UNIT III

SMALL-SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITHOUT CONTROLLERS

Types of Power system

Depending on their configuration Power system network can be classified in to two:
1. Stand Alone system
2. Inter connected system
 The question of stability Analysis arises when the system is IC system
Objective of PS Stability study

- Power is generated by synchronous generators that operate in synchronism with the

rest of the system.

i.e. have the

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same frequency, voltage and phase sequence.

 We can thus define the power system stability as the ability of the power system to

return to steady state condition without losing synchronism.

BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

 Power system stability may be broadly defined as that property of a power

system that enables it to remain in a state operating equilibirium under
normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of
equilibirium after being subjected to a disturbance.
 Instability in a power system may be demonstrated in many different ways
depending on the system configuration and operating mode.
 Since power system depend on synchronous machines for electrical power
generation, a necessary condition for satisfactory system is that all syn.
machines should remain in synchronism.
 This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generators
rotor angles and power-angle relationships.
 Instability may also encountered without loss of synchronism. For example a
system consisting of a synchronous generator feeding an induction motor load
through a transmission line can become unstable because of the collapse of
load voltage.

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(cont..)

 In the evaluation of stability the concern is the behavior

of the power system when subjected to a transient
disturbance. The disturbance may be small or
large.
 Small disturbances in the form of load changes take
place continually, and the system adjusts itself to the
changing conditions.
 The system must be able to operate under these changes
and also be capable of surviving numerous disturbances
of severe nature, such as short- ckt. on transmission line,
loss of a large generator or load , or loss of a tie between
two subsystems. 3
 NEED OF STABILITY CLASSIFICATION

 Stability
analysis is easier. Also it leads to
proper and effective understanding of different
power system instabilities.

 Key factors that leads to instability can be

easily identified.

 Methods can be devised for improving power

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system stability.
 CLASSIFICATION OF STABILITY

Classification is based on the following considerations:

Physical nature of the resulting instability
Size of the disturbance considered
 The devices, processes, and the time span involved


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Classification of Power System
Stability

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Rotor angle stability
It is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power system to maintain
in synchronism.
The stability problem involves the study of the electro mechanical oscillations inherent
in power system.
The rotor angle of a generator depends on the balance between the electromagnetic
torque due to the generator electrical power output and mechanical torque due to the
input mechanical power through a prime mover.
Remaining in synchronism means that all the generators electromagnetic torque is
exactly balanced by the mechanical torque.
If in some generator the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque is
disturbed, due to disturbances in the system, then this will lead to oscillations in the rotor
angle.
 In other words, rotor angle or load angle stability denotes the angular
displacement between stator and rotor speeds.
 It is directly proportional to the speed of the m/c i.e. the load connected to the
generator. If the Angle is beyond to liable limit, the system will come out of
synchronism.

Rotor angle stability is further classified

Types of Rotor Angle Stability 7
1. Small Signal Stability (or) Steady State Stability
2. Transient stability
1. Small-disturbance or small-signal angle stability
 It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism when subjected to small
disturbances.
 If a disturbance is small , so that the nonlinear power system can be approximated as a
linear system, then the study of rotor angle stability of that particular system is called as
small-disturbance angle stability analysis.
 Small disturbances can be small load changes like switching on or off of small loads, line
tripping, small generators tripping etc.
 Due to small disturbances there can be two types of instability: non-oscillatory
instability and oscillatory instability.
 In non-oscillatory instability the rotor angle of a generator keeps on increasing due to a
small disturbance and in case of oscillatory instability the rotor angle oscillates with
increasing magnitude
Steady state stability is subdivided into static and dynamic stability.
Static stability
Ability of the power system to regain synchronism after small and slow
disturbances without aid of automatic control devices.
Dynamic stability
Ability of the power system to regain synchronism after small disturbances 8
occurring for a long time (like changes in turbine speed, change in load) with aid of
automatic control devices.
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Forms of Instability

Two forms of Instability occur under these conditions:

 Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of sufficient
Synchronising Torque
 Rotor oscillations of increasing amplitude due to lack of
sufficient damping torque

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12
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2. Large-disturbance or transient angle stability
It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism when subjected to large disturbances.
Large disturbances can be
1. Loss of generation,
2. Fault on transmission facilities, transformers, buses
3. Loss of load
When a power system is subjected to large disturbances they will lead to large excursions of
generator rotor angles.
 Since there are large rotor angle changes the power system cannot be approximated by a linear
representation like in the case of small-disturbance stability.
The time domain of interest in case of large-disturbance as well as small-disturbance angle
stability is any where between 0.1- 10 s. Due to this reason small and large-disturbance angle
stability are considered to be short term phenomenon.
Case 1: Stable
Case 2: Instability is referred to first swing instability
Case 3: Stability in first swing but become unstable

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Steady state stability limit:
The steady sate stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred by a
machine to receiving system without loss of synchronism.

Transient stability limit:

The transient stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred by a
machine to a fault or a receiving system during a transient state without loss
of synchronism.
Transient stability limit is always less than steady state stability limit

Causes of voltage instability:

A system enters a state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase in load
demand, or change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable drop
in voltage
The main factor causing instability is the inability of the power system to meet the
demand for reactive power.

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 VOLTAGE STABILITY
 Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain
steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a
disturbance from a given initial operating condition.
 System is voltage unstable if for at-least one bus in the
system, the voltage magnitude(V) decreases as reactive
power(Q) injection at the same bus is increased.
 Voltage instability results in progressive fall or rise of voltages of
some buses.

Voltage Collapse
 Following voltage instability, a power system undergoes voltage
collapse if the post-disturbance equilibrium voltages near loads
are below acceptable limits. Voltage collapse may be total
(blackout) or partial.
 Voltage security is the ability of a system, not only to operate
stably, but also to remain stable following credible contingencies
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or load increases.
(cont..)

Refer class notes: derivation 18

(cont..) Refer class notes: derivation

ZLD>ZLN 19
ZLD<ZLN
 (cont..)
Classification of Voltage stability

(i) Small-disturbance Voltage Stability- this category considers small

perturbations such as an incremental change in system load.
 It is the load characteristics and voltage control devices that
determine the system capability to maintain its steady-state bus
voltages.
 This problem is usually studied using power-flow-based tools (steady
state analysis).
 In that case the power system can be linearised around an
operating point and the analysis is typically based on eigenvalue
and eigenvector techniques

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(cont..)
(ii) Large-disturbance Voltage Stability

 Here, the concern is to maintain a steady bus voltages following a large

disturbance such as system faults, switching or loss of load, or loss
of generation.
 This ability is determined by the system and load characteristics, and
the interactions between the different voltage control devices in the
system.
 Large disturbance voltage stability can be studied by using non-linear
time domain simulations in the short-term time frame and load-flow
analysis in the long-term time frame (steady-state dynamic analysis)
 The voltage stability is. however, a single problem on which a
combination of both linear and non-linear tools can be used.

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SHORT-TERM VOLTAGE STABILITY
 Short-term voltage stability is characterized by
components such as induction motors, excitation of
synchronous generators, and electronically controlled
devices such as HVDC and static var compensator. The
time scale of short-term.

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LONG-TERM VOLTAGE STABILITY

 The analysis of long-term voltage stability requires detailed

modeling of long-term dynamics
 Two types of stability problems emerge in the long-term time scale:
1. Frequency problems may appear after a major disturbance
resulting in power system islanding. Frequency instability is
related to the active power imbalance between generators and
loads. An island may be either under or over-generated when the
system frequency either declines or rises.
2. Voltage problems

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 FREQUENCY STABILITY

 Frequency stability refers to the ability of a power

system to maintain steady frequency following a
severe system upset resulting in a significant
imbalance between generation and load.

 Frequency instability leads to tripping of generating

units and/or loads.

 Frequency stability may be a short-term phenomenon

or a long-term phenomenon. 24
 ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY VS. VOLTAGE
STABILITY
 Rotor angle stability is basically a generator
stability while voltage stability means load
stability.

 Rotor angle stability is mainly interlinked to

real power transfer whereas voltage stability is
mainly related to reactive power transfer.

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Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) Configuration:
 In this section we study the small signal performance of a single machine
connected to a large system through transmission lines.
 A general system configuration is shown as- Fig.
 Thevenin’s Equivalent such as virtually there is no change in voltage &
frequency of Thevenin’s voltage E. Such a voltage source of constant. Voltage
& frequency is referred as Infinite Bus.

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 For any given system condition, the magnitude of the infinite bus voltage E
remains constant. when the machine is disconcerted.
 However as the steady state system conditions change, magnitude of E may
change, representing a changed operating condition of external network.

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 …….(1)

…….(2)

…….(3)

where

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∆Te = Ks ∆ …….(4)
 …….(5)

…….(6)

…….(7)

From (6)
1
p∆ωr = (∆Tm- ∆Te-KD∆ ωr ) …….(8)
2𝐻

Substitute (4) in to (8) 29

 1
∆ωr = (∆Tm- Ks ∆ -KD∆ωr) ……….(9)
2𝐻𝑠

From (7)
Eq(7) is

ω0
∆ =𝑠∆ ωr……….(10)

From (10)&(9)

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 Assignment
1. Eigen properties of the state matrix
2. Effects of Field Circuit Dynamics: synchronous machine,

Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) Configuration without controllers

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