NAME: MARK ANTHONY A.

PEGA YEAR AND SECTION: BSE 3B

DATE: 08-13-19 SCORE:

Explain how COMPLETE and INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION of gasoline in cars.

Complete Combustion
 Complete combustion reacts oxygen with a fuel to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Ex: 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 18CO2 + 16H20
 Because the air we breathe is only 21% oxygen, a large volume of air is required for
complete combustion to take place.
 Combustion is an exothermic reaction that releases energy in the forms of heat and
light.
 When a fuel undergoes complete combustion, it releases the maximum amount of
energy from the fuel being reacted.
 Complete combustion is usually characterized by a blue flame.

Incomplete Combustion
• Incomplete combustion is also a reaction between oxygen and fuel but the products
are carbon monoxide, water and carbon.
Ex: 4CH4 + 5O2 → 2CO + 8H2O + 2C
• Incomplete combustion occurs when a combustion reaction occurs without a
sufficient supply of oxygen.
• Incomplete combustion is often undesirable because it releases less energy than
complete combustion and produces carbon monoxide which is a poisonous gas.
• Incomplete combustion can also produce pure carbon (soot) which is messy and can
build up in equipment.
• Incomplete combustion is characterized by an orange colored flame.
NAME: MARK ANTHONY A. PEGA YEAR AND SECTION: BSE 3B
DATE: 08-13-19 SCORE:

Explain how gasoline works in your car.

Gasoline is used to power your car. When your car needs fuel, you “feed" it gasoline.
Just like your body converts food into energy, a car engine converts gas into motion. The
process of converting gasoline into motion is called "internal combustion”. When you arrive
at the pump, you choose between the three different types of gasoline which are rated on
their ability to resist combustion under pressure.

1. Fuel your car- When you pump gasoline into your vehicle, you are sending it straight
down into the gas tank, which securely stores your gasoline.
2. Fuel Pump- Inside your gas tank, there is a fuel pump that mechanically pumps
gasoline into your fuel line. The fuel pump also measures how much gas is in your
tank and sends that information to your gas gauge.
3. Fuel Filter- The fuel filter filters out any debris in the gasoline before it is sent to the
fuel injectors. This keep the fuel injectors from being clogged and any harmful debris
from getting into your engine.
4. Fuel Injector- Each piston has a fuel injector. The fuel injector sprays gasoline into
the piston cylinder. Then, the gasoline takes part in the engine function known as the
4-stroke cycle.
5. 4-Stroke engine cycle- Every modern car works on a 4-stroke engine cycle.
a. First Stroke- also called as intake stroke, in which air is sucked into the cylinder
and mixed with the fuel as the piston moves downward in the cylinder.
b. Second Stroke- also called as compression stroke, happens when the piston
moves back up in the cylinder, compressing the air and fuel mixture.
c. Third Stroke- also called as power stroke, starts when the spark plug ignites the
compressed air and fuel mixture, causing a combustion reaction in the cylinder
and forcing the piston down.
d. Fourth Stroke- also called as exhaust stroke, happens when the exhaust valves
open and the piston forces the exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
6. Exhaust Pipes- The liquid gasoline has now been converted into exhaust gas and is
pushed out through the exhaust pipes.
7. Catalytic Converter- Then the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, which
is an emission control device. It works by rearranging the chemical composition of
the harmful pollutants into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
and water.
8. Muffler- those gases are then sent out of the muffler and into the air.
NAME: MARK ANTHONY A. PEGA YEAR AND SECTION: BSE 3B
DATE: 08-13-19 SCORE:

What are the components of gasoline and the types of gasoline in the market?

Gasoline is a refined product of petroleum consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons,

additives, and blending agents. The composition of gasolines varies widely, depending on
the crude oils used, the refinery processes available, the overall balance of product demand,
and the product specifications. The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons (% volume)
is as follows:
 4-8% alkanes
 2-5% alkenes
 25-40% isoalkanes
 3-7% cycloalkanes
 l-4% cycloalkenes
 and 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene)

Additives and blending agents are added to the hydrocarbon mixture to improve the
performance and stability of gasoline (IARC 1989; Lane 1980). These compounds include
anti-knock agents, anti-oxidants, metal deactivators, lead scavengers, anti-rust agents, anti-
icing agents, upper-cylinder lubricants, detergents, and dyes. At the end of the production
process, finished gasoline typically contains more than 150 separate compounds although
as many as 1,000 compounds have been identified in some blends.

TYPES OF GASOLINE IN THE MARKET

There are three main types of gasoline; these include regular (87 Octane Rating),
plus/midgrade (89 Octane Rating) and premium (92 Octane Rating).
1. Regular Unleaded Gas- Regular Unleaded Gas is the most common gasoline
used for most vehicles. A byproduct of crude oil, RUG is highly flammable and
does not have any lead compounds, making it more environmentally-friendly and
less hazardous to the health than gasoline with lead. RUG’s octane rating, which
refers to its ability to withstand improper fuel combustion in the engine, is 87.
2. Midgrade Unleaded Gas- Mid-grade fuel lies somewhere in between the other
two grades, typically with an octane level of 89. Only a handful of cars require or
recommend mid-grade.
3. Premium gasoline has many of the characteristics of regular unleaded gas. It is
also produced from crude oil and is a combustible substance. The octane rating
of a premium gas varies, but it is typically 90 or higher. This is why premium gas
is also known as “high octane gas.” Not only does it keep engines cleaner due to
its detergent additives, it also produces less pollution.
NAME: MARK ANTHONY A. PEGA YEAR AND SECTION: BSE 3B
DATE: 08-13-19 SCORE:

Explain Caramelization of Table Sugar.

Caramelization is what happens when any sugar is heated to the point that the
molecules undergo chemical reactions with oxygen in the air and with each other– the
molecules either break apart into smaller molecules, or combine with one another to make
larger molecules. The result is a very complex, brown-colored mixture that we call caramel.
Any sugar can caramelize, and the temperature necessary for caramelization is dependent
on the chemical structure of the starting sugar. Sucrose (i.e. table sugar) is the most
common sugar that is used to make caramel.

Steps of Caramelization:
1. Decomposition of Sucrose
a. Sucrose (table sugar/a disaccharide) must break down into fructose and glucose.
b. This decomposition occurs at 180 degrees C or 356 degrees F.
c. This is also called sucrose inversion
d. C12H22O11 (sucrose) + H2O (water) + heat → C6H12O6 (glucose) + C6H12O6
(fructose)
a. Decomposition of Fructose and Glucose into Aroma Molecules
a. Crystallized sugar is not volatile (you can’t smell it) but when the sucrose breaks
down into fructose and glucose, your brain can detect the new molecules formed.
b. New molecules: furans (nutty aroma), diacetyl (butter), maltol (toasty), and ethyl
acetate (fruity).
1. Oligomerization of fructose and Glucose
a. Brown color and portions of texture are developed.
b. The individual sugars dimerize (glucose and fructose form one molecule)
c. As one molecules hydroxyl group and hydrogen of the other combine and leave as
water, then leaving the molecules combined. This process is also known as
dehydration or condensation.
d. Even if all the steps are followed properly, it does not always mean your end
product will be the same, as in differences in taste.
2. Caramelization Overview
a. Sucrose has a double ring structure which is further composed of one five-
membered ring which is them bonded to a six-membered ring. As heat is applied
to the molecule, water is released through dehydration and the two new
molecules (glucose and fructose) are produced. As it is continuously heated, they
form hundreds of new aromatics that produces many different flavors.
b. Stages of caramelization are irreversible
c. Harder caramel is due to less fat (found in milk or butter)
d. Milk and Butter added causes the sugar molecules to suspend in a jelly matrix
which is semisolid.
NAME: MARK ANTHONY A. PEGA YEAR AND SECTION: BSE 3B
DATE: 08-13-19 SCORE:

What are the components of soft drinks and which of these one undergo the
process of caramelization?

Soft drink or industrial beverage, which is a cool drink to add many flavors, gases
and preservatives, to give it the perfect taste and distinctive, and is one of the most
important drinks consumed by millions of people every day, and there are several types
including Coca Cola and Pepsi.

Components of soft drinks

1. Water- constitutes about 85% of soft drinks, and is free of color, odor, and taste. Sugar is
one of the most important components of soft drinks because it gives it the desired
taste.
2. Sucrose- can be added by two methods, the first in the form of a concentrated solution,
the second by a solid state. The sugar content of the soft drinks is usually about
8% -13% Use Diet Sugar for diabetics.
3. Acids, and several types of acids are added in the preparation of soft drinks, including
phosphoric acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid.
4. Color materials are used to impart colors to soft drinks. Caramel is used extensively in
coloring, and care must be taken that the materials used do not affect the taste and
smell of beverages, as well as the use of harmful chemicals.
5. Carbon dioxide- is one of the most important substances used in soft drinks. Carbonated
drinks are named as they contain a large percentage of carbon dioxide. The
compressed carbon dioxide is pumped into the final gas drink after it has
completely cooled to a temperature of 1-2 degrees Celsius By means of devices
called carbonation devices, and there are several reasons to add carbon dioxide to
soft drinks, which is because it gives a distinct taste of the drink, and prevents the
mold inside soft drinks, in addition to increasing the acidity that prevent
microorganisms from growing.
6. Caffeine- made from cola that gives a distinctive flavor to soft drinks, and the percentage
of caffeine varies from drink to drink.

A soft drink is usually contains carbonated water, a sweetener, and a natural or

artificial flavoring. The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a
sugar substitute, or some combination of these. Sucrose or High Fructose Syrup is present
in a soft drink which can undergo caramelization if it is boiled.
NAME: MARK ANTHONY A. PEGA YEAR AND SECTION: BSE 3B
DATE: 08-13-19 SCORE:

Functional Groups of Organic Compounds, Representations and their Attached

Groups

HYDROCARBONS
EXAMPLES REPRESENTATION FUNCTIONAL GROUP ATTACHED
GROUP
1. Alkanes R-H NONE R (alkyl)
2. Alkenes R2C=CR2 C=C R (alkyl)
3. Alkynes R-C≡C-R C≡C R (alkyl)

HETEROATOMS
EXAMPLES REPRESENTATION FUNCTIONAL GROUP ATTACHED
GROUP
4. Alcohol R-OH OH- Hydroxyl R (alkyl)
5. Ether R-O-R OR- Alkyl R (alkyl)
6. Haloalkanes R-X X- OH Group R (alkyl)
7. Amines R-NH2 NH2, NHR- Amino Group R (alkyl)
R-NHR
8. Amide RC(O)NR2 C(O)NR2- Amide Group R (alkyl)
9. Imines R2C=N-H C=N- Imine Group R (alkyl)
R2C=N-R
10. Nitriles R-C≡N C≡N- Nitrile Group R (alkyl)
11. Aldehydes R-C(=O)-H H-C=O- Carbonyl Group R (alkyl)
12. Ketones R-C(=O)-R C=O- Carbonyl Group R (alkyl)
13. Carboxylic R-C(=O)-O-H C(=O)-O- Carboxyl R (alkyl)
Acid Group
14. Esters R-C(=O)-O-R C(=O)-O- Carboxyl R (alkyl)
Group
15. Acid Halides R-C(=O)-X C(=O)- Carboxyl Group R (alkyl)
16. Ketimine R2C=NR C=N- Imine Group R (alkyl)
17. Nitroso R-NO NO- Nitrosyl Group R (alkyl)
18. Nitro R-NO2 NO2- Nitrosyl Group R (alkyl)
19. Acid Chloride R-COCl CO- Acyl Group R (alkyl)
20. Thiol R-SH SH- Sulfhydryl Group R (alkyl)
21. Sulfide R-SR SR- Sulfhydryl Group R (alkyl)
22. Sulfonate ester R-SO3R SO3R- Sulfhydryl Group R (alkyl)
23. Disulfide R-S-S-R S-S-R- Sulfhydryl Group R (alkyl)
24. Sulfoxide R-S(O)R S(O)R- Sulfhydryl Group R (alkyl)
25. Sulfone R-SO2R SO2R- Sulfhydryl Group R (alkyl)
26.Aromatic Ar-X None R (alkyl)
27. Enol Ether R2C=CR-OR CR-OR- Alkyl Group R (alkyl)
28. Allene R2C=C=CR2 C=CR2- Allene Group R (alkyl)
29. Ketene R2C=C=O C=C=O- Ketene Group R (alkyl)
30. Keteneimine R2C=C=NR R=C=NR- Imene Group R (alkyl)
31. Carbodiimide RN=C=NR N=C=NR- Carbodiimide R (alkyl)
Group
32. Isocyanate R-N=C=O N=C=O- Isocyanate R (alkyl)
Group