Chapter 4 - Links Within the Highway

Suitability of Routes

Most cycling takes place on existing urban roads; this will also be the case with the National Cycle
Network. As well as following lightly trafficked roads which require few or no measures, a National Cycle
Network route should be an opportunity to introduce traffic calming, special cycling measures and visual
enhancements, which will encourage local cycling.

The choice of routes in urban areas is largely determined by the extent to which junction features can be
resolved where the cycle route meets or crosses more heavily trafficked roads. Main roads themselves may
be the only direct route into a town centre, and here measures are likely to be needed to adequately reduce
conflict with or intimidation by other traffic, through traffic calming or separation of cyclists from motor
vehicles.

In order to assess the suitability of any road for a National Cycle Network route it is important to quantify
vehicle speeds and flows. These criteria indicate whether the conditions need to be modified for cyclists to
share the road with motor vehicles, or whether a segregated route should be established. Traffic conditions
should be examined in both peak and off-peak periods. The designer should recognise that options are
available to divert motor traffic, introduce traffic calming measures and to alter road markings and kerb lines
to redistribute road and footway space. Reducing vehicle speeds and volumes are important elements in
providing for cyclists.

This relationship is shown on Figure 4.1 which is an adaptation of a graph given in the CROW document
"Sign Up for the Bike" The CROW criteria have been modified to reflect the needs of the inexperienced
cyclist or family group who will benefit from segregation earlier than the experienced cyclist. Figure 4.1 sets
out the motor vehicle speed and flow criteria which are relevant in determining the most appropriate cycling
facility in both urban and rural situations. In practice this will be the first step in the assessment of the need
for segregation and will be complemented by a broader assessment of local factors.

Parking and Loading

An important factor in assessing the suitability of a road for cyclists is the use of the kerb space. Parking and
loading take up road space and the opening of vehicle doors creates a hazard for cyclists. Where
circumstances permit, it may be appropriate to restrict kerbside parking along a cycle route, displacing the
vehicles to adjacent roads or off-street parking. Loading may also be relocated to more suitable areas. Such
controls may operate throughout the day, or cover those time periods when cyclists are most at risk. Where
restrictions are not feasible, consideration should be given to how the kerbside activity could be better
managed to reduce the hazard to cyclists. For example, where the turnover of parked cars is high, a dividing
strip may be required.
Reallocation of Road Space

A fundamental aspect of the provision of cycling facilities is the reallocation of road space from motor
vehicles to cycling. This can be seen in the majority of figures within this document. The provision of cycle
tracks in urban areas at the expense of the footway is not encouraged, particularly where there are high
pedestrian flows, but it is acknowledged that there are situations where this may be necessary. If a
segregated facility is being provided then the cyclist should usually be placed nearest to the motor traffic
and a dividing strip provided between the cycle track and the carriageway.

Reallocation of road space not only promotes cycling but can act as a restraint on motor traffic which is now
an important aspect of transport and planning policy.
Reallocation of Road Space to Cyclists - Figure 4.2

Notes

Removal of car parking

1. These examples are given to emphasise the importance of reallocating road space from motor vehicles to cyclists. More
detailed consideration of the features shown in this figure is provided elsewhere.

2. The provision of cycle lanes is achieved by removing parking from one side of the carriageway and reducing the all purpose
carriageway width from 7.Om to 6.0m.

3. Reducing lane widths can help to reduce traffic speed. A width of 6.0m will be capable of carrying HGVs, buses and a vehicle
flow of up to 10,000 vpd.

Dual Carriageway

4. A cycle track or cycle track/footway can be created by reducing a dual carriageway to a single carriageway. Planting avenue
trees will enhance the facility.

Advanced Stop Lines

5. This facility has advantages for cyclists without necessarily reducing junction capacity. Reducing the number of cyclists in the
general traffic stream will enable the saturation flow of the nearside lane to be maintained with a narrower width. In some
instances lane widths of 2.5m can be acceptable. Reducing the traffic flow will be an important aspect for some National Cycle
Network routes. See Figures 5.12, 5.13 and 5.15.

Multi-Lane Highways

6. Where possible the provision of cycle facilities at the expense of motor traffic should also be accompanied by an enhancement
of pedestrian facilities and environmental improvements.

Examples

1. BRISTOL: College Green

(Avon County Council)

2. HAMMERSMITH: King Street (London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham)

3. DERBY: Exeter Bridge

(Derbyshire County Council)
Mandatory With-Flow Cycle lane and Bus lane - Figure 4.3

Notes References
1. Where feasible mandatory cycle lanes are preferable 1. Local Transport Note 1189
to advisory cycle lanes for the National Cycle Making Way for Cyclists (S)
Network. 2. Local Transport Note 1191
Keep Buses Moving. Guide to Traffic Management
to
2. If stopping and loading cannot be prohibited over the Assist Buses in Urban Areas
length of a mandatory cycle lane then a time-limited
mandatory lane or an advisory cycle lane may be
considered. Advisory cycle lanes may be appropriate Examples
on roads too narrow to permit mandatory lanes.
1. There are numerous examples of mandatory and
3. Where mandatory cycle lanes of 1.5m would result in advisory cycle lanes across the country
unacceptably narrow lane widths for other traffic, 2. There are numerous examples of bus lanes which
consideration should be given to using an advisory cycles can use
cycle lane, accepting that on occasions there may be 3. BRIGHTON: Advisory cycle lane in Bus Street
some encroachment from motor vehicles. (East Sussex County Council)
4. OXFORD: St Giles - Mandatory cycle lane
4. The use of busy bus lanes as a part of the National (Oxford City Council)
Cycle Network is not ideal for young or novice 5. NOTTINGHAM: Mansfield Road - Bus lane plus
cyclists. It is National Cycle Network policy to avoid cycles
major urban roads whenever possible. (Nottinghamshire County Council)

5. 24-hour bus lanes are preferred, but 12-hour bus

lanes are acceptable.

6. The bus lane width shown is the desirable standard. This width will permit cyclists to pass stationary buses. Where
bus stops are not within the bus lane, or where bus flows are low, the width of the lane may be reduced to 3.Om for
short lengths.
Advisory Cycle Lane with Adjacent Parking/Loading - Figure 4.4

Notes

1. The use of mandatory cycle lanes is preferred. However, where kerbside parking is retained, an advisory cycle lane is
necessary to allow access for the parking.

2. A dividing strip is necessary between the parked vehicles and the cycle lane to protect cyclists from opening doors. This is
most critical when there is a high turnover of parking.

3. The dividing strip should be clearly visible. This can be achieved by defining both sides of the cycle lane and colouring its
surface. Otherwise the dividing strip may be in a contrasting material or hatched.

References

1. Local Transport Note 1189 Making Way for Cyclists (S)

Examples

1. OXFORD: Cowley Road

(Oxfordshire County Council)

2. EXETER: Burnthouse Lane

(Devon County Council)

3. NOTTINGHAM: Beechdale Road

(Nottinghamshire County Council)

4. BRISTOL: Winterstoke Road

(Avon County Council)

5. OXFORD: London Road

(Oxfordshire County Council)
Contra-Flow Cycle Lane - Figure 4.5

Notes References

1. Where motor vehicle speeds and volumes are 1. Local Transport Note 1189
sufficiently low, the preferred method of allowing Making Way for Cyclists (S)
cyclists to travel "contra-flow" is by creating a
"false" one-way street or by a Traffic Regulation
Order. This arrangement can avoid the need for Examples
parking restrictions or cycle lanes and is common in
other bicycle- friendly European countries. See Figure 1. MANCHESTER: Cooper Street
6.4 for details. (Manchester City Council)
2. MIDDLESBROUGH: Southwell Road/Eastbourne
Road
2. The preferred width of a one-way cycle lane is 2.Om, (Cleveland County Council)
minimum width 1.5m. Two-way cycle lanes should 3. PETERBOROUGH: Geneve Street
preferably be 3.Om wide and should be physically (Cambridgeshire County Council)
segregated from motor vehicles. 4. CAMBRIDGE: Downing Street
(Cambridgeshire County Council)
3. A mandatory contra-flow cycle lane requires a Traffic 5. NOTTINGHAM: Middle Street, Beeston
Regulation Order to prohibit motor vehicles entering (Nottinghamshire County Council)
the lane and to prohibit waiting and loading in the
cycle lane.
4. Where the carriageway width permits, it is
advantageous to provide a raised kerb strip
(continuous or broken) separating motor vehicles
from cycles.
5. The provision of the right-turning cycle lane can be
considered where vehicle speeds are below 40mph
and vehicle flows are below 6000vpd. Where these
criteria are not met then a 'Jug handle" with a central
island as illustrated in Figure 6.4 may be appropriate.
6. Where occasional encroachment into the contra-flow
lane may be unavoidable, e.g. to permit access by
large vehicles to frontages, a stretch of advisory
contra-flow cycle lane may be the best solution.
See Figure 4.6.
Contra-Flow Cycle Lane with Adjacent Parking - Figure 4.6

Notes

1. The preferred width of a one-way cycle lane is 2.Om, minimum width 1.5m. A two-way cycle lane should preferably be 3.Om
wide and should be physically segregated from motor vehicles.

2. Where mandatory cycle lanes are below the minimum width of 1.5m, consideration should be given to using an advisory cycle
lane of a more suitable width, accepting that on occasions there may be some encroachment from motor vehicles.

3. The dividing strip should be clearly visible. This can be achieved by defining both sides of the cycle lane and colouring its
surface. Otherwise the dividing strip may be in a contrasting material or hatched.

4. A contra-flow advisory cycle lane does not require a Traffic Regulation Order. However, it will be necessary for the "one
way" traffic order to contain an exemption for cyclists.

References

1. Local Transport Note 1189

Making Way for Cyclists (S)

2. Traffic Advisory Leaflet 5189

Innovatory Cycle Scheme, London, King Street
Hammersmith Contra-Flow Cycle Lane

Examples

1. LONDON: Crisp Road and King Street

Contra-flow with segregation island
(London Borough of Hammersmith Et Fulham)
2. BRISTOL: Arley Hill and Neatham Road
Contra-flow with adjacent parking
(Avon County Council)
Segregated and Unsegregated Cycle Track/Footway - Figure 4.7

Notes

1. The provision of cycle facilities in urban areas at the expense of pedestrian facilities is not encouraged where there are high
pedestrian flows. It is preferable to leave footways intact and take space from the carriageway to provide for the cyclist. Every
proposal to convert footways to shared use must be considered on its local merits as footways and their use are so varied.

2. See Figure 5.4 for details of cycle routes crossed by

private accesses.

3. The margin shown in the detail is provided where space permits as a physical comfort barrier between motor vehicles and
cyclists/pedestrians. The planting of trees is encouraged to provide a visual shield. Street furniture or trees within the margin will
entail. increasing the width to a minimum of 1.0m in order to provide the necessary clearances to motor vehicles and cyclists.
Street furniture within the cycle track/footway should be removed or relocated.

4. The most common method of tactile segregation is by using a raised white line delineator Diag No. 1049.1 combined with
tactile paving. The use of a 50mm change of level may be appropriate in certain locations on the National Cycle Network to suit
local conditions or where it is considered that this omission will be particularly detrimental to partially sighted people.

5. On an unsegregated cycle track/footway a 3.Om width is preferable, although 2.Om width has been successful for flows of
100-200 pedestrianslcyclists per hour. A 2.Om width facility should normally be unbounded along both sides. More detailed
information on widths for segregated facilities is given in Figure 8.4.

References

1. Local Transport Note 2186

Shared Use by Cyclists and Pedestrians (S)

2. Traffic Advisory Leaflet 4190

Tactile Markings for Segregated Shared Use by
Cyclists and Pedestrians

3. Disability Unit Circular 1191

The Use of Dropped Kerbs and Tactile Surfaces at
Pedestrian Crossing Points

4. Disability Unit Draft Guidance Note

Guidance on the Use of Tactile Paving Surfaces

Examples

1. MANCHESTER: Wythenshaw/Simons Way Cycle

Route
(Manchester City Council)

2. SHEFFIELD: Devonshire Green Cycle Track

(Sheffield City Council)

3. LONDON: Hyde Park

(Westminster City Council)

4. NOTTINGHAM: Queens Walk, The Meadows (Nottinghamshire County Council) MILTON KEYNES: Redways
(Buckinghamshire County Council) SOUTHAMPTON: Totton Bypass (Hampshire County Council)

7. NOTTINGHAM: Hucknall Bypass A611

(Nottinghamshire County Council)
Cycle Track Joining and Leaving Carriageway - Figure 4.8

Notes References

1. The design should allow cyclists to join or leave the 1. Local Transport Note 1189
carriageway safely and conveniently, without Making Way for Cyclists (S)
interruption. Particular attention should be paid to 2. Traffic Advisory Leaflet 4190
kerb ramp and radius details. Tactile Markings for Segregated Shared Use by
Cyclists and Pedestrians
2. The most common method of tactile segregation of
cycle track/footway is by using a raised white line
delineator Diag No. 1049.1 combined with tactile Examples
paving. The use of a 50mm change of level may be
appropriate in certain locations on the National Cycle 1. CAMBRIDGE: Barton Road
Network to suit local conditions or where it is (Cambridgeshire County Council)
considered that this omission will be particularly 2. YORK: Water End
detrimental to partially sighted people. (York City Council)
3. MANCHESTER: Oxford Road Cycle Route

3. The marginlverge separation shown in the detail is (Manchester City Council)

provided where space permits as a physical comfort 4. OXFORD: Belbroughton Road/Banbury Road
barrier between motor vehicles and cyclists/ (Oxfordshire County Council)
pedestrians. Street furniture erected within it will 5. NOTTINGHAM: Beeston Lane, West
entrance to necessitate a minimum margin width of 1.0m in University (Nottinghamshire County Council)
order to provide the necessary clearances to vehicles.

4. Diag No. 1024 "Slow" has been shown on approaches to the crossing. If the designer wishes to include this marking
and the text height prescribed is unsuitable then the text height prescribed for Diag No. 1058 should be used. The use of
half height "Slow" markings will require special authorisation from the DOT.