Special Article

Taping in sports: a brief update

AMIT BANDYOPADHYAY 1 , DAKSHAYANI MAHAPATRA

Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, India

ABSTRACT

Bandyopadhyay A, Mahapatra D. Taping in sports: a brief update. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.
544-552, 2012. Athletic taping is an adjunct mechanism adopted as a preventive measure of injuries or
post-injury rehabilitation and prophylaxis. The tape is chosen properly so that it could be able to properly
strap the body parts, e.g., ankle, wrist, finger, etc. There are certain principles, guidelines, rules and
regulations based on which taping has to be done. Besides injury prevention, taping is also used in sports
as conservative management of pain, biomechanical effects, effects on balance, posture and
neuromuscular system, rehabilitation. Taping has been found to be effective in cases of ankle, foot, hand
and wrist injuries as well as appeared to be more valuable in rehabilitation than in prevention of knee and
ankle injury. A modern and new approach of taping is kinesiology tape which provides athletes with a
solution for working through minor injuries and recovering faster from major injuries and has also been
found to be an ideal modality for use in chiropractice settings. It also helps in enhancement of endurance
capacity and even performance level in certain cases. Contradictory opinions exist among scientists
regarding the advantages and disadvantages of application of taping in sports. Nonetheless Athletic Taping
is recommended with certain precautions for the benefit of the sportspersons and athletic performance.
Key words: KINESIOTAPING, INJURY, CHIROPRACTICE, ATHLETES, SPORT PERFORMANCE

Corresponding author. Sports & Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, University
1

College of Science and Technology, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata : 700009, India.

E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted for publication March 2011
Accepted for publication May 2012
JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE ISSN 1988-5202
© Faculty of Education. University of Alicante
doi:10.4100/jhse.2012.72.17
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INTRODUCTION

Athletic taping is a temporary technique or an adjunct mechanism adopted as a measure of post-injury

rehabilitation (Birrer & Poole, 2004). It is mainly used as a preventive measure by athletes to protect an
existing injury. The goals of the taping in sports are to restrict motion of injured joint(s), compress soft
tissues to prevent swelling, support to the anatomical structure involved in the injury, serve as a splint or to
secure a splint, secure the dressing and/or bandages, protect the injured part from re-injury and to protect
the injured part while the healing process is under progress (Birrer & Poole, 2004).

Therefore, the taping is mainly procured as one of the means of rehabilitation and prophylaxis in cases of
support and stability, immediate first aid, securing a pad or brace, preventing injury, restricting the angle of
pull and psychological assistance (Birrer & Poole, 2004).

Athletic Taping has been in the fore-front for a long time. It plays an important role in coping up with post-
injury conditions of an athlete and also performing in the field even before completing the rehabilitative
recovery from injury. Literatures suggest that taping serves as a measure of “post-injury rehabilitation” and
yet there has still been others who point out on the disadvantages of taping in reducing performance and
skill (Aminaka & Gribble, 2005; Nyland et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 1999; Inklaar, 1994; Warme & Brooks,
2000; Parkkari, 2002). Although it is such a common technique, yet complete guide to the principles and
techniques involved in taping, its advantages, types, disadvantages, etc. are rare to be found. This article
nonetheless serves the purpose of providing a suitable guide about the basics of Athletic Taping.

The McConnell method of patellar taping has been a popular practice among athletic trainers and other
health care professionals when treating patients with PFPS. However, the clinical evidence for the success
of this intervention is still unclear. An insufficient number of randomized controlled trials, inconsistency of
tape application techniques, and variance in measurement of specific outcome variables limit the strength
of clinical efficacy and evidence (Aminaka & Gribble, 2005).

Principles of taping
Athletic taping is based on certain criteria or set rules, regulations and guidelines which form the major
“principles” based on which the experts carry out the process of taping on the injured part of the sports
person. General principle also includes few criteria which practitioners should consider – skin preparation,
functional position of the body part to be taped, body mechanics of the practitioner, tape application and
removal of the tape post activity. Skin preparations that should be carried out before taping includes
removal of hair, cleaning of skin, addressing of any lesions with necessary consultation, using adherents
and lubricants, anderwraps, underpads, etc. (Zetaruk, 2000). The major principles which are to be followed
are (Garret et al., 2001; Gissane et al., 2001):

• Placing the athlete in an appropriate position.

• Appropriate selection of:
o A comfortable table height and position that is appropriate for the health care provider to
minimize strain and fatigue.
o Type and width of the tape.
• Application of tape:
o To a dry and clean area and at body temperature.
o Immediately after cryotherapy or hydrotherapy is to be prevented.
• Taping should be:
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o Prevented at the site of perspiration.

o Applied directly on skin or on under-wrap.
o Done on skin with the tape adherent to prevent slippage.
• Areas subjected to friction blisters should be covered with protective pads or under-wraps.
• While applying tape, the following should be kept in mind:
o It should be firm, yet smooth and wrinkle free
o There should not be impairment of normal circulation, normal movement of muscles and
tendons present underneath the tape.
o Avoid pressure on bony prominences.
o Any tingling, numbness, decreased tactile sensations or impaired distal venous return
should be monitored and taken care of immediately, if noted.
• The tape is to be broken or torn in an extended or stretched fashion to avoid folded edges
• Removal of tape should be done following the proper methods by using tape cutters and specially
designed scissors
• The skin has to be cleaned adequately of the tape residue
• Any blisters or skin abrasions, if noted, should be taken care of immediately

Types of tape used in sportspersons

A tape should be chosen properly so as to be able to strap the given body part properly. It should be of the
proper size.

Tape is graded on the basis of the following characteristics (Birrer & Poole, 2004):

• Number of vertical (warp) and horizontal (woof) threads per square inch.
• Tensile strength.
• Composition.
o Bleached or unbleached cotton.
o Cotton plus synthetic fibre.
o All synthetic fibre.
• Adhesive mass (stickiness).

The thread count varies between 120 and 150 per sq. inch. Higher thread count implies higher tensile
strength, overall higher quality, better adhesive, easier to unwound, long lasting and costlier (Birrer &
Poole, 2004). Tensile strength increases on folding edge of the tape whereas bleaching and colouring
lowers it.

Common taping techniques

Taping can be done in various regions of the body as and when required. Table 1 illustrated the uses of
different taping techniques along with the common cases of injury in which they are used and the
corresponding needed materials.

Significance of taping in sports

• Injury prevention: Taping is mainly used to provide assistance to the athlete for the return to
activity after a minor injury (Cartwright & Pitney, 2003). Proper application of the tape is generally
able to provide stability and support to the injured structure, thus helping the athlete to return to the
sport before the area has returned to pre-injury status. Taping has been familiarized as one of the

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major procedure of prevention strategies to reduce injury in collision sports by reduction in the
possibility of extrinsic factors like contact with equipment or another participant (Parkkari et al.,
2001; Marshall et al., 2001; Gissane et al., 2001; Engstrom & Renstrom, 1998). Overuse injury of
the wrists and ankles, especially in gymnastics can also be prevented (Chomiak et al., 2000).
Severity of many injuries can be reduced to some extent by taping (Inklaar, 1994). Taping may
prove to be superior to rigid and semi-rigid bracing in injury prevention (Zetaruk, 2000). Community
amateur and most professional athletic events most frequently use prophylactic taping (Robbins &
Waked, 1998). It has also been proposed that taping reduces occurrence of injury and its intensity
in most sporting activities (Butterwick et al., 1996; Bahr et al., 1994).

• Conservative management: Appropriate application of tape has been found to reduce the
symptoms of medial tibial stress syndrome or shin splint (Specchiulli & Cofano, 2001). In most
patients non-operative treatments including patella-femoral taping and bracing has been
considered effective (Agnew, 1993). Taping has been found to be effective in combating turf-toe
injuries (Ugalde & Batt, 2001). Taping has been referred for a condition “sand toe”, a condition
similar to turf-toe along with certain other precautions (Powers et al., 1997). Non-operative
management in certain wrist injuries in cases of alpine skiing includes taping (Frey et al., 1996).

• Biomechanical effects of taping: Taping has significant advantages in assisting the patient in
maintaining normal biomechanics during participation (Palmer & Lane-Larsen, 1994). Ankle taping
has been found to decelerate inversion velocity significantly and facilitate a protective
neuromuscular response (Ernst et al., 1999). Taping improves force attenuation in lower extremity
during running by shifting peak force to forefoot and hence acting synergistically in weight bearing
(Baquie, 2002; Nyland et al., 2002).

• Role in Pain Management: Taping plays a significant role in reduction of pain form physical
activity. Irritated inflamed neural tissue can be mechanically uploaded by taping along the nerve
tract, thus shortening the inflamed region and reducing the pain (Heidt et al., 1996; McConnell,
2002). Taping has been found to improve resting scapular position (Baker & Juhn, 2000). Often
before considering surgical alternatives as in case of patella-femoral pain syndrome, taping is
considered to be a better method (McConnell, 2000).

• Taping has been found to enhance proprioception and position sense at the ankle (Alt et al., 1999;
Refshauge et al., 2000; Simoneau et al., 1997).

• Taping is a preventive strategy during lower extremity rehabilitation by minimizing foot and ankle
injuries especially during functional return activities (Loudon et al., 1998).

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Table 1. Use of different taping techniques with the corresponding needed materials along with the
common cases of injury.

Name of
Common Injuries where used Materials needed Use of the technique
Technique
Support and stabilization of
Ankle Heel and lace pads,
Inversion sprains (Rolled ankle) the ankle joint for inversion
taping pre-wrap, Zinc oxide
sprains (Ferguson, 1973)
Fall on outstretched hand, Support, limiting movement at
Wrist taping contusions, chronic overuse Zinc oxide, tufskin the radiocarpal and midcarpal
injuries (Carpal tunnel etc.) joints
Support and restriction of
Thumbs Jammed thumb (ball), fall on Zinc oxide, tufskin,
ROM in the MCP joint of the
spica hand (hyperflexion/extension) ultralite
first ray (thumb)
Sudden stop, the foot slides
forward in the shoe, resulting in
compression of the MTP joint Support to the ligaments of
Turf toe
and severe dorsiflexion of the Zinc oxide, tufskin the MTP joints and protection
taping
great toe (Common in sports to the articular surfaces
where athletes compete on
artificial turf)
Finger Jammed finger, sprains, return Support and prevention of re-
Zinc oxide (1/2” strip)
taping to sports post-fracture injury of MCP and IP joints
Limiting range of dorsiflexion
Acute: sprinting, and decreasing tension on
Achilles Elastic tape, tufskin,
jumping,(eccentric contraction) the Achilles tendon. Mainly
tendon Zinc oxide, heel and
Chronic: tendonitis, chronic used for chronic conditions or
taping lace pads
strains during return to sports, post-
injury
Hip spica Limiting range of hip
Double 6” tensor,
(Hip Flexor- Overuse of hip flexor muscles, extension, support to hip
ultralite, zinc oxide
Tensor muscle strains flexor muscles and prevention
tape
wrap) of injury.
Shoulder Used for post-shoulder
Double 6” tensor,
spica Fall on outstretched arm, dislocations
ultralite, zinc oxide
(Tensor reaching out for a tackle, contact ( return to sport post-
tape.
Wrap) rehabilitative state)
Support to the hamstrings
Double 6” tensor,
Hamstring Hamstring strains and and prevent re-injury,
ultralite zinc oxide,
tensor wrap contusions compression and protection
foam pressure pad
of contusions.
Stability to AC joint. It is used
Fall on outstretched arm, contact
AC joint Hypafix, leukotape, in chronic conditions or after
sports, blow to top of shoulder
RTS Taping foam padding AC joint has healed from a
(shoulder depression)
sprain

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Efficacy or effectiveness of taping

Taping has been found to be effective in cases of ankle, foot, hand and wrist injuries as well as appeared to
be more valuable in rehabilitation than in prevention of knee and ankle injuries. After a brief duration (2-3-
minutes) of motion, the stiffness exerted due to taping gradually decreases (Wojtys & Huston, 2001). It
extends an enhanced mechanical support and proprioception to the ankle without any negative effects on
body posture and equilibrium (Mascaro & Swanson, 1994). Best performance of taping is limited to
dorsiflexion (Rooks, 1997; Cordova et al., 2000). Adhesive tape has been found to be superior to cloth
bandaging for supporting unstable ankles (Moss et al., 1993).

Silicone rubber is effective for fabricating splints to protect stable injuries to hand and wrist (Canelon, 1995;
Jerosch et al., 1996). Taping has been found to be a protective and rehabilitative technique for digital
injuries when combined with modified exercise schedules and stretching (Warme & Brooks, 2000)

However, based on the current literatures, taping is a useful tool to the clinician in treating patellofemoral
pain syndrome and does not seem to exacerbate the symptoms. Although the exact mechanism of the
disease is often not completely known, but regardless of the choice of therapeutic intervention, it is
important to thoroughly understand or speculate the mechanisms and causes of the patient's patellofemoral
pain (Aminaka & Gribble, 2005).

Kinesiology taping: a newer and modern approach of popular taping method

Kinesiology tape provides athletes with a solution for working through minor injuries and recovering faster
from major injuries. In addition, it can enhance endurance and performance during training sessions and
matches, as well as accelerate recovery after intense exercise
(http://www.athletictapeinfo.com/category/health-professionals/).

Unlike traditional athletic tape that is tight and restrictive, kinesiotape provides support without limiting
range of motion. It is water resistant and breathable, and can be worn for up to 5 days, even through
intense exercise, showering or swimming (http://www.athletictapeinfo.com/category/health-professionals/).

What makes kinesiology taping such a great fit for Airrosti?

• The improved lymphatic drainage will help minimize swelling and bruising of the treated tissues.
• The enhanced blood flow to the injured tissues supports more rapid healing.
• The lifting action of the tape on the skin decreases pressure on pain receptors, making both the
injury and the effects of the treatment less painful.
• Kinesiology tape provides support for injured muscles or joints while still allowing a full, healthy
range of movement, an important component in rehab.

Kinesiology taping is an ideal modality for use in chiropractic settings that interplays between the body’s
neurological system, muscular system and its structural and fascial frameworks. Effective kinesiology
taping involves all of these systems, allowing chiropractors to quickly grasp the principles and techniques
for applying kinesiology tape.

Disadvantages of taping
Athletic taping has been considered by some scientists of having some disadvantages.
• Though not reliably proven, yet it is speculated that taping decreases the muscular strength of the
involved area and leads to less electro-myographic activity and reduction in muscle action (Hopper
et al., 1999).
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• The athletes have a tendency of developing psychological dependence on the external support
(Birrer and Poole, 2004).
• Incorrect application of tape by unskilled persons might predispose the athlete to injury or cause
severe blisters (Gissane et al., 2001).
• Taping is comparatively more expensive than other injury prevention techniques like bracing etc.
(Birrer and Poole, 2004).

Precautions to taping
Taping should be done under strict guidance of an expert and should not be applied under the following
circumstances:

• Injuries requiring more than tape can provide

• When taping excessively restricts the ROM of a joint predisposing the athlete to further injury
• Inflammation
• Taping of lacerations, abrasions, blisters
• Allergic reactions to tape or adherence and bandage

CONCLUSION

Athletic Taping has been found to have both advantages and certain disadvantages. According to some
scientists it is more of a boon to the athletes as a part of their post-injury rehabilitation and to others it is a
mere burden which reduces the capability and intensity of performance of the athlete. Nonetheless it is
widely famous and common in use among majority of athletes for various of its advantages as stated earlier
and it still remains a question as to whether it is a boon or a burden.

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