beam 491

END 1 MIDSPAN END 2

MU L/C REBAR MU L/C REBAR MU
T T
(+ Mu) 489.203 17
B B
T T
(- Mu) 999.06 17 998.985
B B
(Vu) 234.799 17 s 0 s 231.624
max max
 END 2
L/C REBAR
T
B
T
19
B
20 s
max
Sample Beam
Given
Mu= 0
Vu= 234.799
Concrete Strength f'c= 28 Mpa
Yield Strength of Steel fy= 420 Mpa
Reduction Factor ϕ= 0.9 (Flexure)
ϕ= 0.75 (Shear)
β1 = 0.85
Es= 200000 Mpa
Total Depth h= 450 mm
Beam Width b= 350 mm
for
Distance of extreme
doubly
fiber to centroid of d'= 50 mm reinforce
compresion rebar
d only
Clear Cover cc= 50 mm
Diameter of Bar db = 25 mm ∅ Rebar tension
db = 25 mm ∅ Rebar compresion
Using 10 mm ∅ stirrups
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of tension bars spacing of bars between layers a
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of compression bars

Solve for Effective Depth

d= h-cc-((n-1)*db)-(0.5db)
d= 450-50-((1-1)*25)-(0.5*25)

d= 387.5 mm

Solve for Nominal Moment Capacity

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn= 0/0.9
Mn= 0.0000 kN-m

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρmin = 0.25(√f'c) /fy ρmin = 1.4/fy
ρmin = 0.25(√28) /420 ρmin = 1.4/420
ρmin = 0.0031497039 ρmin = 0.003333

use ρmin = 0.0033333333

 ρbal = 0.85f'cβ1*600
fy(600+fy)

ρbal = 0.85*28*0.85*600
420(600+420)

ρbal = 0.0283333333

ρmax = 0.75ρbal
ρmax = 0.75*0.03
ρmax = 0.02125

use ρ= 0.02125

Solve for Maximum Moment Capacity

ω = ρ fy/f'c
ω = 0.02125*420/28
ω = 0.31875

Mu = (ϕ)(fc')(ω)(b)(d2)(1 - 0.59ω)
Mu = (0.9)(28)(0.31875)(350)(387.5^2)(1 - 0.59*0.31875)

Mu = 342.75578411 kN-m

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn = 342.76/0.9
Mn = 380.83976012 kN-m

380.8398>0.0000
Therefore, design as singly reinforced
IF DOUBLY IF SINGLY
Check if Compression Steel Yields, when f's >fy Solve for Coefficient of Resista
As1 = ρmaxbd *rho max is used not rho M u=
As1 = 0.02125*350*387.5 Rn =
As1 = 2882.03125 mm2 Rn =

Mn1 = Mn Rn=
Mn1 = 380.83976012 kN-m
Solve for Steel Ratio
 Mn2 = Mn - Mn1 ρ=
Mn2 = 0.0000-380.8398 ρ=
Mn2 = -380.8398 kN-m ρ=

ρmax =
Mn2 = As2*fy*(d-d')
use ρ=
As2 = Mn2 = -380.84
fy*(d-d') 420*(387.5-50) Solve for Tension Reinforcem
A s=
As2 = -2686.700248 mm2 A s=
A s=
0.85*f'c*a*b = As1*fy
a= As1*fy = 2882.03125*420 No. of Bars = As/Ab
0.85*f'c*b 0.85*28*350 As/Ab=
N=
a= 145.3125 mm

c= a/β1
c= 145.3125/0.85 Check for Spacing
c= 170.95588235 mm S=

f's= 600(c-d')/c
f's= 600(170.956-50)/170.956 S=
f's= 424.51612903
S=
424.5161>420
Therefore, compression reinforcement yields The proponents reco
reinforcement
Solve Area of Reinforcement
A's= As2
A's= -2686.700248

As= As1 + As2

As= 2,882.031 + -2,686.700
As= 195.33100224 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 compression

 Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 tension

Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

For compression reinforcement

N= A's/Ab
N= -5.4733008 say -5pc
arranged -5 bars horizontally per layer

For tension reinforcement

N= As/Ab
N= 0.3979250502 say 1pc
arranged 1 bars horizontally per layer

Check for Spacing

For Compression Reinforcement
S= b - 2cc - (N)db
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (-5)(25)

-5-1
S= -62.5 <25mm; Not Okay!

For Tension Reinforcement

S= b - 2cc - (N)db - 2(dbs)
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (1)(25)-2(10)

1-1
S= #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

The proponents recommend the use of 1 - 25mm diameter

bars for tension reinforcement. And, the use of -5 - 25mm
diameter bars for compression reinforcement
 bars for tension reinforcement. And, the use of -5 - 25mm
diameter bars for compression reinforcement

Solve for Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Vc= 0.17λ(√f'c)bwd λ= 1
Vc= 0.17*1*(√28)*350*387.5
Vc= 122.00220733 kN

ϕVc = 91.501655499 kN

Vu= 234.799 kN

Vu>ϕVc Therefore, beam requires shear

reinforcements
If stirrups are reqd if avmin reqd
Solve for the Shear Strength Provided by the Stirrup Solve for Spacing of Stirrups
Av=
Vn= Vu/ϕ Av=
Vn= 234.799/0.75
Vn= 313.06533333 kN s=

Vs= Vn - Vc
Vs= 313.07 - 122.00 s=
Vs= 191.063126 kN

use s=
0.66(√f'c)bwd= 0.66(√28)*350*387.5
= 473.656 kN
Vs<0.66(√f'c)bd; Okay!

Solve for Spacing of Stirrups

s= Avfytd/Vs Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2

Av= 157.0796
s= 157.08*420*387.5/191.06
s= 133.8024283 130
 smax= d/2
smax= 387.5/2
smax= 193.75 190

3
of bars between layers assumed to be equal to size of bar
or Coefficient of Resistance
ϕRnbd2
Mu/ϕbd2
0.00/0.9*350*387.5*^2

0 Mpa

or Steel Ratio
 0.85(f'c/fy)(1-√(1-2Rn/0.85f'c))
0.85(28/420)(1-√(1-2*(0.000)/0.85*28))
0

0.0213 ρmin = 0.003333

0.0033333333

or Tension Reinforcement
ρbd Ab= πdb2/4
0.0033*350*387.5 Ab= π*25^2/4
452.08333333 mm2 Ab= 490.8739 mm2

No. of Bars = As/Ab

452.0833/490.8739
0.920976604 say 1pc
arranged 1 bars horizontally per layer

for Spacing
b - 2cc - 2dbs - N(db)
N-1

350 - 2*50 - 2*10 - 1(25)

1-1
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!

The proponents recommend the use of 1 - 25mm diameter for tension

reinforcement
or Spacing of Stirrups
2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2
157.07963268

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 574.5534

0.062(√f'c)bw 0.062*√28*350

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 538.5587

0.35*bw 0.35*350

530 mm
Sample Beam
Given
Mu= 999.06
Vu= 234.799
Concrete Strength f'c= 28 Mpa
Yield Strength of Steel fy= 420 Mpa
Reduction Factor ϕ= 0.9 (Flexure)
ϕ= 0.75 (Shear)
β1 = 0.85
Es= 200000 Mpa
Total Depth h= 450 mm
Beam Width b= 350 mm
for
Distance of extreme
doubly
fiber to centroid of d'= 50 mm reinforce
compresion rebar
d only
Clear Cover cc= 50 mm
Diameter of Bar db= 28 mm ∅ Rebar
db= 25 mm ∅ Rebar
Using 10 mm ∅ stirrups
Assumed no of layer/s n= 2 number of layer/s of bars
of tension bars
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of compression bars

Solve for Effective Depth

d= h-cc-((n-1)*db)-(0.5db)
d= 450-50-((2-1)*28)-(0.5*28)

d= 358 mm

Solve for Nominal Moment Capacity

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn= 999.06/0.9
Mn= 1,110.0667 kN-m

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρmin = 0.25(√f'c) /fy ρmin = 1.4/fy
ρmin = 0.25(√28) /420 ρmin = 1.4/420
ρmin = 0.0031497039 ρmin = 0.003333
 use ρmin = 0.0033333333

ρbal = 0.85f'cβ1*600
fy(600+fy)

ρbal = 0.85*28*0.85*600
420(600+420)

ρbal = 0.0283333333

ρmax = 0.75ρbal
ρmax = 0.75*0.03
ρmax = 0.02125

use ρ= 0.02125

Solve for Maximum Moment Capacity

ω = ρ fy/f'c
ω = 0.02125*420/28
ω = 0.31875

Mu = (ϕ)(fc')(ω)(b)(d2)(1 - 0.59ω)
Mu = (0.9)(28)(0.31875)(350)(358^2)(1 - 0.59*0.31875)

Mu = 292.55493737 kN-m

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn = 292.56/0.9
Mn = 325.06104152 kN-m

325.0610<1,110.0667
Therefore, design as doubly reinforced
IF DOUBLY
Check if Compression Steel Yields, when f's >fy
As1 = ρmaxbd *rho max is used not rho
As1 = 0.02125*350*358
As1 = 2662.625 mm2
 Mn1 = Mn
Mn1 = 325.06104152 kN-m

Mn2 = Mn - Mn1
Mn2 = 1,110.0667-325.0610
Mn2 = 785.0056 kN-m

Mn2 = As2*fy*(d-d')

As2 = Mn2 = 785.0056

fy*(d-d') 420*(358-50)

As2 = 6068.3799099 mm2

0.85*f'c*a*b = As1*fy
a= As1*fy = 2662.625*420
0.85*f'c*b 0.85*28*350

a= 134.25 mm

c= a/β1
c= 134.25/0.85
c= 157.94117647 mm

f's= 600(c-d')/c
f's= 600(157.941-50)/157.941
f's= 410.05586592

410.0559<420
Therefore, compression reinforcement does not yields

Solve Area of Reinforcement

A's= As2 (fy/f's)
A's= 6215.5422565
 As= As1 + As2
As= 2,662.625 + 6,068.380
As= 8731.0049099 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 compression

Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 tension

Ab= π*28^2/4
Ab= 615.7521601 mm2

For compression reinforcement

N= A's/Ab
N= 12.662198709 say 13pcs
arranged 13 bars horizontally per layer

For tension reinforcement

N= As/Ab
N= 14.179414179 say 16pcs
arranged 8 bars horizontally per layers

Check for Spacing

For Compression Reinforcement
S= b - 2cc - (N)db
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (13)(25)

13-1
S= -6.25 <25mm; Not Okay!

For Tension Reinforcement

S= b - 2cc - (N)db - 2(dbs)
N-1
 S= 350 - 2*50 - (8)(28)-2(10)
8-1
S= 0.8571428571 <28mm; Not Okay!

The proponents recommend the use of 8 - 28mm diameter

bars per layer for tension reinforcement; use 2 layers of
bars. And, the use of 13 - 25mm diameter bars for
compression reinforcement

Solve for Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Vc= 0.17λ(√f'c)bwd λ= 1
Vc= 0.17*1*(√28)*350*358
Vc= 112.71429735 kN

ϕVc = 84.535723015 kN

Vu= 234.799 kN

Vu>ϕVc Therefore, beam requires shear

reinforcements
If stirrups are reqd
Solve for the Shear Strength Provided by the Stirrup

Vn= Vu/ϕ
Vn= 234.799/0.75
Vn= 313.06533333 kN

Vs= Vn - V c
Vs= 313.07 - 112.71
Vs= 200.35103598 kN
 0.66(√f'c)bwd= 0.66(√28)*350*358
= 437.597 kN
Vs<0.66(√f'c)bd; Okay!

Solve for Spacing of Stirrups

s= Avfytd/Vs Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2

Av= 157.0796
s= 157.08*420*358/200.35
s= 117.88555749 120

smax= d/2
smax= 358/2
smax= 179 180

4
tension
compresion

spacing of bars between layers assumed to be equal to size of bar

IF SINGLY
Solve for Coefficient of Resistance
Mu= ϕRnbd2
Rn= Mu/ϕbd2
Rn= 999.06/0.9*350*358*^2
 Rn= 24.74656727 Mpa

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρ= 0.85(f'c/fy)(1-√(1-2Rn/0.85f'c))
ρ= 0.85(28/420)(1-√(1-2*(24.747)/0.85*28))
ρ= Err:502

ρmax = 0.0213 ρmin = 0.003333

use ρ= Err:502

Solve for Tension Reinforcement

As= ρbd Ab= πdb2/4
A s= Err:502 Ab= π*28^2/4
A s= Err:502 mm2 Ab= 615.7522 mm2

No. of Bars = As/Ab

As/Ab= Err:502
N= Err:502 say Err:502
arranged Err:502 bars horizontally per layers

Check for Spacing

S= b - 2cc - 2dbs - N(db)
N-1

S= Err:502
Err:502
S= Err:502 Err:502

Err:502
if avmin reqd
Solve for Spacing of Stirrups
Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2
Av= 157.07963268

s= Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 574.5534

0.062(√f'c)bw 0.062*√28*350

s= Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 538.5587

0.35*bw 0.35*350
use s= 530 mm
Sample Beam
Given
Mu= 489.203
Vu= 0
Concrete Strength f'c= 28 Mpa
Yield Strength of Steel fy= 420 Mpa
Reduction Factor ϕ= 0.9 (Flexure)
ϕ= 0.75 (Shear)
β1 = 0.85
Es= 200000 Mpa
Total Depth h= 450 mm
Beam Width b= 350 mm
for
Distance of extreme
doubly
fiber to centroid of d'= 50 mm reinforce
compresion rebar
d only
Clear Cover cc= 50 mm
Diameter of Bar db = 25 mm ∅ Rebar
db = 25 mm ∅ Rebar
Using 10 mm ∅ stirrups
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of tension bars
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of compression bars

Solve for Effective Depth

d= h-cc-((n-1)*db)-(0.5db)
d= 450-50-((1-1)*25)-(0.5*25)

d= 387.5 mm

Solve for Nominal Moment Capacity

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn= 489.203/0.9
Mn= 543.5589 kN-m

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρmin = 0.25(√f'c) /fy ρmin = 1.4/fy
ρmin = 0.25(√28) /420 ρmin = 1.4/420
ρmin = 0.0031497039 ρmin = 0.003333
 use ρmin = 0.0033333333

ρbal = 0.85f'cβ1*600
fy(600+fy)

ρbal = 0.85*28*0.85*600
420(600+420)

ρbal = 0.0283333333

ρmax = 0.75ρbal
ρmax = 0.75*0.03
ρmax = 0.02125

use ρ= 0.02125

Solve for Maximum Moment Capacity

ω = ρ fy/f'c
ω = 0.02125*420/28
ω = 0.31875

Mu = (ϕ)(fc')(ω)(b)(d2)(1 - 0.59ω)
Mu = (0.9)(28)(0.31875)(350)(387.5^2)(1 - 0.59*0.31875)

Mu = 342.75578411 kN-m

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn = 342.76/0.9
Mn = 380.83976012 kN-m

380.8398<543.5589
Therefore, design as doubly reinforced
IF DOUBLY
Check if Compression Steel Yields, when f's >fy
As1 = ρmaxbd *rho max is used not rho
As1 = 0.02125*350*387.5
As1 = 2882.03125 mm2
 Mn1 = Mn
Mn1 = 380.83976012 kN-m

Mn2 = Mn - Mn1
Mn2 = 543.5589-380.8398
Mn2 = 162.7191 kN-m

Mn2 = As2*fy*(d-d')

As2 = Mn2 = 162.7191

fy*(d-d') 420*(387.5-50)

As2 = 1147.9303617 mm2

0.85*f'c*a*b = As1*fy
a= As1*fy = 2882.03125*420
0.85*f'c*b 0.85*28*350

a= 145.3125 mm

c= a/β1
c= 145.3125/0.85
c= 170.95588235 mm

f's= 600(c-d')/c
f's= 600(170.956-50)/170.956
f's= 424.51612903

424.5161>420
Therefore, compression reinforcement yields

Solve Area of Reinforcement

A's= As2
A's= 1147.9303617
 As= As1 + As2
As= 2,882.031 + 1,147.930
As= 4029.9616117 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 compression

Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 tension

Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

For compression reinforcement

N= A's/Ab
N= 2.3385445298 say 3pcs
arranged 3 bars horizontally per layer

For tension reinforcement

N= As/Ab
N= 8.2097703804 say 9pcs
arranged 9 bars horizontally per layer

Check for Spacing

For Compression Reinforcement
S= b - 2cc - (N)db
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (3)(25)

3-1
S= 87.5 >25mm; Okay!

For Tension Reinforcement

S= b - 2cc - (N)db - 2(dbs)
N-1
 S= 350 - 2*50 - (9)(25)-2(10)
9-1
S= 0.625 <25mm; Not Okay!

The proponents recommend the use of 9 - 25mm diameter

bars for tension reinforcement. And, the use of 3 - 25mm
diameter bars for compression reinforcement

Solve for Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Vc= 0.17λ(√f'c)bwd λ= 1
Vc= 0.17*1*(√28)*350*387.5
Vc= 122.00220733 kN

ϕVc = 91.501655499 kN

Vu= 0 kN

Vu<ϕVc/2
Therefore, beam does not need shear
reinforcements
If stirrups are reqd
Solve for the Shear Strength Provided by the Stirrup

Vn= Vu/ϕ
Vn= 0/0.75
Vn= 0 kN

Vs= Vn - Vc
Vs= 0.00 - 122.00
Vs= -122.0022073 kN
 0.66(√f'c)bwd= 0.66(√28)*350*387.5
= 473.656 kN
Vs<0.66(√f'c)bd; Okay!

Solve for Spacing of Stirrups

s= Avfytd/Vs Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2

Av= 157.0796
s= 157.08*420*387.5/-122.00
s= -209.5430138 -210

smax= d/2
smax= 387.5/2
smax= 193.75 190

-2
tension
compresion

spacing of bars between layers assumed to be equal to size of bar

IF SINGLY
Solve for Coefficient of Resistance
Mu= ϕRnbd2
Rn= Mu/ϕbd2
Rn= 489.20/0.9*350*387.5*^2
 Rn= 10.342728969 Mpa

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρ= 0.85(f'c/fy)(1-√(1-2Rn/0.85f'c))
ρ= 0.85(28/420)(1-√(1-2*(10.343)/0.85*28))
ρ= 0.0361674961

ρmax = 0.0213 ρmin = 0.003333

use ρ= 0.02125

Solve for Tension Reinforcement

As= ρbd Ab= πdb2/4
As= 0.0213*350*387.5 Ab= π*25^2/4
As= 2882.03125 mm2 Ab= 490.8739 mm2

No. of Bars = As/Ab

As/Ab= 2,882.0313/490.8739
N= 5.8712258507 say 6pcs
arranged 6 bars horizontally per layer

Check for Spacing

S= b - 2cc - 2dbs - N(db)
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - 2*10 - 6(25)

6-1
S= 16 <25mm; Not Okay

The proponents recommend the use of 6 - 25mm diameter for tension

reinforcement
if avmin reqd
Solve for Spacing of Stirrups
Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2
Av= 157.07963268

s= Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 574.5534

0.062(√f'c)bw 0.062*√28*350

s= Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 538.5587

0.35*bw 0.35*350
use s= 530 mm
Sample Beam
Given
Mu= 0
Vu= 0
Concrete Strength f'c= 28 Mpa
Yield Strength of Steel fy= 420 Mpa
Reduction Factor ϕ= 0.9 (Flexure)
ϕ= 0.75 (Shear)
β1 = 0.85
Es= 200000 Mpa
Total Depth h= 450 mm
Beam Width b= 350 mm
for
Distance of extreme
doubly
fiber to centroid of d'= 50 mm reinforce
compresion rebar
d only
Clear Cover cc= 50 mm
Diameter of Bar db = 22 mm ∅ Rebar tension
db = 19 mm ∅ Rebar compresion
Using 10 mm ∅ stirrups
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of tension bars spacing of bars between layers a
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of compression bars

Solve for Effective Depth

d= h-cc-((n-1)*db)-(0.5db)
d= 450-50-((1-1)*22)-(0.5*22)

d= 389 mm

Solve for Nominal Moment Capacity

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn= 0/0.9
Mn= 0.0000 kN-m

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρmin = 0.25(√f'c) /fy ρmin = 1.4/fy
ρmin = 0.25(√28) /420 ρmin = 1.4/420
ρmin = 0.0031497039 ρmin = 0.003333

use ρmin = 0.0033333333

 ρbal = 0.85f'cβ1*600
fy(600+fy)

ρbal = 0.85*28*0.85*600
420(600+420)

ρbal = 0.0283333333

ρmax = 0.75ρbal
ρmax = 0.75*0.03
ρmax = 0.02125

use ρ= 0.02125

Solve for Maximum Moment Capacity

ω = ρ fy/f'c
ω = 0.02125*420/28
ω = 0.31875

Mu = (ϕ)(fc')(ω)(b)(d2)(1 - 0.59ω)
Mu = (0.9)(28)(0.31875)(350)(389^2)(1 - 0.59*0.31875)

Mu = 345.41451326 kN-m

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn = 345.42/0.9
Mn = 383.79390362 kN-m

383.7939>0.0000
Therefore, design as singly reinforced
IF DOUBLY IF SINGLY
Check if Compression Steel Yields, when f's >fy Solve for Coefficient of Resista
As1 = ρmaxbd *rho max is used not rho M u=
As1 = 0.02125*350*389 Rn =
As1 = 2893.1875 mm2 Rn =

Mn1 = Mn Rn=
Mn1 = 383.79390362 kN-m
Solve for Steel Ratio
 Mn2 = Mn - Mn1 ρ=
Mn2 = 0.0000-383.7939 ρ=
Mn2 = -383.7939 kN-m ρ=

ρmax =
Mn2 = As2*fy*(d-d')
use ρ=
As2 = Mn2 = -383.794
fy*(d-d') 420*(389-50) Solve for Tension Reinforcem
A s=
As2 = -2695.560497 mm2 A s=
A s=
0.85*f'c*a*b = As1*fy
a= As1*fy = 2893.1875*420 No. of Bars = As/Ab
0.85*f'c*b 0.85*28*350 As/Ab=
N=
a= 145.875 mm

c= a/β1
c= 145.875/0.85 Check for Spacing
c= 171.61764706 mm S=

f's= 600(c-d')/c
f's= 600(171.618-50)/171.618 S=
f's= 425.19280206
S=
425.1928>420
Therefore, compression reinforcement yields The proponents reco
reinforcement
Solve Area of Reinforcement
A's= As2
A's= -2695.560497

As= As1 + As2

As= 2,893.188 + -2,695.560
As= 197.62700257 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 compression

 Ab= π*19^2/4
Ab= 283.52873699 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 tension

Ab= π*22^2/4
Ab= 380.13271108 mm2

For compression reinforcement

N= A's/Ab
N= -9.507186207 say -9pc
arranged -9 bars horizontally per layer

For tension reinforcement

N= As/Ab
N= 0.5198894933 say 1pc
arranged 1 bars horizontally per layer

Check for Spacing

For Compression Reinforcement
S= b - 2cc - (N)db
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (-9)(19)

-9-1
S= -42.1 <25mm; Not Okay!

For Tension Reinforcement

S= b - 2cc - (N)db - 2(dbs)
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (1)(22)-2(10)

1-1
S= #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

The proponents recommend the use of 1 - 22mm diameter

bars for tension reinforcement. And, the use of -9 - 19mm
diameter bars for compression reinforcement
 bars for tension reinforcement. And, the use of -9 - 19mm
diameter bars for compression reinforcement

Solve for Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Vc= 0.17λ(√f'c)bwd λ= 1
Vc= 0.17*1*(√28)*350*389
Vc= 122.47447394 kN

ϕVc = 91.855855455 kN

Vu= 0 kN

Vu<ϕVc/2 Therefore, beam does not need shear

reinforcements
If stirrups are reqd if avmin reqd
Solve for the Shear Strength Provided by the Stirrup Solve for Spacing of Stirrups
Av=
Vn= Vu/ϕ Av=
Vn= 0/0.75
Vn= 0 kN s=

Vs= Vn - Vc
Vs= 0.00 - 122.47 s=
Vs= -122.4744739 kN

use s=
0.66(√f'c)bwd= 0.66(√28)*350*389
= 475.489 kN
Vs<0.66(√f'c)bd; Okay!

Solve for Spacing of Stirrups

s= Avfytd/Vs Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2

Av= 157.0796
s= 157.08*420*389/-122.47
s= -209.5430138 -210
 smax= d/2
smax= 389/2
smax= 194.5 190

-2
of bars between layers assumed to be equal to size of bar
or Coefficient of Resistance
ϕRnbd2
Mu/ϕbd2
0.00/0.9*350*389*^2

0 Mpa

or Steel Ratio
 0.85(f'c/fy)(1-√(1-2Rn/0.85f'c))
0.85(28/420)(1-√(1-2*(0.000)/0.85*28))
0

0.0213 ρmin = 0.003333

0.0033333333

or Tension Reinforcement
ρbd Ab= πdb2/4
0.0033*350*389 Ab= π*22^2/4
453.83333333 mm2 Ab= 380.1327 mm2

No. of Bars = As/Ab

453.8333/380.1327
1.1938812949 say 2pcs
arranged 2 bars horizontally per layer

for Spacing
b - 2cc - 2dbs - N(db)
N-1

350 - 2*50 - 2*10 - 2(22)

2-1
186 >25mm; Okay!

The proponents recommend the use of 2 - 22mm diameter for tension

reinforcement
or Spacing of Stirrups
2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2
157.07963268

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 574.5534

0.062(√f'c)bw 0.062*√28*350

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 538.5587

0.35*bw 0.35*350

530 mm
Sample Beam
Given
Mu= 0
Vu= 231.624
Concrete Strength f'c= 28 Mpa
Yield Strength of Steel fy= 420 Mpa
Reduction Factor ϕ= 0.9 (Flexure)
ϕ= 0.75 (Shear)
β1 = 0.85
Es= 200000 Mpa
Total Depth h= 450 mm
Beam Width b= 350 mm
for
Distance of extreme
doubly
fiber to centroid of d'= 50 mm reinforce
compresion rebar
d only
Clear Cover cc= 50 mm
Diameter of Bar db = 25 mm ∅ Rebar tension
db = 25 mm ∅ Rebar compresion
Using 10 mm ∅ stirrups
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of tension bars spacing of bars between layers a
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of compression bars

Solve for Effective Depth

d= h-cc-((n-1)*db)-(0.5db)
d= 450-50-((1-1)*25)-(0.5*25)

d= 387.5 mm

Solve for Nominal Moment Capacity

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn= 0/0.9
Mn= 0.0000 kN-m

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρmin = 0.25(√f'c) /fy ρmin = 1.4/fy
ρmin = 0.25(√28) /420 ρmin = 1.4/420
ρmin = 0.0031497039 ρmin = 0.003333

use ρmin = 0.0033333333

 ρbal = 0.85f'cβ1*600
fy(600+fy)

ρbal = 0.85*28*0.85*600
420(600+420)

ρbal = 0.0283333333

ρmax = 0.75ρbal
ρmax = 0.75*0.03
ρmax = 0.02125

use ρ= 0.02125

Solve for Maximum Moment Capacity

ω = ρ fy/f'c
ω = 0.02125*420/28
ω = 0.31875

Mu = (ϕ)(fc')(ω)(b)(d2)(1 - 0.59ω)
Mu = (0.9)(28)(0.31875)(350)(387.5^2)(1 - 0.59*0.31875)

Mu = 342.75578411 kN-m

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn = 342.76/0.9
Mn = 380.83976012 kN-m

380.8398>0.0000
Therefore, design as singly reinforced
IF DOUBLY IF SINGLY
Check if Compression Steel Yields, when f's >fy Solve for Coefficient of Resista
As1 = ρmaxbd *rho max is used not rho M u=
As1 = 0.02125*350*387.5 Rn =
As1 = 2882.03125 mm2 Rn =

Mn1 = Mn Rn=
Mn1 = 380.83976012 kN-m
Solve for Steel Ratio
 Mn2 = Mn - Mn1 ρ=
Mn2 = 0.0000-380.8398 ρ=
Mn2 = -380.8398 kN-m ρ=

ρmax =
Mn2 = As2*fy*(d-d')
use ρ=
As2 = Mn2 = -380.84
fy*(d-d') 420*(387.5-50) Solve for Tension Reinforcem
A s=
As2 = -2686.700248 mm2 A s=
A s=
0.85*f'c*a*b = As1*fy
a= As1*fy = 2882.03125*420 No. of Bars = As/Ab
0.85*f'c*b 0.85*28*350 As/Ab=
N=
a= 145.3125 mm

c= a/β1
c= 145.3125/0.85 Check for Spacing
c= 170.95588235 mm S=

f's= 600(c-d')/c
f's= 600(170.956-50)/170.956 S=
f's= 424.51612903
S=
424.5161>420
Therefore, compression reinforcement yields The proponents reco
reinforcement
Solve Area of Reinforcement
A's= As2
A's= -2686.700248

As= As1 + As2

As= 2,882.031 + -2,686.700
As= 195.33100224 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 compression

 Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 tension

Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

For compression reinforcement

N= A's/Ab
N= -5.4733008 say -5pc
arranged -5 bars horizontally per layer

For tension reinforcement

N= As/Ab
N= 0.3979250502 say 1pc
arranged 1 bars horizontally per layer

Check for Spacing

For Compression Reinforcement
S= b - 2cc - (N)db
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (-5)(25)

-5-1
S= -62.5 <25mm; Not Okay!

For Tension Reinforcement

S= b - 2cc - (N)db - 2(dbs)
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (1)(25)-2(10)

1-1
S= #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

The proponents recommend the use of 1 - 25mm diameter

bars for tension reinforcement. And, the use of -5 - 25mm
diameter bars for compression reinforcement
 bars for tension reinforcement. And, the use of -5 - 25mm
diameter bars for compression reinforcement

Solve for Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Vc= 0.17λ(√f'c)bwd λ= 1
Vc= 0.17*1*(√28)*350*387.5
Vc= 122.00220733 kN

ϕVc = 91.501655499 kN

Vu= 231.624 kN

Vu>ϕVc Therefore, beam requires shear

reinforcements
If stirrups are reqd if avmin reqd
Solve for the Shear Strength Provided by the Stirrup Solve for Spacing of Stirrups
Av=
Vn= Vu/ϕ Av=
Vn= 231.624/0.75
Vn= 308.832 kN s=

Vs= Vn - Vc
Vs= 308.83 - 122.00 s=
Vs= 186.82979267 kN

use s=
0.66(√f'c)bwd= 0.66(√28)*350*387.5
= 473.656 kN
Vs<0.66(√f'c)bd; Okay!

Solve for Spacing of Stirrups

s= Avfytd/Vs Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2

Av= 157.0796
s= 157.08*420*387.5/186.83
s= 136.83422678 140
 smax= d/2
smax= 387.5/2
smax= 193.75 190

3
of bars between layers assumed to be equal to size of bar
or Coefficient of Resistance
ϕRnbd2
Mu/ϕbd2
0.00/0.9*350*387.5*^2

0 Mpa

or Steel Ratio
 0.85(f'c/fy)(1-√(1-2Rn/0.85f'c))
0.85(28/420)(1-√(1-2*(0.000)/0.85*28))
0

0.0213 ρmin = 0.003333

0.0033333333

or Tension Reinforcement
ρbd Ab= πdb2/4
0.0033*350*387.5 Ab= π*25^2/4
452.08333333 mm2 Ab= 490.8739 mm2

No. of Bars = As/Ab

452.0833/490.8739
0.920976604 say 1pc
arranged 1 bars horizontally per layer

for Spacing
b - 2cc - 2dbs - N(db)
N-1

350 - 2*50 - 2*10 - 1(25)

1-1
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!

The proponents recommend the use of 1 - 25mm diameter for tension

reinforcement
or Spacing of Stirrups
2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2
157.07963268

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 574.5534

0.062(√f'c)bw 0.062*√28*350

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 538.5587

0.35*bw 0.35*350

530 mm
Sample Beam
Given
Mu= 998.985
Vu= 231.624
Concrete Strength f'c= 28 Mpa
Yield Strength of Steel fy= 420 Mpa
Reduction Factor ϕ= 0.9 (Flexure)
ϕ= 0.75 (Shear)
β1 = 0.85
Es= 200000 Mpa
Total Depth h= 450 mm
Beam Width b= 350 mm
for
Distance of extreme
doubly
fiber to centroid of d'= 50 mm reinforce
compresion rebar
d only
Clear Cover cc= 50 mm
Diameter of Bar db = 28 mm ∅ Rebar tension
db = 25 mm ∅ Rebar compresion
Using 10 mm ∅ stirrups
Assumed no of layer/s n= 2 number of layer/s of bars
of tension bars spacing of bars between layers a
Assumed no of layer/s n= 1 number of layer/s of bars
of compression bars

Solve for Effective Depth

d= h-cc-((n-1)*db)-(0.5db)
d= 450-50-((2-1)*28)-(0.5*28)

d= 358 mm

Solve for Nominal Moment Capacity

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn= 998.985/0.9
Mn= 1,109.9833 kN-m

Solve for Steel Ratio

ρmin = 0.25(√f'c) /fy ρmin = 1.4/fy
ρmin = 0.25(√28) /420 ρmin = 1.4/420
ρmin = 0.0031497039 ρmin = 0.003333

use ρmin = 0.0033333333

 ρbal = 0.85f'cβ1*600
fy(600+fy)

ρbal = 0.85*28*0.85*600
420(600+420)

ρbal = 0.0283333333

ρmax = 0.75ρbal
ρmax = 0.75*0.03
ρmax = 0.02125

use ρ= 0.02125

Solve for Maximum Moment Capacity

ω = ρ fy/f'c
ω = 0.02125*420/28
ω = 0.31875

Mu = (ϕ)(fc')(ω)(b)(d2)(1 - 0.59ω)
Mu = (0.9)(28)(0.31875)(350)(358^2)(1 - 0.59*0.31875)

Mu = 292.55493737 kN-m

Mn = Mu/ϕ
Mn = 292.56/0.9
Mn = 325.06104152 kN-m

325.0610<1,109.9833
Therefore, design as doubly reinforced
IF DOUBLY IF SINGLY
Check if Compression Steel Yields, when f's >fy Solve for Coefficient of Resista
As1 = ρmaxbd *rho max is used not rho M u=
As1 = 0.02125*350*358 Rn =
As1 = 2662.625 mm2 Rn =

Mn1 = Mn Rn=
Mn1 = 325.06104152 kN-m
Solve for Steel Ratio
 Mn2 = Mn - Mn1 ρ=
Mn2 = 1,109.9833-325.0610 ρ=
Mn2 = 784.9223 kN-m ρ=

ρmax =
Mn2 = As2*fy*(d-d')
use ρ=
As2 = Mn2 = 784.9223
fy*(d-d') 420*(358-50) Solve for Tension Reinforcem
A s=
As2 = 6067.7357128 mm2 A s=
A s=
0.85*f'c*a*b = As1*fy
a= As1*fy = 2662.625*420 No. of Bars = As/Ab
0.85*f'c*b 0.85*28*350 As/Ab=
N=
a= 134.25 mm

c= a/β1
c= 134.25/0.85 Check for Spacing
c= 157.94117647 mm S=

f's= 600(c-d')/c
f's= 600(157.941-50)/157.941 S=
f's= 410.05586592
S=
410.0559<420
Therefore, compression reinforcement does not yields
Err:502
Solve Area of Reinforcement
A's= As2 (fy/f's)
A's= 6214.8824372

As= As1 + As2

As= 2,662.625 + 6,067.736
As= 8730.3607128 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 compression

 Ab= π*25^2/4
Ab= 490.87385212 mm2

Ab= πdb2/4 tension

Ab= π*28^2/4
Ab= 615.7521601 mm2

For compression reinforcement

N= A's/Ab
N= 12.660854536 say 13pcs
arranged 13 bars horizontally per layer

For tension reinforcement

N= As/Ab
N= 14.178367984 say 16pcs
arranged 8 bars horizontally per layers

Check for Spacing

For Compression Reinforcement
S= b - 2cc - (N)db
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (13)(25)

13-1
S= -6.25 <25mm; Not Okay!

For Tension Reinforcement

S= b - 2cc - (N)db - 2(dbs)
N-1

S= 350 - 2*50 - (8)(28)-2(10)

8-1
S= 0.8571428571 <28mm; Not Okay!

The proponents recommend the use of 8 - 28mm diameter

bars per layer for tension reinforcement; use 2 layers of
bars. And, the use of 13 - 25mm diameter bars for
compression reinforcement
 bars per layer for tension reinforcement; use 2 layers of
bars. And, the use of 13 - 25mm diameter bars for
compression reinforcement

Solve for Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Vc= 0.17λ(√f'c)bwd λ= 1
Vc= 0.17*1*(√28)*350*358
Vc= 112.71429735 kN

ϕVc = 84.535723015 kN

Vu= 231.624 kN

Vu>ϕVc Therefore, beam requires shear

reinforcements
If stirrups are reqd if avmin reqd
Solve for the Shear Strength Provided by the Stirrup Solve for Spacing of Stirrups
Av=
Vn= Vu/ϕ Av=
Vn= 231.624/0.75
Vn= 308.832 kN s=

Vs= Vn - Vc
Vs= 308.83 - 112.71 s=
Vs= 196.11770265 kN

use s=
0.66(√f'c)bwd= 0.66(√28)*350*358
= 437.597 kN
Vs<0.66(√f'c)bd; Okay!

Solve for Spacing of Stirrups

s= Avfytd/Vs Av= 2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2

Av= 157.0796
s= 157.08*420*358/196.12
s= 120.43019702 120
 smax= d/2
smax= 358/2
smax= 179 180

3
of bars between layers assumed to be equal to size of bar
or Coefficient of Resistance
ϕRnbd2
Mu/ϕbd2
998.99/0.9*350*358*^2

24.744709531 Mpa

or Steel Ratio
 0.85(f'c/fy)(1-√(1-2Rn/0.85f'c))
0.85(28/420)(1-√(1-2*(24.745)/0.85*28))
Err:502

0.0213 ρmin = 0.003333

Err:502

or Tension Reinforcement
ρbd Ab= πdb2/4
Err:502 Ab= π*28^2/4
Err:502 mm2 Ab= 615.7522 mm2

No. of Bars = As/Ab

Err:502
Err:502 say Err:502
arranged Err:502 bars horizontally per layers

for Spacing
b - 2cc - 2dbs - N(db)
N-1

Err:502
Err:502
Err:502 Err:502

Err:502
or Spacing of Stirrups
2Ab = 2(π/4)*10^2
157.07963268

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 574.5534

0.062(√f'c)bw 0.062*√28*350

Avfyt = 157.08*420 = 538.5587

0.35*bw 0.35*350

530 mm