This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D5035 − 11 (Reapproved 2019)

Standard Test Method for

Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip
Method)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics
while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted 2. Referenced Documents
fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics. 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
11 %). D579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
D580 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Tapes and
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of Webbings
textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer
to Test Method D5034.
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
NOTE 2—For determination of the breaking force and elongation of D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifica- D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
tions D579 and D580. Related Properties of Textiles
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
name for the customary units used in the United States. SI units Methods
is the technically correct name for the system of metric units D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of
known as the International System of Units. The values stated Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be
regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each 3. Terminology
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system 3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
must be used independently of the other, without combining in breaking force, elongation, tensile test, refer to Terminology
any way. D4848.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the constant-rate-of-extension, constant rate of load, constant rate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- of traverse, refer to Terminology D4849.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.3 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- cut strip test, raveled strip test, strip test, refer to Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- D4850.
3.4 For other textile terms used in this test method, refer to
Terminology D123.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
2
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. Replaces strip For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
testing sections, Sections 17 through 20, of Test Method D1682. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5035 – 11 (2015). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5035-11R19. the ASTM website.

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 D5035 − 11 (2019)
4. Summary of Test Method glass fibers (see Specification D579), to prevent them from
4.1 A test specimen is clamped in a tensile testing machine slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being
and a force applied to the specimen until it breaks. Values for gripped in the clamps.
the breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are 5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics
obtained from machine scales, dials, autographic recording either conditioned or wet.
charts, or a computer interfaced with the testing machine. 5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines
4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying out operating on different principles is not recommended. When
fabric tensile tests using four types of specimen, and three different types of machines are used for comparison testing,
alternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use the constant time-to-break at 20 6 3 s is the established way of
following system to identify specific specimen and machine producing data. Even then the data may differ significantly.
combinations. 5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing
4.2.1 Type of specimen: machine is preferred in these methods, in cases of dispute,
4.2.1.1 1R—25 mm (1.0 in.) raveled strip test unless there is agreement to the contrary between the purchaser
4.2.1.2 2R—50 mm (2.0 in.) raveled strip test and supplier, a constant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.
4.2.1.3 1C—25 mm (1.0 in.) cut strip test
4.2.1.4 2C—50 mm (2.0 in.) cut strip test 5.7 The raveled strip procedure is applicable to the deter-
4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine: mination of the force required to break a specific width of
4.2.2.1 E—constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) fabric. The breaking force information on woven fabrics is
4.2.2.2 L—constant-rate-of-load (CRL) particularly useful for comparison of the effective strength of
4.2.2.3 T—constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) the yarns in the fabric with the combined strength of an equal
4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identified as follows: number of the same yarns which are not woven. The procedure
is not recommended for fabrics having fewer than 20 yarns
Type of Tester
across the width of the specimen. If a 20-yarns-per-specimen
Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate-
Test Specimen of-Extension of-Load of-Traverse
width cannot be obtained with a 25-mm (1-in.) strip, a 50-mm
25-mm (1-in.) raveled strip 1R-E 1R-L 1R-T
(2-in.) strip should be used. In general, the observed force for
50-mm (2-in.) raveled strip 2R-E 2R-L 2R-T a 50-mm (2-in.) specimen is not double the observed force for
25-mm (1-in.) cut strip 1C-E 1C-L 1C-T a 25-mm (1-in.) specimen and the results should be reported as
50-mm (2-in.) cut strip 2C-E 2C-L 2C-T
observed on a 50-mm (2-in.) strip without mathematical
4.2.3.1 For example, 1R-E refers to a 25-mm (1-in.) raveled adjustment to 25 mm (1 in.). If a fabric cannot be raveled
strip test carried out on a constant-rate-of-extension tensile readily, use either a cut strip or grab procedure.
testing machine.
5.8 The cut strip procedure is applicable to heavily fulled
5. Significance and Use fabrics, woven fabrics that cannot be readily raveled, felted
5.1 The raveled strip test in this test method is considered fabrics and nonwoven fabrics. This procedure is not recom-
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of mended for fabrics which can be raveled because the yarns at
woven textile fabrics because the method has been used the edges tend to unravel during testing. The recommendation
extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. The same is true regarding the minimum number of yarns in a woven specimen
for the cut strip test for felted or nonwoven textile fabrics. discussed in 5.7 for raveled strips applies equally to cut strips.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more), 6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials
comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a 6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRT type
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis- conforming to Specification D76, with respect to force
tance. At a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative indication, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator
test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same and designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12
lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results 6 0.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, or
during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers interchangeable loads as required to obtain the 20 6 3 s
to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories time-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6).
involved should be compared using a statistical test for 6.2 Clamps and Jaw Faces—Each jaw face shall be smooth,
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing flat, and with a metallic or other agreed upon surface. The faces
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and shall be parallel and have machining centers with respect to
corrected, or future test results for that material must be one another in the same clamp and to the corresponding jaw
adjusted in consideration of the known bias. face of the other clamp.
5.2 The method is not recommended for knitted fabrics 6.2.1 For all strip tests or for narrow fabrics and tapes being
because of their high stretch. tested full width, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm
5.3 Some modification of the techniques may be necessary (0.5 in.) wider than the specimen being tested and at least 25
for any fabric having a strength in excess of 200 N/cm (1140 mm (1.0 in.) in the direction of the applied force.
lbf/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for 6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, weighing 170 g (6.0 oz) with
use when necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from 100-mm (4-in.) width anvils.

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 D5035 − 11 (2019)
6.4 Distilled Water, for wet testing. 8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than the
6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing. moisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-
sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in Practice
6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens. D1776.
6.7 Standard fabrics3, for use in verification of apparatus. 8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standard
(See Annex A1.) atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776.
6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm (3⁄8-in.) diameter by 125 Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the
mm (5 in.) long, two required if used. increase in mass of the specimen in successive weighings made
at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the
7. Sampling mass of the specimen.
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the NOTE 6—It is recognized that, in practice, materials are frequently not
applicable material specification. In the absence of such a weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been reached. While
conditioning for a fixed time cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, it may
specification randomly select the rolls or pieces that constitute be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
the lot sample using the following schedule: atmosphere for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before the
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Number of Rolls or Pieces in specimens are tested. As a guide, the following conditioning periods are
Lot, Inclusive Lot Sample suggested:
1 to 3 All Minimum
4 to 24 4 Conditioning
25 to 50 5 Fiber Period, h4
Over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 of the rolls Animal Fibers (for example, wool and regenerated proteins) 8
or pieces Vegetable Fibers (for example, cotton) 6
Viscose 8
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the Acetate 4
purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between Fibers having a regain less than 5 % at 65 % relative 2
rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric humidity
to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level. 8.2 For Wet Testing:
8.2.1 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be
7.2 Laboratory Sample—From each roll or piece of fabric immersed in water at room temperature until thoroughly wetted
taken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory sample (Note 7). To thoroughly wet a specimen, it may be necessary to
the full width of the fabric and 1 m (1 yd) along the selvage add not more than 0.05 % of a nonionic wetting agent to the
(machine direction). water. A test of any specimen shall be completed within 2 min
NOTE 4—Results obtained on small hand samples or swatches can only after its removal from the water.
be considered as representative of the sample swatch submitted and cannot
be assumed to be representative of the fabric piece from which the hand NOTE 7—The material has been thoroughly wet out when it has been
sample or swatch was taken. determined that additional immersion time does not produce any addi-
tional changes in breaking strength of test specimens. This method of
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sample, take five determination must be used in cases of dispute; however, for routine
specimens from the warp (machine) direction and eight speci- testing in the laboratory, it may be sufficient to immerse the material 1 h.
mens from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for each 8.2.2 The procedures in this test method should be used with
testing condition. caution when testing fabrics that do not wet out uniformly and
7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following: thoroughly because of the presence of sizing, oil, protective
7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine Direction—Standard conditions coatings, or water repellents.
for testing textiles, 8.2.3 When the strength of wet specimens without sizing,
7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F), water repellents, etc. is required, before preparing the test
7.3.1.3 Filling or Cross Direction—Standard conditions for specimens, treat the material as directed in Test Methods D629,
testing textiles, and using appropriate de-sizing, etc. procedures, that will not affect
7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F). the normal physical properties of the fabric.
7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique and
unfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens to 9. Preparation of Specimens
establish the proper rate of loading (speed for testing). 9.1 General:
NOTE 5—Reinforcing fabric systems generally need to demonstrate a 9.1.1 Cut specimens with their long dimensions parallel
compatibility with the properties of the system being reinforced. This
comes with an understanding that this compatibility may be influenced by either to the warp (machine) direction or to the filling (cross)
such factors as stress and strain orientation. It is therefore suggested that direction, or cut specimens for testing both directions as
the option of testing in off-axis orientations, such as 645°, be considered required. If off-axis specimens are to be prepared, cut speci-
to verify suitability for applications where stresses and strains are known mens with the appropriate orientation(s). Preferably, specimens
to exist in orientations other than along the direction of the primary axes.

8. Conditioning 4
These periods are approximate and apply only to fabrics, spread out in single
thickness, and exposed to freely moving air in the standard atmosphere for testing
8.1 For Conditioned Testing: textiles. Heavy or coated fabrics may require conditioning periods longer than those
suggested. If a fabric contains more than one fiber, it should be conditioned for the
period required by the fiber component which requires the most time (for example,
3
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available. 8 h for a wool and acetate blend).

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 D5035 − 11 (2019)
for a given fabric direction should be spaced along a diagonal 9.5.1 Cut each specimen 50 6 1 mm (2 6 0.02 in.) wide by
of the fabric to allow for representation of different warp and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long with the long dimension accurately
filling yarns, or machine and cross direction areas, in each parallel to the direction for which the breaking force is required
specimen. When possible, filling specimens should contain (Notes 8 and 9).
yarn from widely separated filling areas. Unless otherwise 9.6 When the breaking force of wet fabric is required in
specified, take specimens no nearer to the selvage or edge of addition to that of conditioned fabric, cut one set of specimens
the fabric than one tenth of the width of the fabric (see 7.3.2). with each test specimen twice the normal length (Note 10).
9.1.2 Ribbons and other narrow fabrics which are 50 mm (2 Number each specimen at both ends and then cut the
in.) or less wide are usually tested full width. specimens, in half cross-wise, to provide one set for determin-
9.2 Raveled Strip Test—1R, 25 mm (1 in.): ing the conditioned breaking force, and another set for deter-
9.2.1 Cut each specimen either 35 mm (1.5 in.) or 25 mm (1 mining the wet breaking force. This allows for breaks on paired
in.) plus 20 yarns, whichever is wider, by at least 150 mm (6 specimens which leads to more direct comparison of condi-
in.) long (Note 8). The long dimension should be accurately tioned vs. wet breaking force because both specimens of a pair
parallel to the direction of testing and force application. contain the same test yarns (nonwoven fabric channel and cross
direction areas).
NOTE 8—The length of the specimen depends on the type of clamps
being used. The specimen should be long enough to extend through the NOTE 10—For fabrics which shrink excessively when wet, it will be
clamps and project at least 10 mm (0.5 in.) at each end. The specimen necessary to cut the test specimens to allow for longer wet breaking force
length may be calculated using Eq 1or Eq 2: specimens than conditioned breaking force specimens.

Specimen length, mm 5 C12W (1) 10. Preparation, Calibration, and Verification of

Specimen length, in. 5 K12W (2) Apparatus
where: 10.1 Tensile Testing Machine:
C = constant based on a gauge length of 75 mm + 20 mm for 10.1.1 Prepare the testing machine according to the manu-
projections beyond clamp, 95 mm, facturer’s instructions and using the conditions given in 10.1.2
K = constant based on a gauge length of 3 in. + 1 in. for projections – 10.2.4 (see Annex A1).
beyond clamps, 4 in., and
W = jaw face width in direction of load, mm (in.). 10.1.2 Set the distance between the clamps (gauge length) at
75 6 1 mm (3 6 0.05 in.).
9.2.2 Ravel each specimen to give a testing width of 25 mm 10.1.3 Select the force range of the testing machine for the
(1 in.) by removing an approximately equal number of yarns break to occur between 10 and 90 % of full scale force.
from each side, or 10 yarns from each side, depending upon the Calibrate or verify the testing machine for this range.
width cut in 9.2.1. 10.1.4 Set the testing machine for a loading rate of 300 6 10
9.2.3 If, by mutual consent, it is agreed to perform a test on mm/min (12 6 0.5 in./min) unless otherwise specified.
strips containing less than 20 yarns across the width to be
10.2 Clamping System:
tested, the actual number of yarns shall be stated in the report.
10.2.1 Check the jaw face surfaces for flatness and paral-
NOTE 9—Under some circumstances it may be necessary to ravel the lelism.
strip to a constant number of yarns instead of a constant width. This 10.2.2 Make a four-ply sandwich of white tissue paper, two
number shall never be less than 20 mm (0.75 in.) and the width never less soft carbon papers placed back-to-back and a second white
than 15 mm (0.5 in.). This technique is particularly useful when
comparing the breaking force of a conditioned fabric after a wet finishing paper (or fold the first white paper over the two carbons).
operation in which shrinkage has taken place with that of the same fabric 10.2.3 Mount the paper-carbon sandwich in the clamps with
before finishing. Such a procedure may be used by mutual consent of the normal pressure.
interested parties. 10.2.4 Remove the paper-carbon sandwich and examine the
9.3 Raveled Strip Test—2R, 50 mm (2.0 in.): jaw face imprint for uniformity of carbon deposition on the
9.3.1 Cut each specimen either 65 mm (2.5 in.) or 50 mm tissue paper.
(2.0 in.) plus 20 yarns, whichever is wider, by at least 150 mm 10.2.5 If the imprint is incomplete or off-size, make appro-
(6 in.) long (Note 8). The long dimension should be parallel to priate adjustments of the clamp gripping system and recheck
the direction for which the breaking force is required. the clamping system with the paper-carbon sandwich.
9.3.2 Ravel each specimen to give a testing width of 50 mm NOTE 11—Some sources of clamping irregularities are surface contact,
(2.0 in.) by removing an approximately equal number of yarns metal surface, or jaw coating-cover surface, condition, and pressure
from each side, or 10 yarns from each side, depending upon the application.
width cut in 9.3.1 (Note 9). 10.3 Verification of the Total Operating System of the
9.4 Cut Strip Test—1C, 25 mm (1 in.): Apparatus:
10.3.1 Verify the total operating system (loading, extension,
9.4.1 Cut each specimen 25 6 1 mm (1 6 0.02 in.) wide by
clamping, and recording or data collecting) by testing speci-
at least 150 mm (6 in.) long with the long dimension accurately
mens of standard fabrics for breaking force and elongation by
parallel to the direction of testing and force application (Notes
the type of strip test to be used and comparing the data with
8 and 9).
that given for the standard fabrics. Verification of the system on
9.5 Cut Strip Test—2C, 50 mm (2 in.): at least a weekly basis is recommended. In addition, the total

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 D5035 − 11 (2019)
operating system should be verified whenever there are 0.5 % of the full scale force, to the bottom end of the specimen
changes in the loading system (especially an increase) or before gripping the specimen in the lower clamp.
clamping mechanism. 11.2.1 To achieve uniform and equal tension, attach an
10.3.2 Select the standard fabric which has breaking forces auxiliary clamp (6.3) to the bottom of the specimen and at a
and elongations in the range of interest. point below the lower clamp of the testing machine. Tighten
10.3.3 Prepare the standard fabric test specimens as directed the lower clamp and remove the auxiliary clamp.
in Section 9. 11.3 Mark across the specimen at the front inner edge of
10.3.4 Check for adequacy of clamping pressure by mount- each jaw to check for specimen slippage. When slippage
ing a specimen and marking the inner jaw face-to-fabric occurs, the mark will move away from the jaw edge.
junctions. Break a specimen and watch for movement of either
line away from the junction indicating slippage. If slippage 11.4 Operate the machine and break the specimen.
occurs, adjust the air pressure of pneumatic clamps or be 11.5 Read the breaking force, and elongation if required,
prepared to tighten manual clamps more when testing. If from the mechanism provided for such purpose (11.2). Record
pressures cannot be increased without causing jaw breaks, warp and filling (machine and cross) direction results sepa-
other techniques for eliminating slippage, such as jaw cushions rately.
or specimen tabbing, will be needed. 11.5.1 For some testing machines, data may be obtained
10.3.5 Test the required number of specimens as directed in using an interfaced computer.
Section 11.
11.6 If a specimen slips in the jaws, or breaks at the edge of
10.3.6 Calculate the breaking forces and elongations, the
or in the jaws, or if for any reason the result falls markedly
averages and the standard deviation as directed in Section 12.
below the average of the set of specimens, discard the result
10.3.7 Compare the data with previous data. If the average
and take another specimen. Continue this until the required
is outside the tolerances established, recheck the total system to
number of acceptable breaks have been obtained. In the
locate the cause for the deviation.
absence of other criteria for rejecting a jaw break, any break
11. Procedure occurring within 5 mm (0.25 in.) of the jaws which results in
a value below 50 % of the average of all the other breaks
11.1 Mount the specimen securely in the clamp of the should be discarded. No other break should be discarded unless
testing machine. Take care that the specimen is centrally it is known to be faulty.
located and that the long dimension is as nearly parallel as
possible to the direction of force application. Be sure that the NOTE 12—The decision to discard a break should be based on
tension on the specimen is uniform across the clamped width. observation of the specimen during the test and upon the inherent
variability of the fabric.
11.1.1 For high-strength fabrics where the specimen cannot
be satisfactorily held in clamps, place each specimen around 11.7 If a fabric manifests any slippage in the jaws or if more
the pins and between the jaws as illustrated in Fig. 1, using jaw than 25 % of the specimens break at a point within 5 mm (0.25
padding if necessary. Tighten the clamps to distribute the in.) of the edge of the jaw, one of the following modifications
holding pressure along the clamping surface of the top (front) may be tried. If any of these modifications are used, state the
jaw. Clamps which are too tight will produce breaks at the front method of modification in the report.
of jaws; clamps which are too loose will cause slippage or 11.7.1 The jaws may need to be padded,
breaks at the back of the jaws and pin. For glass fabric failures, 11.7.2 The fabric may need to be coated under the jaw face
see Specification D579. area, or
11.7.3 The jaw face may need to be modified.
11.2 Elongation depends on the initial specimen length
which is affected by any pretension applied in mounting the NOTE 13—It is difficult to determine the precise reason that certain
specimen in the testing machine. If measurement of specimen specimens break near the edge of the jaws. If such a break is caused by
elongation is required, mount the specimen in the upper clamp damage to the specimen by the jaws, then the results should be discarded.
If, however, the break is merely due to randomly distributed weak places,
of the machine, and apply a uniform pretension, not to exceed it is a legitimate result. In some cases, it may also be caused by a
concentration of stress in the area adjacent to the jaws because the jaws
prevent the specimen from contracting in width as the force is applied. In
such cases, a break near the edge of the jaw is inevitable and should be
accepted as a characteristic of the particular method of test.

12. Calculation
12.1 Breaking Force—For each laboratory sample and test-
ing condition, calculate the average of the breaking force
observed for all acceptable specimens, that is, the maximum
force exerted on the specimen as read directly from the testing
Metric Equivalents machine indicating mechanism.
in. 3 ⁄ by 5
38

mm 75 10 by 125
12.2 Measurement of Apparent Elongation—Unless some
other force is specified, measure the apparent elongation of
FIG. 1 Illustration of Specimen Placement for Strong Fabrics acceptable specimens at the breaking force. Measure the

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 D5035 − 11 (2019)
increase in length from the start of the force-extension curve to were tested on one day and five specimens were tested on a
a point corresponding with the breaking force, or other second day. Tests were separately conducted in laboratories at
specified force, as shown on the autographic record. Calculate the standard atmosphere for testing textiles separately using the
the apparent elongation as the percentage increase in length Constant-Rate-Of-Extension (CRE) and the Constant-Rate-Of-
based on the gauge length (initial nominal testing length of the Traverse (CRT) types of tensile testers. In addition, tests were
specimen). conducted at 72F and 50 % Relative Humidity using the
12.2.1 For each testing situation, calculate the average Constant-Rate-Of-Extension (CRE) type tester. The compo-
apparent elongation at the breaking force or other specified nents of variance for breaking strength expressed as standard
force, of acceptable specimens. deviations were transformed to percent coefficient of variation
and are listed in Table 1. There were sufficient differences
NOTE 14—The elongation calculated as a percentage of the gauge
length for the specimen should be referred to as the apparent elongation related to the type of tensile tester, material tested, and test
because the actual length of fabric between the jaws is usually greater than conditioning to warrant listing the components of variance and
the initial (gauge) length. This difference in length is frequently due to the critical differences separately. The three classes of fabrics
fabric pull-out from between the jaws. Thus, elongation, calculated on the were: S/441 cotton filter fabric, S/9407R plain weave standard
gauge length, has an error which is dependent upon the amount of
pull-out.
break fabric, and S/9408R sateen standard break fabric.
14.2 Precision—For the components of variance reported in
13. Report Table 1, two averages of observed values should be considered
13.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in Test significantly different at the 95 % probability level if the
Method D5035. Describe the material or product sampled and difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed in
the method of sampling used. Table 2.
13.2 Report the following information for each laboratory NOTE 15—Since the interlaboratory test included only three
sample: laboratories, estimates of between-laboratory precision should be used
13.2.1 The average breaking force of acceptable specimens with special caution.
NOTE 16—The tabulated values of the critical differences should be
for each test condition and strip test. considered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-
13.2.2 The average percent apparent elongation of accept- laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made about
able specimens for each test condition and strip test, if two specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, between
calculated. Identify this elongation as apparent elongation at them must be established, with each comparison being based on recent
breaking force or apparent elongation at specified force, as data obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material of the type being
evaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and then
required by the test specifications. randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.
13.2.3 Number of specimens tested in each direction.
13.2.4 Type of strip test and testing machine used. 14.3 Bias—The true values of breaking strength by the strip
13.2.5 Maximum force obtainable in the range used for method can only be defined in terms of a specific test method.
testing. Within this limitation, the procedure in Test Method D5035 for
13.2.6 Pretension used, if any. measuring breaking strength by the strip procedure has no
13.2.7 Size of jaw faces used. known bias.
13.2.8 Type of padding used in jaws, modification of 15. Keywords
specimen gripped in the jaws, or modification of jaw faces, if
any. 15.1 breaking-strength; elongation; fabric; nonwoven-
13.2.9 Number of yarns in the width of the strip, if less than fabric; woven fabric
20.
TABLE 1 Breaking Strength Strip Method
13.2.10 Average time required to break, if applicable, for all
(Components of Variance, Coefficient of Variation, %
specimens giving acceptable breaks.
Grand Single- Within-
13.2.11 Whether conditioned or wet testing, or both. Fabric Type and Type
Average Operator Laboratory L
13.2.12 In the case of tests on wet specimens, state whether Test Atmosphere Machine
Pounds Component Component
allowance was made for shrinkage. Filter Fabric
13.2.13 Whether sizing or finishes have been removed and, 72F, 65 % RH CRE 52.2 5.1 3.4 2
72F, 50 % RH CRE 52.4 3.6 0.0 2
if so, by what procedure. 72F, 65 % RH CRT 54.3 3.6 1.4 3
Plain Weave Fabric
14. Precision and Bias 72F, 65 % RH CRE 89.2 3.9 0.3 0
72F, 50 % RH CRE 87.7 6.1 0.6 1
14.1 Interlaboratory Test Data—An interlaboratory test was 72F, 65 % RH CRT 91.0 3.4 1.8 0
conducted in 1991 in which randomly-drawn samples of three Sateen Fabric
materials were tested in each of three laboratories. Two 72F, 65 % RH CRE 182 4.2 0.9 1
72F, 50 % RH CRE 180 4.5 2.8 2
operators in each laboratory each tested ten specimens of each 72F, 65 % RH CRT 190 2.5 0.0 0
material using Test Method D5035. Five of the ten specimens

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 D5035 − 11 (2019)
TABLE 2 Breaking Strength Strip Method
Critical Difference for Conditions Noted, % of Average
Fabric Type and Test Number of Observations in Single-Operator Within-Laboratory Between Laboratory
Type Machine
Atmosphere Each Average Precision Precision Precision
Filter Fabric
72F, 65 % RH CRE 2 10.1 13.9 15.9
5 6.4 11.5 13.8
10 4.5 10.6 13.1
72F, 50 % RH CRE 2 7.0 7.0 10.7
5 4.4 4.4 9.2
10 3.1 3.1 8.6
72F, 65 % RH CRT 2 7.1 8.0 11.7
5 4.5 5.8 10.3
10 3.2 4.9 9.8
Plain Weave Fabric
72F, 65 % RH CRE 2 7.6 7.6 7.6
5 4.8 4.8 4.8
10 3.4 3.4 3.4
72F, 50 % RH CRE 2 11.9 12.0 12.5
5 7.6 7.7 8.4
10 5.3 5.6 6.4
72F, 65 % RH CRT 2 6.6 8.3 8.3
5 4.2 6.6 6.6
10 2.9 5.9 5.9
Sateen Fabric
72F, 65 % RH CRE 2 8.2 8.5 9.0
5 5.2 5.7 6.4
10 3.7 4.4 5.2
72F, 50 % RH CRE 2 8.9 11.8 13.8
5 5.6 9.6 12.0
10 4.0 8.7 11.3
72F, 65 % RH CRT 2 5.0 5.0 5.0
5 3.1 3.1 3.1
10 2.2 2.2 2.2

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. ERROR AND LOW PRECISION IN TENSILE TESTING

A1.1 Some of the most common sources for error and calibration/verification procedures for tensile testing machines,
causes for low precision in tensile testing are given in the whether performed by the manufacturer’s representative or the
following sections. user, check for gauge length, loading variability, and speed, but
A1.1.1 Failure to recheck the tester zero after changing load do not check out the total operating system which also includes
cell or scale. the clamping mechanism.
A1.1.2 Failure to make sure each test is started at the zero A1.3 Use standard fabrics with known breaking forces as a
point due to application of excessive tension on the specimen means for checking the total operating system.
as it is mounted and clamped for testing.
A1.2 One of the most serious problems, of which many
users are unaware, is faulty clamping mechanisms. Many

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 D5035 − 11 (2019)
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