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LectureSeven UnitCommitment PDF

This document outlines the course "Power System Planning and Management (ECEG-6306)" taught by Dr. Milkias B. It covers topics such as fundamentals of power system planning and economics, load data forecasting, power quality and reliability analysis, design principles of substations, project management, and unit commitment. Unit commitment involves determining which generating units to operate to meet demand at lowest cost while maintaining sufficient operating reserves. It considers constraints such as minimum generation levels, operating costs, and spin reserve requirements. The priority list and dynamic programming are common techniques for solving the unit commitment problem.

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96 views15 pages

LectureSeven UnitCommitment PDF

This document outlines the course "Power System Planning and Management (ECEG-6306)" taught by Dr. Milkias B. It covers topics such as fundamentals of power system planning and economics, load data forecasting, power quality and reliability analysis, design principles of substations, project management, and unit commitment. Unit commitment involves determining which generating units to operate to meet demand at lowest cost while maintaining sufficient operating reserves. It considers constraints such as minimum generation levels, operating costs, and spin reserve requirements. The priority list and dynamic programming are common techniques for solving the unit commitment problem.

Uploaded by

habte gebreial shrashr
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 15

JIMMA UNIVERSITY

Department of Electrical And Computer


Engineering

Power System Planning and Management:


ECEG-6306

By: Dr. Milkias B. (Ph.D.)

Asssistant Professor, Adama


Science And Technology University
Milkias B. 8/11/2020 1
POWER SYSTEM
PLANNING
AND
MANAGEMENT-
ECEG-6306
Milkias B. 8/11/2020 2
OUTLINE
▪ 1. FUNDAMENTALS
 Introduction
 Planning & economics
▪ 2. Load data and Forecasting
▪ 3. Power quality and Reliability analysis
▪ 4. DESIGN PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF SUBSTATION
 Substation sizing and spacing
 Substation location
 Effect of changing load density
 Effect of changing primary voltage
 Cost interaction of substation size and spacing vs primary voltage and
load density
▪ 5. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
 Project evaluation
 Financing
 Project phases
 Key points
▪ 6. UNIT COMMITMENT
 Unit commitment
 Spinning reserve
 Priority list method/Merit order scheduling
Milkias B. 8/11/2020 3
6.

UNIT COMMITMENT

Milkias B. 8/11/2020 4
6. UNIT COMMITMENT
6.1 Basics
 Note that to “commit” a generating unit is to “turn it on;” that is, to
bring the unit up to speed, synchronize it to the system, and connect it
so it can deliver power to the network. The problem with “commit
enough units and leave them on line” is one of economics.

 Suppose one had the three units given here:

With Fuel costs

Milkias B. 8/11/2020 5
▪ If we are to supply a load of 550 MW, what unit or combination of units should
be used to supply this load most economically? To solve this problem, simply
try all combinations of the three units. Some combinations will be infeasible if
the sum of all maximum MW for the units committed is less than the load or if
the sum of all minimum MW for the units committed is greater than the load.

▪ Note that the least expensive way to supply the generation is not with all three
units running, or even any combination involving two units. Rather, the optimum
commitment is to only run unit 1, the most economic unit.
Milkias B. 8/11/2020 6
▪ Suppose the load follows a simple “peak-valley’’ pattern as shown in
figure below. If the operation of the system is to be optimized, units
must be shut down as the load goes down and then recommitted as it
goes back up. We would like to know which units to drop and when.

▪ By considering their minimum and maximum operating conditions , let


us decided that when load is above 1000 MW, run all three units;
between 1000 MW and 600 MW, run units 1 and 2; below 600 MW, run
only unit 1.

Milkias B. 8/11/2020 7
▪ So far, we have only obeyed one simple constraint:
Enough units will be committed to supply the load. If this
were all that was involved in the unit commitment
problem-that is, just meeting the load-we could stop here
and state that the problem was “solved.”

▪ Unfortunately, other constraints and other phenomena


must be taken into account in order to claim an optimum
solution.

▪ These are: spinning reserve, thermal unit constraints


and hydro-constraints.

Milkias B. 8/11/2020 8
6.2 Spinning Reserve
▪ Spinning reserve is the term used to describe the total amount of
generation available from all present load and losses being supplied.

▪ Spinning reserve must be carried so that the loss of one or more


units does not cause too far a drop in system frequency.

▪ Quite simply, if one unit is lost, there must be ample reserve on the
other units to make up for the loss in a specified time period.

▪ Spinning reserve must be allocated to obey certain rules, usually set


by regional reliability councils (in the United States) that specify how
the reserve is to be allocated to various units.

Milkias B. 8/11/2020 9
▪ Typical rules specify that reserve must be a given percentage of
forecasted peak demand, or that reserve must be capable of
making up the loss of the most heavily loaded unit in a given
period of time.

▪ Others calculate reserve requirements as a function of the


probability of not having sufficient generation to meet the load.

▪ Not only must the reserve be sufficient to make up for a


generation-unit failure, but the reserves must be allocated
among fast-responding units and slow-responding units.

▪ This allows the automatic generation control system to restore


frequency and interchange quickly in the event of a generating-
unit outage.
Milkias B. 8/11/2020 10
6.3 Priority list method /Merit order of scheduling
 The simplest unit commitment solution method consists of creating a
priority list of units. As we saw in the previous example, a simple shut-
down rule or priority-list scheme could be obtained after an exhaustive
enumeration of all unit combinations at each load level.

 The priority list could be obtained in a much simpler manner by noting


the full-load average production cost of each unit, where the full-load
average production cost is simply the net heat rate at full load
multiplied by the fuel cost.

 The average production cost of the units given in the previous example
is given in the following table

Milkias B. 8/11/2020 11
▪ A strict priority order for these units, based on the average production
cost, would order them as follows:

▪ and the commitment scheme would (ignoring min up/down time, start-
up costs, etc.) simply use only the following combinations.

Milkias B. 8/11/2020 12
▪ Most priority-list schemes are built around a simple shut-down algorithm that
might operate

i. At each hour when load is dropping, determine whether dropping the next
unit on the priority list will leave sufficient generation to supply the load plus
spinning-reserve requirements.

ii. Determine the number of hours, H, before the unit will be needed again.
That is, assuming that the load is dropping and will then go back up some
hours later.
 If H is less than the minimum shut-down time for the unit, keep
commitment as is and go to last step; if not, go to next step.

 Calculate two costs. The first is the sum of the hourly production costs
for the next H hours with the unit up. Then recalculate the same sum for the
unit down and add in the start-up cost for either cooling the unit or banking it,
whichever is less expensive. If there is sufficient savings from shutting down
the unit, it should be shut down, otherwise keep it on.

iii. Repeat this entire procedure for the next unit on the priority list.
Milkias B. 8/11/2020 13
Main Solution Techniques

▪ Priority list / heuristic approach


▪ Dynamic programming
▪ Lagrangian relaxation
▪ Mixed Integer Programming
▪ Characteristics of a good technique
▪ Solution close to the optimum
▪ Low computing time
▪ Ability to model constraints
Milkias B. 8/11/2020 14
Any Question??
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Any Question ?
Any Question ?

Any Question ?
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?Any Question ? ? Milkias B. 8/11/2020
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