

fijaikg;G mike;Js;sJ. tajpw;F te;j gps;isfSf;Ff;
fy;ahzk; Mftpy;iy vd;why; ,iw ek;gpf;if kPJ kjpg;G $Ltij

‘ky;ypifj; Njhl;lk;’ vd;Dk; fij tpsf;FfpwJ.

khkhTf;Ff; fy;ahzk; Mfhky; ,Ug;gJ fz;L> ghl;b kdk;

gjwp> vd;ndd;dNth gz;zpg; ghh;j;J tpl;lhh;. Nfhapy;> Fsk;> g+i[>

N[hrpak; mk;kh mj;ij…18 vd;w njhlh;fs; jpUkzj;jpw;F Ntz;b

,iwek;gpf;if cs;sjhf Mrphpah; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. kdpjDf;Fj;

Jd;gk; tUk;Nghnjy;yhk; ,iwek;gpf;if cUthFtJ elg;gpay;

r%fj;jpd; gof;fkhf cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2.5.2 ghtk; Gz;zpa ek;gpf;if

ghtk; Gz;zpak; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if nrd;w nrd;kk;> ,e;j
nrd;kk;> Kd; gpwtp> kWgpwtp gw;wpa ek;gpf;if. nja;tk; tho

31
itf;Fk; vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; ,l;yp> nghq;fy; czT je;j

xUtidg; ghuhl;Lk; NghJ “,e;j ,l;ypAk; nghq;fYk; thq;fpahe;J

nfhLj;jjw;F eP kfuhrdh ,Uf;fZk;. vt;tsNth ghtk; Gz;zpak;

,Ue;jhYk; VNjh nfhQ;rk; Gz;zpak; ,e;j n[d;kj;jpNyNa gz;zp

,Uf;fZk;”19 vd;w ghj;jpug; Ngr;rpy; rh.fe;jrhkp kf;fspd;

ek;gpf;ifia mikj;Js;shh;.

ek;gpf;if jkpoh; tho;tpy; xd;nwhnlhd;W fye;J tpl;l fyit.

vLj;j gpwtpf;F Kd; xU gpwtpAk; ,g;gpwtpf;Fg; gpd; kWgpwtpAk;

cz;L vd;Dk; ek;gpf;if rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpak; Kjy;

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. gpwtp gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifia
,f;fhyr; rpWfij ,yf;fpaj;Js; Mrphpah; mikf;fpwhh;. Ke;ija

gpwtpapy; ey;yd nra;jhy; ey;ydTk; my;yd nra;jhy; jPadTk;

,g;gpwg;gpy; tpisAk; vd;gJ ek;gpf;if. rq;f fhye;njhl;Nl gpwtp
ek;gpf;if ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

2.5.3 Nga; gprhR Fwpj;j ek;gpf;if

‘xU bf;nfl; jpUtz;zhkiyf;F’ vd;w rpWfijapy;

khjtdplk;> mtdJ kidtp Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpwhd;. “mJ

nghk;gisah gprhR> Nga; xU tU~k; vd;d gpbr;Rf;fpl;L Ml;L

Ml;Ld;D Ml;Lr;R”20 vd;w $w;wpy; Nga; gprhR gpbj;jhy; Ml;Lk;

vd;Dk; ek;gpf;if kf;fsplk; cs;sJ.

2.6 tho;f;if tl;lr; rlq;Ffs; njhlh;ghdit

rh.fe;jrhkp fijfspy; tho;f;if tl;lr; rlq;Ffs; njhlh;ghd

gof;f tof;fq;fisg; gy ,lq;fspy; fhz KbfpwJ.

32
2.6.1 tho;f;if tl;lr; rlq;Ffs;

caph; Njhd;WtJk; kiwtJk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;WtJkhd xU

Row;rp Kiwiaf; nfhz;lJ khdplg; gpwg;ghFk;. ,r;Row;rpiaNa

,q;F tl;lk; vDk; nrhy; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Foe;ijg; gUtk; khwp

tpliy> Fkhpg; gUtk; khwp KJik vdf; fhzg;gLtJ Row;rp

KiwNaahFk;. ,r;Row;rpf; fhyq;fspy; jhd; rlq;Ffs;

epfo;j;jg;ngWfpd;wd. tho;f;if tl;lj;jpy; ,r;nray;ghLfs; epfo;j;jg;

ngwyhy; mit ‘tl;lr; rlq;Ffs;’ vdg; ngah; ngWfpd;wd.

2.6.2 rPh; nra;jy;

ngz;zpw;Fj; jpUkzk; vd;why; rPh; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j

tof;fk; tl,e;jpag; gFjpapYk; ,Ue;jik ‘Nj[;g+hpypUe;J…’

vd;Dk; fijapy; Rl;lg;ngWfpwJ. rPh; nra;Ak; tof;fk; ,d;Wk;

epyTfpwJ. ,ijg; gpd; tUk; njhlh;fs; njspTWj;Jk;. “jd; gpwe;j

tPl;bypUe;J ,uz;L jq;iffis mioj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J tsh;jJ

;

fy;ahzk; gz;zpf; nfhLj;Jr; rPh; nra;jhs;”21 vd;w ,uhkd;ehahpd;

epidTfs; rPh; nfhLj;jiy tpsf;FfpwJ. kzf;nfhil

nfhLj;jijNa rPh; nra;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy; czh;j;JfpwJ.

2.6.3 Mrp toq;Fjy;

nghpath;fs; fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;Fk;NghJ mth;fs; jpUePw;iw
new;wpapy; g+rp tho;j;Jk; tof;fk; ,e;Jf; FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J

tUfpd;wJ. ‘Kj;Juh[h gpuhJ’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; kjpthzd; jd;

mf;fh mj;jhd; MfpNahhplk; Mrp thq;f tUfpd;whd;. nghwpapay;

gbf;fhjtDf;F mtdJ mf;fh khg;gps;is cjtpg; nghwpahsh;

Ntiy thq;fpf; nfhLj;jjhy; Kjy; khjr; rk;gsk; ngw;W gok;>

33
gyfhuj;Jld; mf;fh tPl;bw;F te;J mj;jhdplk; rk;gsg; gzj;ijf;

nfhLj;J fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhd;. mj;jhd;> “jpUePw;iw ms;spj;

jiyapy; nfhQ;rk; J}tp new;wpapy; xU fPw;Wtpl;L rpuQ;rPtpah

,Uf;fZk;. Ntiyapy; NkyNky cah;e;J nghpa Msh tuZk;”22

vd;W Mrph;tjpj;jhh;. nghpNahiu kjpg;gJ> ed;wp kwthjpUg;gJ> Mrp

ngWtJ kjpthzdpd; nray;. cjtp Ghpe;j mj;jhd; KUfd;

glj;jUNf ,Ue;j jpUePw;iw Kiwg;gbg; g+RtJ> new;wpaply;

tho;j;Jf; $Wk; Kiwapy; ,d;djhf tu Mir vd;W
ntspg;gLj;JtJ Nghd;w gof;f tof;fq;fs; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2.6.4 jiy thio ,iyapy; czT

tpUe;J gilf;Fk;NghJ> jiy thio ,iy Nghl;L czT

ghpkhwp nts;spj; jk;shpy; jz;zPh; itf;Fk; tof;fk; cz;L

vd;gijr; ‘#hpaNk&h;’ rpWfijapy; Rl;Lfpwhh; Mrphpah;. fpuhkj;jpy;

jiythio ,iy fpilj;jhYk; mijg; gad;gLj;JtNj ngUik

vd tpUe;jhsp $Wfpwhh;.

“fpilf;fpwJ nghpJ ,y;iy; mijg; gad;gLj;JtJ jhd;

nghpJ. me;jg; nghpa kdR cq;fSf;F ,Uf;fpwJ. mJjhd; ghuhl;l

Ntz;ba Fzk; vd;W jpahfuhrd; $wpf; fyfyntd;W rphpj;jhh;.”23

jiy thio ,iy NghLq;f; tpUe;Jf;F tur; nrhy;Yq;f vd;Dk;

jpiuapirg; ghlypy; jiy thioapd; rpwg;Gg; Ngrg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,iyapy; nts;is epwr;rhjk; #hpa Nk&h; mhprp ky;ypifg;g+itf;
nfhl;baJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. tpUe;jpdh; kfpo;e;J cz;gijf;

nfhLg;gth; fz;L ngUikahff; fUJfpwhh;.

34
 “,Ugj;njhU fha;fwpNahl jiy thio ,iyapy; gj;jhapuk;

NgUf;F tpUe;jhk;”24 nghpa fy;ahzq;fspYk; ,t;thioapiy

tpUe;J Ngzg;gLk; tof;fk; ,Ug;gij ,f;fijapy; Rl;Lfpwhh;

Mrphpah;.

“jiy thio ,iyah gj;jhapuk; NtZk; vy;yhk; nfhSe;jh.

KO ePsj;Jf;F ,Uf;fDk;”25 vd;W xUthplk; nghWg;Gf;

nfhLf;fg;gLtijAk; fij Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. thiog; gaphpd;

tsk; kUj tsk; nrwpe;j kapyhLJiwapd; rpwg;ig kdjpw; nfhz;L
,t;tof;fj;ij NkYk; rpy fijfspy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;. thiog; gaph;

nropj;jhy; NfhapYf;F ,ytrkhfj; jhh;fis toq;Fk; tof;fKk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. new;gaph; nra;Nthh; ehl;fjph; nra;Ak; NghJ

Nfhapypy; fjph;fisf; nfhLg;gJ Nghd;W thiog; gaph; itg;Nghh;

jhh;fis ed;nfhilahf;Fth;.

2.6.5 ntw;wpiy ghf;F Ritj;jy;

kUjepy kf;fspilNa fhzg;ngWk; tof;fk;> cz;lJk;
ntw;wpiy NghLtJ rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; NgUztpw;Fg; gpd; milf;fha;r;

Ritf;Fk; tof;fk; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘fpof;Fg; ghh;j;j tPL’

rpWfijapy; “mg;gh thapy; ,Ue;j ntw;wpiy ghf;F vr;rpiyf; fPNo

ckpo;e;jhh;”26 vg;NghJk; ntw;wpiy Ritf;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jik

,jdhy; Gyg;gLk;. ‘jf;ifapd; kPJ ehd;F fz;fs;’ rpWfijapy;

ntj;jpiy ,bj;jy;; gw;wpa Fwpg;G te;Js;sJ.

“ehg;gj;jpnuz;lhk; tarpNyapUe;J ntj;jNy ,bf;fpNwd;

,d;Dk; xU nfhg;gsk; th;Ny. Mdh xdf;F nuz;L ehspNy ehY

35
nfhg;gsk;. ,Jf;Fj;jhd; nrhy;wijf; Nff;fZq;fpwJ vd;wgb
ntw;wpiy ,bg;gjpy; cs;s #l;rkq;fisj; jho;e;j njhdpapy;

tpthpj;jhh;”27 vd;w njhlUk;. “vj;jid ntw;wpiy Nghl;L vt;tsT

Rz;zhk;G itj;J ,bg;gJ vd;gnjy;yhk; kwe;J Ngha;tpl;lJ”28

vd;w njhlUk; ntw;wpiy NghLk; tof;fj;ijg; glk; gpbj;Jf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

2.6.6 GJg;Glit thq;fy;

,tuJ ‘gpw;gfy;’ rpWfijapy; nghq;fYf;Fg; GJg;Glit

vLf;Fk; tof;fk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“nghq;fYf;F ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Kd;dhNyNa te;JtpL. tUk;

NghJ khg;gps;isiaAk; mioj;Jf; nfhz;L th. jpUg;Gtdk; Ngha;

Gilit vLf;f Ntz;Lk;”29 vd;w ghj;jpuf; $w;wpy; ,t;tof;fk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.6.7 g+r;R+Lk; fpoik

nts;spf;fpoikfspy; jiyapy; g+r;#Lk; tof;fk;

ngz;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; epfo;it ,th; ‘gpw;gfy;’ vd;w

rpWfijapy; Fwpj;Js;shh;.

“nts;spf; fpoikak;kh ,uz;L Kok; rhjpky;yp jh;Nwk;kh

vd;W mts; g+it mWj;J Kd;Nd ePl;bdhs;. rhujh thriyj;

jhz;b ntspapy; te;J g+it thq;fpf; nfhz;lhs;”30 jpiug;gl

ebifaplk; g+thy; xg;gid nra;gts; fpoikg; ngaiur; Rl;bg;

g+it thq;fr; nra;J tpLths;.

36
2.6.8 czTg; gof;fk;
tif tifahf Ritahfr; rikj;J cz;Zk; my;yJ

cz;z tpUk;Gk; gilg;ghsp rh.fe;jrhkp vd;gij mth; gilj;j

fijfs; top mwpayhk;. nghJthf tpUe;J Ngzy; jkpoh;f;Fhpa
cah; gz;ghFk;. tpUe;J vd;why; Ritahd czTfs; gwpkhwg;gLk;.

czT jahhpf;Fk; Kiwfisf; $Wk; E}iy kilE}y; vd;gh;.

,e;E}y; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhfr; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil $Wk;
(rpWghz;. 240>241) ghw;NrhW> gUg;Gr; NrhW> Cd;NrhW> Gspaq;$o;>

mhprpf; $o;> mhprpf; fsp> mhprpr;NrhW vdg; gytif czTfs;

rikf;fg;gl;l nra;jp rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cz;L. Cz;> czTk;

fs;Sk; tpUe;jpy; gilf;fg;gl;ld. fwpf;$l;L tiffspy; mirt

czNt ngU tof;F.

Kl;ilAld; $ba cLk;Gg; nghhpay;> gd;wpapd; nfhOg;Gf; fwp>

nrk;kwpahl;bd; njhlf;fwp> Rl;l kPd;> tWty; Mfpad fwpf;$l;L

tiffspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. khtLit Cw itj;J kpsFg;

nghbAk;> fwpNtg;g ,iyAk; fye;J Ntftpl;L CWfha; nra;Ak;

tof;fk; gw;wpg; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil (306 310) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fwpAk;
NrhWk; fye;j czT Cz; GOf;fy; my;yJ Cz; Jit mbrpy;

vdg;gl;lJ. cg;Gf; fz;lk;> thL Cz;> Fok;Gf;fwp fyit>

CWfha; fhb vdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fwpia Ntf itg;gJk;
RLtJk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd. rh.fe;jrhkp mth;fSk; jk; fijfspy;

gytif czTfisg; gjpT nra;Js;shh;. ‘gjpy; ,y;yhj

Nfs;tpfs;’ vd;Dk; fijapy; kjpa czTg; gof;fj;ij Mrphpah;

glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

37
 “kj;jpahdk; Ml;Lf;fwp> Nfhop> fhil> ntsthy; vd;W

VjhtJ ,Uf;Fk;. vdf;F ez;L gpbf;Fk; vd;gjhy; mj;ij tUk;

NghNj fhrpNkl;by; capNuhL ez;L gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J

tpLthh;”31 vd;w $w;wpy; czT gw;wpa gof;f tof;fj;ijg; glk;

gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

2.6.9 czT Kiw

rh.fe;jrhkp fijfspy; czTKiw gyepiyfspy;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiythio czT> ieNte;jpa czT>

gj;jphpf;if gbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl czT cz;Zk; gof;fj;ij Mrphpah;

fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; glk; gpbj;Js;shh;. Gj;jfq;fspd; Ftpayhy;>
gbf;f Neukpd;ikahy; cz;Zk; NghJk; gbf;Fk; gof;fk; ngUfp

tUfpwJ. ,ij MrphpaUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ‘gl;lhgpuhkd;’ vd;w

fijapy; uq;frhkp ika fjhghj;jpuk;.

“mtd; Rk;kh ,Uf;Fk; NghJjhd; gbg;ghd; vd;W ,y;iy.

rhg;gpLk; NghJ $l gbg;ghd;. xU Gj;jfj;ijf; ifapy; vLj;Jf;

nfhz;Ljhd; rhg;gplNt cl;fhh;thd;”32 vd;Dk; uq;frhkpapd;

nray;ghLfs; %yk; Mrphpah; ,g;gof;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

2.6.10 Kjy; kUe;J

VNjDk; Neha; te;jhy; Kjypy; if kUe;Jjhd; nfhLg;ghh;fs;.
jiytyp> gy;typ> tapW typ> [yNjh~k; Nghd;w tpahjpfSf;F
Kjy; kUe;jhff; if kUe;Jfs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. gy;typf;F cg;G

Nghl;Lf; nfhg;gspr;rhg; NghapLk; vd;Dk; gof;fj;ijg; ‘gpw;gfy;’ vd;w

fijapy; Mrphpah; Rl;Lfpwhh;.

38
 “cg;G Nghl;Lf; nfhg;gspr;rh rhpahg; NghapLk;”33 vd;w njhlh;

gof;fj;jpd; %yk; Vw;gl;l Kjy; kUe;ijNa Fwpg;gjhFk;.

2.6.11 jpUkz tof;fk;

mf;fhyj;jpy; jpUkzj;jpw;nfd;W rpy jpUkz tof;fq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld. tpUk;gpj; jpUkzk; nra;tJ vd;gJ kpff; FiwNt.

NtW rhjpapYk; jpUkzk; nra;tJ vd;gJk; ,y;yhj xd;whfNt

cs;sJ. ‘te;jdh v]; Iah;’ vd;Dk; fijapy; jpUkzk; vd;gJ

nrhe;jj;jpy; elg;gjhFk; vd;gij>

“Mkhk;… cq;f tof;fk; nrhe;jj;jpy; jhNd nuhk;gg; Ngh;

fy;ahzk; gz;zpf; nfhs;S thq;f”34 vd;w njhlh;fs; nrhe;jj;jpy;

cwT Kiwapy; fy;ahzk; eilngw;wij tof;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ

vd;gijg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

2.6.12 kQ;rs; jltpa miog;gpjo;fs;

Kf;fpaf; fbjq;fSf;F kQ;rs; nghbiaj; jlTk; gof;fk;
neLq;fhyk; KjNy ,Ue;Js;sJ. Gjpa Milfis mzptpf;Fk; Kd;

,iwtd; glj;jpd; Kd; topgl;L rl;ilf; fhyh;fspy; kQ;rs; jlTk;

gof;fj;ij ,d;W r%f mq;fj;jpdhplk; fhz KbfpwJ. jpUkz
miog;gpjo;fspy; ehd;F %iyfspYk; kQ;rs; jlTk; gof;fk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jf; fy;ahzk; ey;y gbahf elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

ek;gpf;ifNa fhuzkhFk;. ,ij ‘epwk; khWtjpy;iy’ vd;Dk;

fijapy; Mrphpah; rpj;jphpj;Js;shh;.

“…….. ehd;F gf;fKk; kQ;rs; jltpa gj;jphpifia Kd;Nd

ePl;bdhs;”35 vd;w $w;W jpUkzg; gj;jphpf;ifapy; kQ;rs;

jltpajpw;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.

39
2.6.13 tisfhg;G
Foe;ijg; Ngwhf ,Uf;fpd;w ngz;Zf;Fr; nra;Ak; rlq;F

tisfhg;ghFk;. tisay;fs; ifapy; mLf;Fk; rlq;F

tisfhg;ghFk;. ,ij> “uhN[];thpf;F mtSf;Fj; jhd; tisfhg;G.

kpUJthf xU rphpg;G rphpj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;”36 ‘xt;nthU ,lkhf’

vd;Dk; fijapy; tisfhg;ig xU gof;fkhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

2.6.14 Foe;ijg; NgW

jpUkzk; Kbe;j gpd;dh; r%fk; vjph;g;ghh;g;gJ Foe;ijg;
NgwhFk;. Foe;ij ,y;iy vd;why; kUj;Jtkidf;Fr; nry;yy;
mwptpayhFk;;. Nfhapy; gpuhh;j;jid vd;gJ ek;gpf;ifapd;

mbg;gilapy; tpise;j gof;f tof;fkhFk;. ‘%d;whtJ gpuhj;jid’

vd;Dk; fijapy; Foe;ijg; NgWf;Ff; NfhapYf;Fr; nry;tjhf

mikfpwJ.

“jpBnud;W Fk;gNfhzj;jpw;F kfhkfj;jpw;Fg; Ngha; tuNtz;Lk;

vd;W mtUf;F Mir te;jJ. Mir vd;why; mth; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

Mirapy;iy. kfd; gw;wpaJ. mtDf;Ff; fy;ahzkhfp Ie;J tUlk;

MfpwJ. rhjfj;jpy; ehd;F gps;isfSf;Ff; Fiwtpy;iy vdg;
Nghl;bUf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> kUkfSf;F ,d;Dk; tisfhg;Ng

Nghltpy;iy”37 vd;w njhlh;fs; Foe;ijg; NgWf;fhff; Nfhtpy;

nry;tijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

2.6.15 gpwe;j ehs; tpoh

khe;jh; gpwe;jjpypUe;J kiwAk; tiu tpohf;fs; Rw;wpg;
gpize;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; Kjd;ikahdJ. gpwe;j ehs; tpoh MFk;.

mwpQh;fs;> jpahfpfs; Nghd;wth;fspd; gpwe;j ehspy; muR tpLKiw

40
mspf;fg;gl;L nfhz;lhlg;gLtJ elg;gpay; r%fj;jpd; gof;f
tof;fkhFk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. rhd;whf mf;Nlhgh; ,uz;by;

fhe;jp n[ae;jp nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. gpwe;j ehs; tpohit ‘Nk 21’

vd;Dk; fijapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

“ikjpyp xUehs; til ghahrj;Jld; Ie;J fwpfs; rikj;J

tPl;by; itj;jhs;. rhg;gpLk; NghJ mtd;”38 mz;zp vd;d tpNr~k;?

vd;W Nfl;lhd;.

“gpwe;j ehs;” vd;W fjhghj;jpu ciuahlypy; gpwe;j ehs;

tpohitr; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhLtij eakhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

2.6.16 nkhl;il mbj;jy;

mg;gh ,we;j gpwF kfDf;F nkhl;il NghLk; gof;fj;ij

Mrphpah; rh. fe;jrhkp mth;fs; ‘fphptyk;’ vd;Dk; fijapy; gjpT

nra;fpwhh;.

“mtid mur kuj;jbapy; cl;fhu itj;J> jiyia

nkhl;ilabj;jhh;fs;. jiyapy; ,Ue;J kaph;f; nfhj;Jf; nfhj;jhff;

fPNo tpo tpo”39 vd;Dk; njhlh;fs; kuzr; rlq;fpd; xd;whd

nkhl;il mbf;Fk; my;yJ Kb ,of;Fk; gof;fj;ijg; glk; gpbj;Jf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

2.6.17 jpUePW G+Rk; gof;fk;

VjhtJ fz;L gae;jhNyh> gpy;yp #dpak; Nghd;wtw;why;

ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lhy; jpUePW ,LtJ tof;fkhFk;. ,ij> “xU ehs;

ehd; gae;J Ngha; kaf;fk; Nghl;L tpOe;J tpl;Nld;. mg;gh

Ntg;gpy;iy mbj;Jj; jpUePW g+rp tpl;lhh;. nfhQ;rk; Neuk; fopj;J

41
kaf;fk; njspe;jJ”40 vd;W ‘gj;hpehj;’ vd;w rpWfijapy;

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.6.18 IjPfk;
Ntj> Guhzq;fspy; vOjg;gl;l gpuhkzq;fis Mg;j thf;fpak;
vd;W jj;Jt E}yhh; $Wth;. mitNa IjPfk; vd;W Md;kPf cyF

$WfpwJ. r%fg; gof;fj;jpy; mjpfkhd gq;F Md;kPfj;jpw;F cz;L

vd;W $wpDk; Iakpy;iy. Nfhapy; tpoh> Neh;j;jpf; fld;
Nghd;witapy;> gf;jh;fs; epidj;jhy; mJ elf;Fk; vd;gJ IjPfk;.

IjPfj;jpw;Ff; fope;j fhy; cz;ikfshFk;. topghl;L Kiwfs;

nra;jhy; ey;yJ elf;Fk; vd;W $wpdhy; mJ IjPfk;. r%f

kf;fshy; ek;gg;gLk; topghLfis IjPfk; vd;gjhFk;.

“cf;fpu fhspak;kd; eL uhTf;fhy g+irapy; kpsfha; g+ir

tpNr~khdJ. xU %l;il kpsfhia xt;nthU gpbahf ms;sp

khfahfj;jpy; NghLthh;fs;. ,uT gd;dpnuz;L kzpf;Fj; njhlq;Fk;

mh;j;j uhj;hp kpsfha; g+ir fk;gYk; ,UkYk; nfhLf;f ,uT ,uz;L
kzpf;F KbAk;. Foe;ijg; ghf;fpak; nfhLf;Fk; g+ir vd;gJ

IjPfk;”41 vd;W ‘ahj;jpiu’ vd;Dk; fijapd; njhlh;fs; IjPfg;

ghh;itiag; gpujpgypg;gjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2.6.19 epidT ehs;

,we;jthpd; ehis epidT ehs; vd;W $WtJ tof;fk;.

tPl;bd; neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fs; fhykhdth;fisg; glk; vLj;J

Mzpapy; njhq;f tplg;gl;L khiy> rhk;gpuhzp Nghd;w thridg;
nghUl;fisj; nja;tj;jpw;F xg;ghf itg;gJ rKjhag; gof;f

42
tof;fq;fspd; xd;whFk;. ,ij ‘tprh’ vd;Dk; fij glk; gpbj;Jf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

“mg;gh xt;nthU nts;spf; fpoikAk; Mah glj;jpw;F

ky;ypifg;g+ thq;fp te;J NghLthh;. mk;kh CJtj;jp nfhSj;jp

itj;Jr; rhk;gpuhzp NghLk;. mg;gh> fw;g+uk; Vw;wp Mahg; glj;jpw;Ff;

fhl;Lthh;. ehd; kzp mbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;Ngd;” vd;w thpfSk;>

“Mahjhd; ekf;Fj; nja;tk; ek;ik thoitf;fpw njatk;”42 vd;w

mbfs; ,we;jth;fis tzq;FtJ r%fg; gof;f tof;fkhfj;

jpfo;tij Mrphpah; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

2.7 Nrhjplk; njhlh;ghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;

rh.fe;jrhkp fijfspy; Nrhjplk; njhlh;ghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;

gy ,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngWtijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

2.7.1 Nrhjplf; Fwpg;G

Nrhjplk; ghh;f;Fk; gof;fj;ijf; fijahrphpah; rh. fe;jrhkp
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Kf;fhyq;fSk; mwpaf; $Wk; fiy NrhjplkhFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpah;>

“kWtpy; nra;jp %tiff; fhyKk;

newpapd; Mw;wpa mwptd; Njak;”43

vd;w E}w;ghtpy; NrhjplidNa mwptd; vd;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.
,sk;g+uzh; mwptd; vd;gjw;Ff; fzpad; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

GwehD}w;Wg; Gyth; fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh; Nrhjpl mwpTilath;.

gpwe;j Neuj;ijf; nfhz;L fzpj;Jg; ghh;j;J> Nrhjplk; Fwp$Wk;
tiffspy; ed;W. gpur;ridfspd; jPh;Tf;fhf Nrhjplk; ghh;f;fg;

Nghth;.

43
 “fl;bDk; foq;fpDk; ntspnad ,UtUk;

Xl;ba jpwj;jhy; nra;jpf; fz;Zk;”44

vd;gJk; Fwpghh;f;Fk; gof;fj;ij xl;ba E}w;ghthFk;. rhjf
myq;fhuk;> rhuhtsp> gyjPgpif> tuhfhpd; euhrhj;jpuk; Nghd;w
Nrhjpl E}y;fspy; ngz;zpw;F tha;f;Fk; kzkfdpd; Fzq;fs;

Fwpj;J mwpa tha;g;Gs;sjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“];jphP [hjfj;jpy; vl;lhkplj;ijf; nfhz;L itjy;aj;ijAk;

(fzth; MAs;) re;jpuidf; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaj;ijf; nfhz;Lk;>

rhPuj;ijAk;> Vohk; ghtj;ijf; nfhz;l gh;j;jhtpd;

nrsghf;fpaj;ijAk; $w Ntz;Lk;”45 vd;W rhuhtspapy; cs;sJ

tUk; fzth; cwth my;yJ NtW topapduh vd;W mwpaTk;

tpjpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;s. rh. fe;jrhkp rpWfij ,Wjpapy; Nfl;l

tpdhf;fSf;F tpiliar; Nrhjpl E}y;fshy; mwpa KbAk;.

2.7.2 Nrhjplf;fiy gw;wpa ek;gpf;if

‘gjpy; ,y;yhj Nfs;tpfs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; ,Wjpapy;

Nrhjplh; gjpy; $Wk;gb Nfs;tpfs; cs;sd. vy;Nyhh;f;Fk; MWjYk;

ek;gpf;iffs; mspf;Fk; Nrhjplf; fiy tpj;jfh;f;Fg; gzpthd
Nfs;tpfs;.

“mj;ij ngz;zhfg; gpwe;jJ Fw;wkh?”

“fztd; ,we;j gpwF kWkzk; nra;J nfhs;shjJ

Fw;wkh?”46 vd;W NgRfpwhh;. mw;Gjf; fiyahd Nrhjplj;jpd; %yk;

jhq;fs; mwpe;J nrhy;tJ vd; kdj;jpw;Fr; rhe;jpaspf;Fk;” ,t;thW

44
Nrhjplq;fs; kdpj tho;f;ifapy; xd;wpize;j ek;gpf;ifapd;
ntspg;ghlhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

2.7.3 ehb Nrhjplk;

Nrhjplj;jpd; cr;rkhf tpsq;FtJ ehbr; NrhjplkhFk;.
mfj;jpah; $wpajhf ehb Nrhjplk; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;J kf;fs;

jq;fs; rpf;fYf;Fj; jPh;Tfhz tpiofpd;wdh;. ‘Gj;hpfSk; Gj;ud;fSk;’

vd;Dk; fijapy; ehbr;Nrhjplk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.

kfDf;F ilth;]; nra;j ngz;izf; fy;ahzk; nra;jyhy; jhq;f

Kbatpy;iyNa vd;Dk; Vf;fj;jpy; je;ij ehb Nrhjplhplk; nry;tJ

Nghy; fij epfo;r;rpfs; mike;Js;sJ. ilth;]; nra;j ngz;izj;

jd; kfd; fy;ahzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ mth;f;Fr; rfpf;fNt

Kbatpy;iy. ehbr; Nrhjplk; ghh;j;jhh;”47 vd;Dk; njhlh;fs; Nrhjplk;

kPJ kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;iffis ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjkhf

mikfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W “mwpa Kbe;jJk; mwpa KbahjJk;”

vd;Dk; fijapy; fpWf;Fg; gpbj;j jd; kfidj; jpUj;Jk; topapy;

<Lgl;l jha; ehbr; Nrhjplk; ghh;g;gjhf Mrphpah; rpj;jphpj;Js;shh;.

“mz;zp ts;spa+h;y QhdNjrpfh; ehbr; Nrhjplk; ey;yh ghh;f;fpwhuhk;.

jk;gpf;Fk; ghh;f;fyhk; mz;zp vd;whh; mj;ij. mk;kh

jiyairj;jhh;”48 vd;Dk; njhlh;fspy; ehbr; Nrhjplk; ghh;f;Fk;

gof;fj;ijg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

2.7.4 uhrp
uhrp vd;gJ el;rj;jpuq;fspd; kPJs;s ek;gpf;ifiaAk;> kdpjd;
kPJs;s ek;gpf;iffisAk; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. xUthplk;
xU nghUs; thq;fp mg;nghUs; ed;ik tpistpj;jhy; mth;

45
ifuhrpf;fhuh;. mg;nghUs; jPikia tpistpf;Fkhdhy; mth; uhrp
nfl;lth; vd;w thh;j;ijAk; r%fj;jpy; Goq;fp tUtijf;

fhzKbfpwJ. ‘FWf;fPL’ vd;Dk; fijapy; ,lk; gw;wpa uhrp

tUfpwJ.

uq;fehjd; uhrpNah> fhe;jhuht; tPl;bd; uhrpNah njhpatpy;iy.

Mdhy; njhopy; ed;whfg; gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ49 vd;gJ uhrp gw;wpa

r%f ek;gpf;iffisg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

2.7.5 Neuq;fspd; kPJs;s ek;gpf;if

khe;jh;fspd; tpidfs; ey;ygbahf elg;gjw;F Neuq;fisg;
ghh;f;fpwhd;. Fwpg;ghff; fpuf Neuq;fs; ,uhF> vkfz;lk;> xiu

Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Neuq;fspd; %yk; fhzyhFk; ek;gpf;if

MFk;. nra;ag; NghFk; tpidfs; jPikahdhy; Neuk; rhpapy;iy
vd;W MWjy; nkhopjy; r%fj;jpd; gof;f tof;fkhf xypj;Jf;

nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ‘vl;lhk; fly;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy;

Gj;jfk; tpw;gidf;fhf tPLfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; uh[Nrfud; vd;Dk;

fjhg;ghj;jpuj;jpd; nray;fNs fij Xl;lkhFk;. ,Wjpapy;

nghd;DNtW vd;w fjhg;ghj;jpuk; thq;f kWf;Fk; NghJ> “ehd; te;j

Neuk; rhpapy;y. mJ jhd; cq;fs; Nfhgj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;. mJ ey;yh

vdf;Fj; njhpAJ rhh;”50 vd;w $w;W Neuj;jpd; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

2.7.6 [hjfk; ghh;j;jy;

gpwe;j Foe;ijf;F [hjfk; ghh;j;J vOJjy;> fy;tp vg;gb
,Uf;Fk;> vq;F Ntiy vd;W vjph;ghh;f;Fk; ngw;Nwhh; mg;gps;isapd;
tho;fi
; fapd; ,uz;lhk; gFjpahd jpUkzj;jpw;F [hjfk; ghh;f;Fk;

46
tof;fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;. ‘gjpy; ,y;yhj Nfs;tpfs;’ vd;Dk;

fijapy; ,J gjpthfpAs;sijg; gpd;tUk; gFjpfs; czh;j;Jk;.

“mk;kh topapy; nrhe;jk;. mJjhd; [hjfk; ghh;f;fj;

J}z;baJ. xd;gJ nghUj;jk; rhpahf ,Ue;jd”51 vd;Dk; njhlh;fs;

[hjfk; ghh;j;jy; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;G ,d;wpaikahj njhlf;fkhf

tpsq;FfpwJ.

2.7.7 mg rFdk;
jtwhff; $wpdhy; mJ mg rFdk; vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. rpy

thh;j;ijfshy; ek;gpf;iffs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,J kl;Lky;yhky; jd;

vjphpy; CdKw;Nwhh;fs; ele;J NghtJ> tpjitg; ngz;fs; nry;tJ
Nghd;wit ek;gpf;if rhh;e;j mg rFdq;fshFk;.

“jk;gpag; ghh;j;jh fhhpak; KbQ;rpLk;”. “fhhpak; fhhpankd;D

mg rFdkh nrhy;yhj”52 vd;w thpfs; rh.fe;jrhkp fijapy;

fhzyhFk;. mg rFdj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tz;zkhf cs;sJ.

2.7.8 fz;NzW fspj;jy;

fz; Neha;f;fhf kUj;Jtiuf; fhzg; NghNthh; Jizf;F

xUtiu mioj;Jr; nry;tJ tof;fk;. ‘nrhh;f;fj;jpd; gf;fj;jpy;’

vd;w rpWfijapy; tUk; tdpjh mt;thW mioj;Jg; Nghfj;

JizahUkpy;iy. nghwpapay; ty;yhid kze;J VO Mz;L

tho;e;J elj;ij gpbf;fhJ tpthfuj;J thq;fpats;. mtSld; ahUk;
Jizf;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy. mjw;Fhpa fhuzk; mtsJ FzNkahFk;.

RrPyhTk; rpW FLk;gkhf tho RrPyhtpw;Ff; fOj;Jtyp tu

kUj;Jthplk; fhz;gpf;f mioj;Jg; Nghtjhff; fztd; $Wfpwhd;.

47
$wpagb te;J fhz;gpj;jy; Nehapd; fLik njhpe;J ,Wjpapy; fz;
mWitapy; KbfpwJ. tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; Gspak;gok; mjpfk;

fha;j;jpUe;j gs;spapy; gapYk; igad; “mk;kh nuhk;g gok; vd;whd;.

fz;Zitf;fhj Ngh vd;whs; mk;kh”53 fz;NzW my;yJ fz;

jpUl;b gl;lhy; fha;e;j gok; ghohfptpLk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ.

tpz;NzW jg;gpdhYk; fz;NzW jg;g KbahJ vd;gJ gonkhop.

kpd;dy; jhd; tpz;NzW kpd;dy; gl;lhy; fz;Ngha; tpLk;. fz;

jpUl;bg; gl;lhy; tho;Nt mopAk; kpd;dyhy; fz; kl;LNk NghFk;.

2.7.9 rj;jpak; $Wjy;

rj;jpak; $Wk; tof;fk; kf;fspilNa ePz;l neLq;fhykhf
,Ue;J tUfpwJ. xU kdpjd; kw;nwhU kdpjDf;F ,dp Fbf;f

khl;Nld; vd;Dk; thf;FWjp jUk;NghJ> rj;jpakhf ,ijr; nra;a

khl;Nld; vd;W $WtJz;L. ,r;nraiyr; rh.fe;jrhkp jkJ fij

ghj;jpuq;f
; spd; gof;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. flTs; ngahpNyh

kdrhl;rpapd; ngahpNyh cWjpnkhop vLf;Fk; nray; ‘rj;jpa

gpukhzk;’ vd;W miof;fg; ngWfpd;wJ. jkpo;r; r%f kjpg;gPLfspy;

tha;ik vd;Dk; nka;k;ikf;Fj; jdpr; rpwg;gplk; cz;L. ngha;Ak;

tOTk; GFe;j gpd;dh; rj;jpak; nra;jy; vd;Dk; tof;fhW
rKjhaj;jpy; epiyj;J tpl;lJ. rj;jpak; nra;jypy; gytiffs;

eilKiwapy; cs;sd. fw;g+uk; vhpj;J mjid mizj;Jf; $WtJ>

Miliag; Nghl;Lj; jhz;b rj;jpak; nra;tJ> tha;thh;j;ijahff;
$WtJ> E}y;fisj; njhl;Lf; $WtJ vd;gdtw;Ws; tha;thh;j;ij

topr; rj;jpak; $Wk; tof;iff; fij Mrphpah; ifahz;Ls;shh;.

48
2.8 nghJthd gof;f tof;fq;fs;
topghL> tho;f;if tl;lr; rlq;Ffs;> Nrhjplk; njhlh;ghd

gof;f tof;fq;fs; jtph;j;J rpy nghJthd gof;f tof;fq;fs;

Mq;fhq;Nf ,lk;ngWtijf; fhz KbfpwJ. mtw;iwg; nghJthd
gof;f tof;fq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; Ma;thsh; Kd;itf;fpwhh;.

2.8.1 FLk;gg; ngUik Ngry;

Ntshz; njhopy;jhd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. gpd; Nghh;g;gil

tPudhf khwpdhd;. kPz;Lk; tptrhak; nra;a tUthdh vd;w tpdh

vOe;jNghJ Nj[;g+hpypUe;J vd;w fijapy; fjhghj;jpukhd Nghe;jNu

mj;njhopypd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;f FLk;gg; ngUikiaf;

$Wfpwhh;.

“Vh; gpbf;fpwJ xz;Zk; mg;gb jho;e;jjhg; glNy. cdf;Fj;

njhpAkh. vq;f jhj;jh xU tptrhap. Mdh vq;f mg;gh jhrpy;jhh;”54

vd;whd;. ,t;thW FLk;gg; ngUik Ngry; r%fj;jpd; gof;fkhff;

fhzg;gLtij Mrphpah; rpj;jphpf;fpwhh;.

2.8.2 ,aw;ngaUld; Ch; Ngh; NrUjy;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,aw;ngaUld; Chpd; ngaUk; Nrh;j;Jg;

ngahpLk; gof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sij ,yf;fpaq;fspd; top mwpaKbfpwJ.

,ij Mrphpah; ‘mwpag;glhjtd;’ vd;Dk; fijapy; tpsf;fp cs;shh;.

,f;fijapy; uFehjd; vd;w fjhg;ghj;jpuj;ijf;; Mrphpah;

mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> mtuJ KOg;ngahpid tpsf;Fk; NghJ Ch;g;

ngaiur; Nrh;j;J tUtjhff; $Wfpwhh;. Ch;g;ngah; itf;Fk; tof;fk;

md;Nw fhzg;gLfpwJ.

49
 “uhrpGuk; Rg;gpukzpar; nrl;buFehjd; uhrpGuj;jpw;Fk; vq;fs;

FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; vd;d rk;ge;jNkh njhpatpy;iy. Mdhy; uhrpGuk;

kl;Lk; vq;fs; FLk;gj;NjhL xl;bf; nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ”55 vd;w

njhlh; ,aw;ngaNuhL Ch;g; ngaiur; Nrh;j;J itf;Fk; gof;fj;jpw;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

2.8.3 njhopy; ngah;

FLk;gj;jpy; guk;giuahfr; nra;Ak; cah;e;j njhopy;fis

itj;J mr;rKjhaj;jpy; mj;njhopy;fshy; mth;fsJ FLk;gk;

miof;fg;ngWk; vd;gJ r%fg; gof;f tof;fkhFk;. ,ij MrphpaUk;

jk; fijapy; gjpT nra;Js;shh;.

“vq;fs; FLk;gj;jpw;F tf;fPy; FLk;gk; vd;W jhd; ngah;.

jhj;jh rpthde;jj; Njth; xU tf;fPy;. nghpag;gh kfhNjtd; xU

tf;fPy;. mg;gh Qhdrk;ge;jk; tf;fPy”; 56 vd;w ‘gpui[fspd; fij’

vd;Wk; fijapy; mikj;Js;s njhlh;fs; Nkw;nrhd;d

fUj;Jf;fSf;F tYr; Nrh;f;Fk; tpjkhf mikfpwJ.

2.8.4 ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;

Nfhtpy; tpohf;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw Mlw; fiyfs; epfo;j;JtJ
xU tof;fkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Mlw;fiyfspy; xd;whd mDkd;

Ml;lj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpj;jphpf;Fk; Mrphpah;> fijfspy; Guhzf;

fijfNs ikakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. kf;fspilNa ,uhkhazf; fij
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUg;gij mwpe;j gfy;Ntlf;fhuh; mDkh;

Ntlkpl;Lj; njUtpy; Mbf;Fjpj;Jg; gzk; t#ypf;Fk; tof;fk;

cilatuha; ,Ue;jhh; vd;Dk; fhl;rpiag; ‘gha;r;ry;’ vd;Dk;

50
rpWfijapy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;. mDkh; Ntlk; NghLtJk; gzk;
t#ypg;gJk; xU njhopyhf ,Ue;Js;sJ.

“mRu gyj;NjhL rhfrq;fs; Ghpe;j mDkh; gPb mbj;Jr;

Nrhh;e;J Ngha; ,UKfpwhh;. ,tDf;F mOif tUtJ Nghy

,Ue;jJ”57 vd;w thpfs; Ntlk; NghLNthhpd; epiyia tpsf;FfpwJ.

gPb Giff;Fk; tof;fKila xUtDf;F mDkd; Ntlk; nfhLg;gjh?

vd;W r%fk; vz;zpg; ghh;f;ftpy;iyNa. njhopYf;fhfg; gf;jd;

Ntlk; ,q;Fg; Nghypahf mikfpwJ.

2.8.5 ,LfhL
kdpjd; kuzkile;j gpwF mtidg; Gijg;gJ> vhpg;gJ

Nghd;w nray;fs; epfOk; fsq;fshf vd;gJ rhjpf;nfhU RLfhL

mikfpd;wJ. ,ij MrphpaUk; jk; fijfspy; rpj;jphpj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpwhh;. ‘epoy;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; RLfhl;Lg; ghijapy; ele;J

nry;Yk; xUtd; “ghh;g;ghd; RLfhl;by; gpzk; NtFtijg; Nghy;

,Ue;jJ”58 vd;W $WtJ xt;nthU rhjpf;Fk; jdpj;jdpr; RLfhL

,Ue;j tof;fj;ij Mrphpah; Rl;Lfpwhh;.

2.8.6 ghk;G gpbf;Fk; gof;fk;

‘,t;thW ele;jJ’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; ghk;G gpbf;Fk;

tof;fk; ehl;by; cz;L vd;gJ tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. <r;r kuj;jbapy;

fiuahd; Gw;W. ghk;G mq;F Nka tUfpwJ. KDrhkp vd;gth;
,jidg; gd;Kiw ghh;j;Js;shh;. gs;spapy; rpWgzp Ghpgth; gs;sp

tpLjpapy; cs;s khjtDk; Re;jughz;baDk; tpLjpf; fhtyhplk;

ghk;igf; nfhy;YkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;. mtNuh ,k;irg; gLj;jhJ
nfhy;y Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. KDrhkp ntspNa ,Ue;J ghk;G gpbg;gtiu

51
mioj;Jtu xU ghk;gpw;F &.75 tPjk; 2 ghk;GfSf;F &gha; 150
Nfl;lhh;. $LjyhfTk; ey;y ghk;gpw;Ff; Nfl;fpwhd;.

“tp~g; ghk;G capNuhl tpisahl;L rhh;; Nguk; Ngrf; $lhJ

rhh;; xU ey;y ghk;G gpbf;fpwJ vt;tsT f~;lnkd;W cq;fSf;F

vy;yhk; njhpahJ”59 vd;W $w> $Ljy; &gha; jUtjhf xg;Gf;

nfhz;lgpd; ghk;G gpbf;fpwhd;.

“ftf;fpisiag; ghk;gpd; fOj;jpy; itj;J mOj;jpdhd;.

tpopgpJq;f ehf;if ntspNa ePl;bg; glj;ij tphpj;J thiyr;

Rol;baJ. ,lJ ifahy; thiyg; gpbj;Jg; ghk;igg; Gw;wpy; ,Ue;J

J}f;fp xU ntl;L ntl;b ,Oj;jhd;”60 vdg; ghk;G gpbg;G

tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. ntl;b ,Oj;jjpy; vYk;G nehWq;fTk;

myl;rpakhfj; jhh;r;rhiyapy; ghk;igj; J}f;fpg; Nghl;lhd;.

efuhjpUe;j ghk;gpd; thiyg; gpbj;J NkNy J}f;fpdhd;. ghk;G

gpbj;Jg; gof;fg;gl;ltd; nra;Ak; nray; ,f;fijapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.8.7 Nka;r;rYf;Fhpa ML
Fl;b Nghl;l Ml;il Nka;r;rYf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; tof;fk;

fpilahJ vd;gij MWKfr; rhkpapd; ‘MLfs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

“Fl;b Nghl;l ML mij tpl;Ll;L kj;j Ml;il vy;yhk;

; Yf;F Xl;bf;fpl;L Ngh”61 vd;w njhlh; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nka;rr

2.8.8 rikaw;fiy
ngz;fs; rikay; njhopy; ty;yhuha; tpsq;fp tUfpd;wdh;.

‘Ie;Jk; %d;Wk; cz;lhdhy; mwpahg; ngz;Zk; fwp rikg;ghs;’

52
vd;w gonkhopiaf; Nfl;Lg; gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;th;.
gof;fj;jpd;Nghpy; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jtiu kpQ;rp Ritahfr; rikf;Fk;
gf;Ftk; njhpe;jth;fs; ngz;fs;. jpUkzkhFk; Kd; Nfhopf; Fok;G

itf;fj; njhpahjts; mk;khtplk; Nfl;L> Fok;G itj;Jg; gofp>

mk;khit tplr; Ritahff; Fok;G itj;j nra;jpiaf;62

fijahrphpah; $wpAs;shh;.

2.8.9 vt;t+Uk; ek;%h;

‘kiya+h;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; muR Copauhf tUk;

uh[huhkDf;F Ch;khwp te;jhYk; mJ jz;lidf;Fhpa

CuhapUe;jhYk; mtDf;F ve;j CUk; gofpa CuhfNt khwptpLk;.
uh[huhkd; re;NjhrNkh tUj;jNkh ,d;wp kiya+Uf;F te;J

Nrh;ej
; hd;. mNj igy;fs;> mNj ngah;fs;> mNj thh;j;ijfs;. vdNt
,l khw;wk; $l mtDf;Fg; nghpjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. mtd; Ch;

NghyNt kiya+Uk; tpiutpNyNa Mfptpl;lJ. Ch;g; gof;fk;

mtidg; gioa MshfNt ,Uf;fr; nra;jJ.

2.8.10 Ntl;il
Ntl;il vd;Dk; nray; njhopyhfr; nra;ag;gl;L gpd;G mJ

gof;fkhf khwpw;W. ,tuJ ‘caph;fs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfij Ntl;iliag;

gw;wpAk; mjd; gpd;Gyq;fisg; gw;wpAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ. mw;Gjuh[;

vd;w ika fjhg;ghj;jpuk; Ntl;ilahLtijg; gof;fkhff;
ifahs;tijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,f;fjhg;ghj;jpuk; eLepiy Mrphpauhf

Ntiy ghh;;j;J tUtjhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. Ntl;il vd;gJ guk;giug;

gof;fk; vd;gij>

53
 “mw;Gjuh[{f;F Ntl;ilapNy jdp tpUg;gk;. vijahtJ

RlNtz;Lk;. gBh; gBnud;W Jg;ghf;fp Koq;f Ntz;Lk;.

jhj;jhtplkpUe;J te;j gof;fk; mth; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jJ”63 vd;w

Mrphpah; $w;W Ntl;il vd;Dk; nray; kuGtop te;j gof;fkhfr;

rpj;jhpf;fg;gLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

2.8.11 ngha;
vjph;kiwahd gof;f tof;fj;jpd; rhl;rpahf tpsq;FfpwJ

‘ngha;’ MFk;. ngha; $whj khe;jh;fNs ,y;iy vdyhk;. nghwhik>

Mir> Raeyk;> tpisahl;L Nghd;wit fhuzkhfg; ngha;iaf;

$Wfpwhh;fs;. Gwk; nrhy;Yk; NghJk; ‘ngha;’ vd;Dk; tplk;

ntsptUfpwJ vd;gij “NtY rhUf;Fg; nghwhik> fz;Z [pT

[pTd;D nrte;J Nghr;R. vq;fpl;l gbr;rg;ga vl;kh];luh tug;Nghuhd;.

Mjhd; jpkph; te;JLr;R vd;whh;. mJ ngha;> mJ Rj;jg; ngha;”64

jq;ifah vd;w khztd; %yk; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

ngUk;ghyhd ngha;fs; nghwhik vd;w jPikahy; tpise;jitahFk;.

2.8.12 rhgk;
Ntj fhyj;jpypUe;Nj rhgk; vd;w nrhy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
rhgk; vd;gJ gopj;jy; vd;gjhFk;. ngz; rhgk; nghy;yhjJ vd;gJ
gonkhop. elg;gpay; r%fj;jpy; ekf;Fj; njhpahky; njhlh;e;J

tho;tpy; ,d;dy;fs; te;jhy; ahh; tpl;l rhgNkh vd;W Gyk;Gtijf;

fhzKbfpwJ. ,ij MrphpaUk; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltij ‘Nkij’

vd;w rpWfij tpsf;FfpwJ. “mk;kh gag;gLfpw khjphp Re;jh;

ehw;gj;NjohtJ taijj; jhz;l khl;lhdh? mtDf;F ahh; ,l;l

rhgk; mJ? mtDf;F ,y;iy. mtd; guk;giuf;Nf ,l;;l rhgkh?

54
mg;gbnahU rhgk; cz;lh?”65 vd;w njhlh;fs; rhgk; gw;wpa

ek;gpf;iffis ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; mjpfhuk; Mf;fpukpg;G

Nghd;wit fhuzkhf typik Fiwe;jth;fs; Mjq;fg;gl;L

Nfhgj;NjhLk; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;Ny rhgkhFk;.

“cdf;F nuz;L fhR fpilr;rp eP ey;yh ,Uf;fZnkd;D

Xbahe;Njd; ghU. mJf;F if ePlb

; vd;d mbf;fw ,y;y> me;jf;

if tpsq;fhkg; NghapLk; vd;W rhgk; tpl;Lf; nfhz;L khkh tPl;L

thry;gb ,wq;fpdhh;”66 vd;Dk; $w;wpy; kdpjDf;F kdpjNd rhgkpLk;

elg;gpay; r%fj;ijg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

2.8.13 thfd g+i[

Gjpa nghUl;fs; thq;fpdhy; mtw;iwg; gagf;jpnahL

topgLtJ ek;gpf;if rhh;e;j gof;f tof;fq;fshFk;. vjph;Kid

vd;Dk; fijapy; Gjpa irf;fpSf;Fg; g+ir NghLk; xU epfo;it

Mrphpah; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

“mtd; mg;gh thq;fpf; nfhLj;jJ vd;whd;. Mr;rhpag;gl;Lg;

Nghd mth; mtru mtrukhf cs;Ns Ngha; jpUePW> #lk; vy;yhk;

nfhz;L te;J irf;fpSf;Fg; g+ir Nghl;lhs;. mtd; new;wpapYk;

irf;fps; epWj;Jkplj;jpYk; jpUePW g+rp Fq;Fkg; nghl;L itj;jhs;”67

vd;Dk; njhlh;fs; Gjpa thfdq;fSf;Fg; g+ir NghLk; gof;fj;ijr;

Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ.

2.8.14 rpdpkh ghh;j;jy;

Mrphpah; rh.fe;jrhkp mth;fs; Mtzg;glk; vLg;gjpy; ty;yth;
vd;gjhy; rpdpkh kPjhd ek;gpf;ifiaf; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. ‘,d;Dk; rpyh;’ vd;Dk; fijapd; fijj;

55
jiytpahd uj;jpdj;jpw;Fr; rpdpkh kPJ Nkhfk; Vw;gl;L khjj;jpw;Fg;
gj;Jg; gd;dpuz;L jlitahJ glk; ghh;g;ghs;. Mdhy; NtZNfhghy;
vd;w ghj;jpuk; rpdpkhtpd; vjhh;j;jj; jd;ikiaf; $WtJ Nghy;

ek;gpf;ifNahL rpdpkh gw;wpa cz;ikfisf; $Wfpwhh;.

“rpdpkh> buhkh> eldk; vy;yhk; Mis kaf;Ffpw rkhr;rhuk;

vd;w ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;”68 vd;Dk; njhlh;fs; rpdpkh kPjhd

vjph;kiw ek;gpf;iffisf; $WfpwJ.

2.8.15 gak;
gak; vd;gJ ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; tpise;jJ MFk;.
gpd;G khpahijf;fhfTk;> kpul;lyhfTk;> Mjpf;fkhfTk; tpsq;fpw;W.

,uj;jj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ kaf;fk;> gak; tUk; vd;gJ gof;fkhFk;.

mNj Nghy; mbjb Vw;gLk; NghJ gak; tUtJ tof;fkhFk;. ,ij

‘xU bf;nfl; jpUtz;zkhiyf;F’ vd;Dk; fijapy; mikj;Js;shh;.

“,uz;L Ngh; rg;jkhfg; Ngrpdhy; mq;Nf ,Ue;J nkJthf

efh;eJ
; Ngha;tpLNtd;. gae;J XLwJ rpd;d tajpy; ,Ue;Nj gof;fk;.

mJTk; ,uj;jj;ijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;lhy; kaf;fNk te;J tpLk;”69 vd;Dk;

Mrphpah; $w;wpy; gak; vd;gJ gof;f tof;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ vd;gij

mwpa KbfpwJ.

2.8.16 Ntl;ghsh;
Njh;jYf;F thf;Fr; Nrfhpg;Gg; gzpfs; jPtpukhf eilngWk;.
mg;NghJ Ntl;ghsh;fSk;> fl;rp cWg;gpdh;fSk; thf;F

Nrfhpg;gjw;fhf kf;fsplk; %is ryit nra;a tUtJ> murpay;

gof;fk; MFk;. ,f;fhl;rpia ‘Ky;iy khefh;’ vd;w fij

tpsf;FfpwJ. ‘md;gofd;’ vd;Dk; fjhg;ghj;jpuk; Ntl;ghsuhf epd;W

56
thf;Fr; Nrfhpg;gij Mrphpah; elg;gpay; rKjhag; gof;f
tof;fj;NjhL njhlh;GgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

“Mj;jh> ,g;gb vy;yhk; nrhy;yp vd;d Vkhj;jf; $lhJ.

ehd;jhd; cq;f tPl;Lg;Gs;s. vdf;Fj;jhd; ek;k Xl;L vy;yhk;.

MWKfj; Njth; kUkfs; Muj;jpj; jl;NlhL te;jhs;. mtd;

xU E}W &gha; Nehl;il vLj;Jg; Nghl;lhd;. Mj;jh mtd;

new;wpapy; tpg+jp g+rpdhs;”70 vd;w ciuahly; $w;Wf;fs; Njh;jy;

epiyfis eakhfg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

2.8.17 czT ,Ljy;

kPd;fisf; fwpitf;Fk; NghJ mijf; fOtpr; Rj;jk; nra;tJ
mLf;fisapd; ntspg;Gwj;jpyhFk;. mg;NghJ kPdpd; jiy Nghd;w

fopTfisj; jpd;gjw;fhfg; g+id tUk;. mjw;F kPid ,LtJ

tof;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ij>

“nfhy;iy tha;f;fhypy; nfOj;jp kPd; myk;gpf; nfhz;L te;j

mk;kh $lNt fj;jpf; nfhz;L te;j g+idf;F xU kPidj; J}f;fpg;

Nghl;Ltpl;L”71 vd;Dk; njhlh;fs; Nkw;$wpa fUj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whf

mikfpd;wJ.

2.8.18 cyfpay;
cyfk; njhpe;jtd; khjphp elg;gJ cyfpay; MFk;. ,ij
,q;fpjk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. cyfpaiyr; r%fg; gof;f tof;fkhf

Mrphpahpd; fij vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. ,ij> “vd; rpNefpjDf;F vd;id

tpl %d;W taJ Fiwr;ry;. Mdhy;> vd; kidtp Kg;gJ tU~k;

cyfg; gof;fk; cilats;”72 vd;Dk; njhlh;fs; cyfg;

gof;fq;fisr; r%fg; gof;fkhf kjpf;Fk; jd;ikia tpsf;FfpwJ.

57
2.9 njhFg;Giu
rh.fe;jrhkp jk; rpWfijapy; r%fg; gof;f tof;fkhf

ehl;Lg;Gw topghL> nja;tj; jpUtpohf;fs;> Nrhjplk; ghh;j;jy;> rFdk;>

ek;gpf;iffs;> ehbr; Nrhjplk; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jk; fijapy; fij
mikg;gpw;Nfw;w tifapy; ,ay;ghfNt mikj;Js;shh;. gof;f

tof;fq;fs; r%fj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb MFk;. mijg;

gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fSk; gjpT nra;Js;sd. MrphpauJ fijfspy;
gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs; mjpfkhf te;Js;sd.

fpuhkf; fsq;fSk;> kdpjdpd; Jd;gq;fSNk ,t;tifahd

ek;gpf;iff;Ff; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpw;W.

mLj;j ,ay; rh.fe;jrhkp fijfspy; r%fr; rpf;fy;fs; Fwpj;J

MuhaTs;sJ.

58
 Fwpg;Gfs;

1. j.fz;zh fUg;igah> kJiu tPud; topghl;L kuGk;

tof;fhWfSk;> g.19.
2. Nj.Y}h;J> ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;: rpy mbg;gilfs;> g. 396.
3. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.35.
4. NkyJ.> g.35.
5. NkyJ.> g.83> 84.
6. NkyJ.> g.84> 85.
7. NkyJ.> g. 27.
8. NkyJ.> g. 460.
9. NkyJ.> g. 457.
10. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2.

11. International Encyclopedia of the Social Science Vol. VII, P.455.

12. f.fhe;jp> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> g.42.
13. Nj. Y}h;J> ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; rpy mbg;gilfs;> g.296.
14. rh. fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp - 1> g.21.
15. NkyJ.> g.60.
16. NkyJ.> g.759.
17. NkyJ.> g.823.
18. NkyJ.> g.826.
19. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.1414.
20. NkyJ.> g.1006.
21. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.21.
22. NkyJ.> g.626.
23. NkyJ.> g.665.
24. NkyJ.> g.678.

59
25. NkyJ.> gf;.678-679.
26. NkyJ.> g.256.
27. NkyJ.> gf;.119-120.
28. NkyJ.> g.122.
29. NkyJ.> g.433.
30. NkyJ.> g.439.
31. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.1063.
32. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.323.
33. NkyJ.> g.434.
34. NkyJ.> g.595.
35. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.1300.
36. NkyJ.> g.1090.
37. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.461.
38. NkyJ.> g.489.
39. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.1132.
40. NkyJ.> g.1384.
41. NkyJ.> g.1513.
42. NkyJ.> g.1629.
43. njhy;fhg;gpak;> g. 368.
44. NkyJ.> g.420.
45. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g. 365.
46. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.1070.
47. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.896.
48. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.1041.
49. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.209.
50. NkyJ.> g.179.
51. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.1067.

60
52. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.463.
53. NkyJ.> g.510.
54. NkyJ.> g.22.
55. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.990.
56. NkyJ.> g.1021.
57. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-1> g.72.
58. NkyJ.> g.80.
59. NkyJ.> g.619.
60. NkyJ.> g.620.
61. NkyJ.> g.449.
62. NkyJ.> g.190.
63. rh. fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp - 1> g.30.
64. NkyJ.> g.128.
65. NkyJ.> gf;. 500-501.
66. NkyJ.> g.584.
67. NkyJ.> g.590.
68. NkyJ.> g.831.
69. rh.fe;jrhkp fijfs;> njhFjp-2> g.1002.
70. NkyJ.> g.1050.
71. NkyJ.> g.1052.
72. NkyJ.> g.1668.

61