POLYMEG®

Polyols
Applications
 Table of Contents

POLYMEG® Polyol Applications ....................................................................................................3

Elastomers Applications ..................................................................................................................4
Properties of Polyurethane Elastomers ............................................................................................5
Polyurethane Preparation ................................................................................................................5
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes ...........................................................................................................7
Thermoset Urethanes ......................................................................................................................7
Coatings and Linings ......................................................................................................................7
Spandex Fibers ................................................................................................................................7
Copolymer Elastomers ....................................................................................................................8
TDI-Based Urethane Elastomers......................................................................................................8
Elastomers ....................................................................................................................................10
MDI Formulations ........................................................................................................................12
Alternative Urethane Elastomers ....................................................................................................15
Low Temperature Properties ..........................................................................................................16
Hydrolytic Stability ......................................................................................................................17
Oil and Solvent Resistance ............................................................................................................18
Stabilization of Polyether-Urethanes and Polyether Block Copolymers ..........................................19
PTMEG QC Tests ........................................................................................................................19
Polyurethane Chemistry ................................................................................................................21
Primary Reactions of Isocyanate ....................................................................................................22
Formulation Calculations ..............................................................................................................23
Viscosity and Density Calculations for POLYMEG Polyols ..........................................................24
Testing of Polyurethane Elastomers................................................................................................24
Storage and Handling....................................................................................................................26

2
POLYMEG® Polyol Applications
POLYMEG® polyols are polytetramethylene ether glycols (PTMEG) produced by polymerizing tetrahydro-
furon. POLYMEG polyols are linear diols with a backbone of repeating tetramethylene units connected by
ether linkages. The chains are capped with primary hydroxyl units.
The primary applications for POLYMEG polyols are as the soft segment of polyurethanes, copolymer poly-
esters and polyamide elastomers. As a component of urethane elastomers, the polyols are used in the follow-
ing systems:

• Thermoplastics for injection molding and extrusion

• Thermoset polyurethanes, castable prepolymers, millable gums
• Metal and textile coatings/linings and adhesives
• Spandex elastic fibers

POLYMEG polyols are used as the soft segment of elastomers to provide:

• Good mechanical properties and excellent resiliency over a wide range of temperatures
• Superior dynamic properties (minimum heat build-up)
• Low temperature flexibility
• Good reactivity (bi-functional primary alcohol)
• Excellent abrasion resistance
• Good tear strength
• Superior hydrolytic stability (resistance to high temperature, humidity and salt water)
• Good microbial resistance
• Good elastomer film clarity
• High moisture vapor transmission

3
 Elastomer Applications
High performance elastomers made with POLYMEG polyols are used in a large number of applications.
POLYMEG polyols form the soft segment of polyurethane, copolymer polyester and copolymer polyamide
elastomers. Thermoplastic elastomers made with POLYMEG polyols can be processed into finished articles
by injection molding or extrusion. Polyurethane articles can also be made by low pressure processes (casting
or compression molding) by filling a mold before the polymer viscosity increases from the curing reaction.
Common applications are:

Automotive
Body fasteners, electrical boots, suspension system parts, seals and gaskets, belts, taillight assemblies, battery
covers, hoses, covers for electronics, adhesives, bushings, bump stops, interlayer for laminates, air bag covers,
transmission boots.

Adhesives and Sealants

Shoes, laminated security glazing, aerospace, marine, magnetic media binders, construction.

Coatings
Floor, roof, wire and cable, fiber optics, waterborne, radiation curable, fabric, aircraft, pipe, concrete, vinyl.

Engineered Components
Gears, sprockets, printer rolls, belts, wheels, fork lift tires, escalator wheels, heavy-duty casters.

Industrial
Lined pipe, water valves, pump impellers, hopper car liners, conveyor belts, grain buckets, grain chute liners,
marine bumpers, buoys, marine hoses, mining screens, cyclone liners, cattle tags.

Sports
Roller wheels, ski boots, bicycle tires, horseshoes, athletic shoes.

Clothing
Shoes, upholstery, luggage, fabric coatings, synthetic leather, spandex fiber in sportswear, underwear,
fashionwear.

4
Properties of Polyurethane Elastomers
The composition of polyurethane elastomers can be varied to produce hard and stiff to soft and rubbery mate-
rials. The formulator has a wide variety of raw materials that can be used to modify the properties of the elas-
tomer. For systems based upon POLYMEG polyols, the primary variables available to the formulator are the
molecular weight of POLYMEG polyols, the type of diisocyanate and the type of extender. As the weight
fraction of hard segment (diisocyanate plus extender) is increased, the hardness of the elastomer increases.
More subtle changes in the elastomer can be made by varying the isocyanate/hydroxyl ratio; adding crosslink-
ing agents; using a different catalyst; and changing the polymerization process used to produce the elastomer.
Figure 1 shows that by changing these variables, polyurethane polymers can be produced which overlap the
hardness of soft rubbers to hard thermoplastics.
The largest volume of commercial polyurethane elastomers are made from toluene diisocyanate (TDI) or
diphenylmethane-4,4’-diisocyanate (MDI). Typically elastomers made with TDI are extended with an aro-
matic diamine and elastomers made with MDI are extended with butanediol, except for spandex fibers, which
are diamine extended.

Figure 1. Hardness of Polyurethane

Nylon
Polypropylene
Polyurethane
Polyisoprene

50 100 120 Rockwell R

45 65 85 Shore D

20 40 60 80 95 Shore A

Polyurethane Preparation
Polyurethanes made from POLYMEG polyols are prepared by reacting POLYMEG polyols and an extender
with a diisocyanate. POLYMEG polyols and the extender can be mixed and added to the diisocyante or the
POLYMEG polyols can be reacted first with the diisocyanate to form a prepolymer that is reacted with the
extender to form the final polyurethane.
Diisocyanates
The common aromatic diisocyanates used to produce elastomers are MDI and TDI. Smaller amounts of
aliphatic diisocyanates (4,4’-methylenebis (cyclohexylisocyanate) HMDI) are used to make low color, light
stable polymers. A number of diisocyanates are available for formulating special products (1).
POLYMEG Polyols Molecular Weight
For a simple system of diisocyanate, extender and POLYMEG polyols, elastomers of similar hardness can be
made with a POLYMEG polyol of molecular weight 650 to 2000 by keeping the POLYMEG polyol’s weight
fraction the same in the formulations. The choice of which POLYMEG polyol molecular weight to use for an
elastomer is a compromise between properties and processing difficulty. The degree of phase separation of the
soft from the hard segment increases as the molecular weight of the POLYMEG polyol increases. The better
phase separation gives improved resilience and hysteresis properties and better low temperature ductility. The
trade-off is that the viscosity increase associated with the increase in POLYMEG polyol molecular weight makes
processing more difficult.
5
 Extenders
Lower molecular weight diols or diamines are used to produce the hard segment of polyurethanes. The hard seg-
ment has a high glass transition (Tg) and melting (Tm) temperature. Phase separation of the hard segment from
the POLYMEG polyols soft segment (-86 Tg) provides the mechanism for the elastomeric properties of
polyurethanes (2). The diols/diamines are called extenders because they are often added to a prepolymer to pro-
duce a high molecular weight polyurethane. For an extender to work in an application, it must give a polymer with
the desired mechanical properties as well as meet the requirements of the preparation and conversion processes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is the most common diol used with MDI to produce linear thermoplastic polyurethanes for
injection molding, extrusion and cast applications. Polymers with higher temperature resistance can be made with
hydroquinone di-(β -hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE) or resorcinol di-(β -hydroxyethyl) ether. Softer and clearer elas-
tomers can be made with diols which retard crystallization of the hard segment; for example, 2-methyl-1,3-propane-
diol or 1,5-pentanediol. The cure time of diol-extended polyurethanes is controlled by reaction temperature and
addition of catalysts.
Aliphatic diamines are used to produce polyurethanes in solution (spandex and coatings), but are too reactive for
cast applications. Isocyanate reactivity is in the order of aliphatic diamines >> aromatic diamines > alcohols ≥ water.
Polyurethanes made from diamines have melting points too high to be processed as thermoplastics. Methylene-bis-
o-chloroaniline (MOCA) and bis(methylthio)toluenediamine (Ethacure® 300) are commonly used aromatic
diamines which give acceptable cure times for cast applications.
Stoichiometry
For polyurethanes, stoichiometry has more than the expected effect for an A-A, B-B step-growth polymerization.
Theoretically, the molecular weight of the polymer is highest when the moles of diisocyanate are equal to the moles
of diol/diamine. However, polyurethanes are often formulated with an excess of isocyanate to improve several elas-
tomeric properties during post reaction aging. This post reaction improvement in properties is generally attributed
to the formation of thermally reversible allophanate bonds or more permanent crosslinks from biuret or cyanurate
bonds. Tensile strength, compression set and resilience improve with excess isocyanate. Elongation, tear strength,
and abrasion improve with a deficiency of isocyanate. Properties are more sensitive to variations in stoichiometry
for extension with diols than with extension with aromatic diamines.
Reaction Rate
The rate of reaction of isocyanate with alcohols or amines can be influenced by a number of variables. Temperature
and added catalyst can be used to adjust the reaction rate. Uncontrolled changes in reaction rate can also be caused
by impurities in the raw materials used to produce polyurethanes.
As with most reactions, the reaction rate of isocyanates increases with temperature (roughly 2-3 times for each 10°
C increase). The temperature increase caused by the heat given off from the reaction must be considered since as
the batch size increases more of the released heat will result in increasing the temperature of the batch. Working
with prepolymers (3) reduces the problems associated with controlling temperature because most of the heat is lib-
erated in forming the prepolymer.
Tin catalysts are commonly used to increase reaction rate when producing linear elastomers. Tin catalysts are very
active catalysts at low concentrations. Tetrabutyl titanate and zirconium chelates are also effective catalysts.
Suppliers of catalysts can provide information on selecting a catalyst for a particular application (4).
The reaction rate of isocyanates can be affected by impurities in the raw materials. The most potent impurities are
alkali metal salts of weak acids and some transition metal salts (iron salts being the most common). These metal
salts can be strong catalysts for linear and branched reactions. Phosphoric acid can be added at 5-20 ppm to inac-
tivate these metals (3). The presence of acids or peroxides in raw materials can also affect reaction rate.
Ethacure® is a registered trademark of Albermarle Corporation.

6
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
Linear polyurethanes can be processed into final products by any of the standard thermoplastic processes
(injection molding, extrusion, thermoforming) as well as by low pressure cast processes. Diols are used as
extenders (amines give too high melting materials) and aromatic (mainly MDI) and aliphatic diisocyanates
are used. See the section on MDI Polyurethanes for some typical formulations.

Thermoset Urethanes
Thermoset elastomers differ from the thermoplastics in that irreversible cross-links are formed when the poly-
mers are chemically cured. The prepolymer method, where the polyol and diisocyanate are first co-reacted
and then extended with a diamine or glycol, is generally preferred since it provides better control of chemical
reactivity and assures that random polymer chains are established prior to cross-linking.
The one-shot method, in which all three components are reacted at one time, can be very economically effi-
cient. The trade-off is the extreme care and sophistication needed to control the ratios of the process streams.
Pot life is controlled by temperature and catalysts. This technique is not used with amine extended systems
because of the large reactivity difference between the amine groups and the hydroxyl groups with the iso-
cyanate. The one-shot technique is especially useful in MDI systems where higher molecular weights of
polyol (e.g. above 1500) are used, and indeed, is frequently as economical as thermoplastic injection molding.
With lower molecular weights, the exothermic nature of the reaction may cause thermal breakdown of the
polymer except for articles with thin cross-sections.
Millable gums are also produced for subsequent compounding with reinforcing pigments (e.g., carbon black,
silica) on a conventional rubber mill or Banbury mixer. They are then cross-linked to a high molecular weight
thermoset elastomer using either peroxides or a sulfur-accelerated cure. Generally, cured elastomers produced
from the gums have slightly lower mechanical strength properties than cast elastomers in the same hardness
range.

Coatings and Linings

The major share of urethane coated textile fabrics is manufactured using solution or waterborne urethane
polymers. The coatings are prepared by dissolving thermoplastic urethane granules in solvent prior to use or
by polymerizing the co-reactants directly in solvent. Waterborne urethane dispersions are a significant and
growing means of coating both flexible textile fabric and rigid metal surfaces. Aqueous urethanes can be pro-
duced as non-ionic, anionic or cationic dispersions by chain-extending, an emulsified, neutralized urethane
prepolymer in water. In addition, two package urethane elastomer systems are used extensively for in-place
urethane coatings and linings of various metal equipment items. Extruded thin TPU film is also commonly
used for fabric coatings.

Spandex Fibers
Spandex fibers are the largest and fastest growing application for PTMEG. PTMEG-based spandex is typi-
cally produced by first making a prepolymer of PTMEG and MDI and extending the prepolymer in solution
(dimethylacetamide) with a diamine (1). Ethylenediamine is often used as the extender with diethylamine
used to control molecular weight. Many variations of extender systems are claimed in patents to modify prop-
erties of the fiber. Fibers are formed by pumping the spandex solution through a spinneret and removing the
solvent by evaporation (dry-spinning process) or extracting with a solvent (wet-spinning process). Melt-spun
spandex can be produced in a non-solvent process by extending the prepolymer with a diol. Melt-spun
spandex should have lower capital and operating costs, but at present, only a small amount is produced by
this method.

7
 Copolymer Elastomers
Elastomers based on aromatic and alicyclic carboxylic acids and aliphatic polyamides are produced with poly-
mer structures similar to thermoplastic urethanes by using crystalline polyesters or polyamide segments
instead of urethanes as the hard segment. Adjusting the degree of hard-segment content provides various
hardness grades which can range in flexibility from an equivalence to rubber to as stiff as unreinforced nylon.
The polymers are high modulus elastomers with good elongation and tear strength, excellent solvent resist-
ance, and a good combination of high and low temperature physical properties. They also provide good creep
resistance, excellent dynamic properties, and good dielectric strength and serviceability over a wide tempera-
ture range (5).

TDI-Based Urethane Elastomers

High performance elastomers, with durometers values from 75 Shore A to 68 Shore D can be formulated
using POLYMEG polyols with TDI and MOCA. The formulations are readily processible via the prepoly-
mer method using machine or hand cast techniques. These elastomers exhibit general toughness, excellent
wear and tear properties along with good oil resistance.
Typical TDI prepolymer formulations needed to achieve various hardness elastomers are shown in Table I, (pg. 9).
In TDI elastomer formulations, either the 100 percent 2,4- or the 80/20 percent 2,4-/2,6- isomer may be
used. Comparing the two isomer types, the 100 percent is more expensive and exhibits better prepolymer sta-
bility. The percent free isocyanate (% FNCO) does not decrease nor does viscosity advance as rapidly at ele-
vated temperatures. It is less sensitive to moisture and has a longer working pot life which better facilitates
hand batching.
To prepare various hardness elastomers, the % FNCO is varied by changing the NCO/OH ratio when the
molecular weight of the POLYMEG polyol is held constant. Increasing the % FNCO permits additional
diamine to be used, resulting in higher elastomer tensile, modulus, tear, and compression set values.
Elongation and abrasion resistance are decreased.
Since free TDI in a prepolymer formulation increases the risk of physiological problems to the user, the
NCO/OH ratio should not exceed 2:1. Therefore, at a constant prepolymer NCO/OH ratio, the elastomer
hardness is varied by changing the POLYMEG polyol molecular weight (Table II, pg. 9). The % FNCO is
inversely proportional to polyol molecular weight. The property trends are in keeping with a given % FNCO.
Generally, at the same NCO/OH ratio, the use of low molecular weight POLYMEG gives higher overall phys-
ical properties with the exception of elongation, abrasion resistance, and low temperature performance as
shown in Table II. The various commercial molecular weight polyols can be blended to provide intermediate
properties.
Full properties may not develop for a week or more at room temperature, and compression set will usually
continue to improve over a period of 1-3 months.

8
 Table I
Elastomers Based on POLYMEG Polyol / TDI / MOCA

TDI, Isomer Type 100% 2,4 80/20% (2,4/2,6)

POLYMEG Polyol Molecular weight 1000 2000 1000

Prepolymer
Mole ratio, NCO/OH 2/11 1.67/1 2/1 2/1 1.67/1 2/1
%free-NCO in Prepolymer (%FNCO) 7.5 4.3 6.2 3.5 4.3 6.2
Viscosity: 30°C, cps 1800 16500 5500 11000 18000 6000
100°C, cps 385 400 200 450 400 200

Ratio extender to prepolymer

MOCA (95% stoich.), g/100 g prepolymer 22.7 13.0 18.7 10.6 13.0 18.7

Processing 2

Mix Temperature: Prepolymer, °C 70 90 90 90 70 70

Pot life, Min 2 15 5 18 10 3

Properties3
Hardness, Shore A, (D) (60) 90 96 84 90 96
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus, psi 2600 1100 1900 935 1100 1750
300% Modulus, psi 4900 1850 3600 1750 1700 2800
Ultimate psi 7900 5000 5500 4400 4000 5000
Elongation, % 360 500 400 475 490 415
Tear Strength: Die C, pli 740 400 450 345 385 465
Split, pli - 110 200 70 140 240
Bashore Resilience, % 48 46 45 57 50 48
Compression Set, B, % 30 29 33 25 28 34
Abrasion Resistance, g loss 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.16
(H-18 1000g/1000rev)
Clash-Berg, Tf, °C -47 -55 -54 -76 -57 -58

1
0.75 eq. POLYMEG Polyol 1000/0.25 eq. 1,3-butylene glycol
2
Mold Temperatures 110°C, extender at 110°C
3
Post cure 16 hrs., 110°C

Table II
Effects of POLYMEG Polyol Molecular Weight on Properties of Elastomers

Isocyanate: 100% TDI (2,4 isomer)

Curative: MOCA
POLYMEG Polyol Molecular Weight 650 1000 15001 2000

Mole Ratio, NCO/OH 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1

%FNCO 8.3 6.2 4.5 3.5
Curative Level, % Stoich. 95 95 95 91
Hardness, Shore A (D) (68) 96 92 84
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus, psi - 1900 1300 935
300% Modulus, psi 4700 3600 2200 1750
Ultimate, psi 6500 5500 5000 4400
Elongation, % 250 400 450 475
Tear Strength: Die C, pli 715 440 350 345
Split, pli 285 200 130 70
Compression Set, B, % 41 33 30 25
Bashore Resilience, % 52 45 50 57
Clash-Berg, Tf, °C -18 -54 -72 -76
Abrasion Resistance, g loss (H-18 1000 g/1000 rev) 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.10

Obtained by blending POLYMEG 1000 and 2000 Polyol

1

9
 Elastomers
At a given elastomer hardness, the properties can be modified by the degree of cross-linking through biuret
formation. This is accomplished by using less than the theoretical amount of diamine extender. Figure 2
illustrates how the properties change with extender level. With 4,4’-methylenebis(o-chloroaniline) (MOCA),
a theoretical extender level of 95% stoichiometry is used for the best balance of properties.

Figure 2. 95 Shore A Elastomer Properties vs Extender Stoichiometry;

POLYMEG 1000 Polyol / TDI / MOCA

compression set, B, %
55
elongation x 10, %
50

45
bashore resilience, %
40
split tear x 10, pli

35

30

tensile strength x 100, psi

25

20 300% modulus x 100, psi

15
100% modulus x 100, psi
10
90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

extender, % theory

MOCA is a high melting solid (mp 110°C) and requires processing at elevated temperatures. A unique
method of producing a liquid extender is to dissolve MOCA with POLYMEG 650 polyol at 90°C produc-
ing a glycol diamine blend. The most stable blend is a NH2/OH ratio of 1:1 exhibiting excellent room tem-
perature stability. Higher NH2/OH ratios may be used (e.g., 1.5:1 or 2:1) but stability is reduced to 7 weeks
and 1 week respectively.
To produce low hardness elastomers using TDI technology, glycols such as 1,4-butanediol (BDO) may be
used. Since allophonate cross-linking is more difficult in this system, the use of a trifunctional glycol, such
as trimethylolpropane (TMP) is recommended. The reactivity of a diol/triol extender is lower than that of
MOCA and therefore demolding times are longer. Catalysts, such as amines and metal salts, can be used to
shorten demolding times.

10
Table III shows the expected elastomer physical properties for a 6.2% NCO POLYMEG 1000 / 80-20 TDI
prepolymer extended with POLYMEG 650 polyol/MOCA blends and with a 1,4-BDO / TMP blend.

Table III
Elastomers Based On POLYMEG 1000 Polyol and 80/20 TDI
With Various Extender Blends

Prepolymers
Mole Ratio, NCO/OH 2/1 2/1 2/1
%FNCO 6.2 6.2 6.2

Extender Blends
POLYMEG 650 Polyol, equiv. 1 1 -
MOCA*, equiv. 1 2 -
1,4-Butanediol*, equiv. - - 5
Trimethylolpropane, equiv. - - 1

Properties
Hardness, Shore A 86 91 60
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus, psi 635 800 250
300% Modulus, psi 1100 1250 450
Ultimate, psi 4000 4800 2900
Elongation, % 615 575 560
Tear Strength: Die C, pli 315 350 170
Split, pli 50 80 10
Bashore Resilience, % 52 48 43
Compression Set, B, % 26 26 12
Clash-Berg, Tf, °C -58 -54 -53

*@ 95% Stoichiometry

There are alternative extenders available. Some provide useful physical properties and desirable processing
characteristics with minimal sacrifice in elastomer properties. Some of the alternatives are:

Ethacure® 300, a mixture of 3,5-bis(methylthio)-2,4 and 2,6-toluenediamine (80/20 ratio), is a low viscosity
liquid. At the 95% stoichiometric level, it gives elastomeric properties in line with the MOCA system.
Other extenders used are methylene-bis-aniline (MDA), Versalink® 740M, and Lonzacure® (M-CDEA).

Ethacure® is a registered trademark of Albermarle Corporation.

Versalink® and Lonzacure® are registered trademarks of Air Products.

11
 MDI Formulations
With concern for the use of MOCA as an extender with TDI prepolymers, alternative prepolymer systems, based
on diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) extension, have been formulated.
Tables IV (pg. 13) and V (pg. 14) illustrate various MDI/POLYMEG polyol/BDO elastomer properties.
These elastomers exhibit equivalent physical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, compression set,
and resilience; and almost equivalent tear strength when compared to equivalent hardness TDI-based elas-
tomers. Hydrolytic stability, low temperature flexibility, rebound, and impingement abrasion resistance are
greatly enhanced. To achieve the same hardness values, the MDI/POLYMEG polyol NCO/OH ratio must
be higher than those for TDI. For example, 95 Shore A material based on TDI has a 2:1 ratio, while the MDI
based material requires 3:1. As in TDI technology, the 95% extender stoichiometry is used to achieve the best
balance of overall physical properties.
When extending with 1,4-butanediol (BDO), MDI/POLYMEG polyol prepolymers require higher-shear
mixing than TDI/POLYMEG polyol prepolymers extended with MOCA. Incomplete mixing is character-
ized by streaks and inferior properties in the final elastomer. Proper casting techniques are required for each
mold configuration in order to obtain bubble-free castings. A mold temperature up to 130°C with 150°C as
maximum may be required to prevent the occurrence of stars in the cured elastomer. Molding and post-cure
temperature guidelines are listed in Tables IV and V. After the initial oven cure, a 7-14 day post-cure at room
temperature is necessary for the urethane elastomer to achieve optimum physical properties.
Aromatic diols such as hydroquinone di-(beta-hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE) and resorcinol di-(beta-hydrox-
yethyl) ether (HER) are used as extenders for MDI/POLYMEG polyol prepolymers to impart high modulus
and tear properties to the elastomer over that of short chain aliphatic diols. With HER’s lower melting point,
the final elastomer is less likely to have evidence of star formation.

12
 Table IV
Elastomers Based on POLYMEG 1000 Polyol / MDI / Glycol Extended

Hardness, Shore A, (D) (75) (60) 95 95 90 85 80 70 60

Prepolymer
Mole Ratio, NCO/OH 7/1 4/1 3/1 2/1 2.4/1 2/1 3/1 3/1 3/1
%FNCO 18.0 12.5 9.4 5.3 7.3 5.3 9.4 9.4 9.4
Viscosity: 30°C, cps 380 2500 7000 34000 15000 34000 7000 7000 7000
100°C, cps - 180 240 750 450 750 240 240 240

Extender (95% stoich), g/100 g prepolymer

POLYMEG 1000 Polyol 4.2 - - - - - 36.3 64.0 95.0
1,4-BDO 1.8 12.7 9.5 - 7.3 5.4 6.3 3.8 0.76
TMP - - - - - - - - 0.18
HQEE - - - 11.9 - - - - -
Niax® Polyol HL-565 11.7 - - - - - - - -

Processing with Mold Temperature 120°C

Reactants °C 45 80 80 120 80 80 80 80 80
Pot Life, Min 2.5 1.5 4 5 6 9 16 24 20

Properties1
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus, psi 3250 2350 1380 1800 1020 770 580 400 500
300% Modulus, psi 4100 3700 2400 2650 2100 1660 1100 780 620
Ultimate, psi 4500 6200 5500 4100 5310 4800 4400 3300 2440
Elongation, % 310 420 510 550 480 460 490 500 575
Tear Strength: Die C, pli 890 700 490 590 350 295 280 230 150
Split, pli - 300 175 240 90 45 38 15 12
Bashore Resilience, % 38 42 45 47 47 50 53 59 71
Compression Set, B, % 24 31 27 21 30 30 30 27 26
Abrasion Resistance, g loss 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02
Clash-Berg, Tf, °C -26 -37 -43 -45 -46 -49 -50 -52 -56

1
Post cure at 16 hr. @ 110°C

Niax® is a registered trademark of Union Carbide

13
 Table V
Elastomers Based on POLYMEG 2000 Polyol / MDI / Glycol Extended

Hardness, Shore A, (D) (60) 95 90 85 70 70 60

Prepolymer
Mole Ratio, NCO/OH 8.2/1 4.6/1 3.55/1.0 2.8/1 8.2/1 4.6/1 2.8/1
%FNCO 14.9 9.5 7.3 5.35 14.9 9.5 5.35
Viscosity: 30°C, cps 2,000 8,000 13,000 23,000 2,000 8,000 23,000
100°C, cps 100 289 400 700 100 280 700

Extender (95% stoich), g/100 g prepolymer

POLYMEG 2000 Polyol - - - - 157.1 132 121.0
1,4-BDO 15.2 9.6 7.5 5.5 8.1 - -
HQEE - - - - - 8.1 -

Processing with Mold temperature at 120°C

Prepolymer/extender, °C/°C 50/50 80/80 80/80 80/80 80/80 100/110 80/80
Pot Life, Min 2.5 4.5 7 16 45 35 48

Properties1
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus, psi 2790 1375 960 770 425 390 225
300% Modulus, psi 3450 1300 1875 1500 795 905 350
Ultimate, psi 4500 5500 5450 4875 3750 3200 1300
Elongation, % 440 480 600 540 510 545 785
Tear Strength: Die C, pli 650 545 425 360 225 240 130
Bashore Resilience, % 48 50 57 65 72 70 79
Compression Set, B, % 37 32 30 27 28 40 18
Abrasion Resistance, g loss 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01
Clash-Berg, Tf, °C -60 -66 -68 -71 -72 -73 -78

Post cure at 16 hr. @ 110°C

1

14
Alternative Urethane Elastomers
Systems based on POLYMEG polyol, 4,4’-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) (HMD) and methylenedianiline
(MDA) are used for applications requiring a high degree of UV resistance and maximum hydrolytic stability. The
formulation for a 50 Shore D elastomer is illustrated in Table VI. Glycol extension with catalysts is utilized for spe-
cialized ambient temperature applications and as a base for thermoplastic formulations requiring the maximum
degree of environmental stability.

Table VI
Elastomer Based on POLYMEG 1000 Polyol
Methylenebis (cyclohexylisocyanate)-Methylenedianiline

Prepolymer
Mole Ratio, NCO ................................................................................................................................................2/1
%FNC ..................................................................................................................................................................5.5
Viscosity: 30°C, cps ............................................................................................................................................17,660
100°C, cps ............................................................................................................................................5780

Compound
Prepolymer, g ......................................................................................................................................................100
Methylenedianiline, g. at 95% Stoichiometry ......................................................................................................12.3

Processing and Curing

Mix Temperature, °C............................................................................................................................................100
Mold Temperature, °C..........................................................................................................................................110
Pot life, Mins ........................................................................................................................................................3.5
Post-Cure, Hrs./°C ..............................................................................................................................................16/110

Properties
Hardness, Shore D ..............................................................................................................................................50
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus, psi ................................................................................................................................1800
300% Modulus, psi ................................................................................................................................4650
Ultimate, psi ..........................................................................................................................................5400
Elongation, % ..............................................................................................................................................................320
Tear Strength, Die C, pli ......................................................................................................................................345
Bashore Resilience, % ........................................................................................................................................47
Compression Set, B, % ......................................................................................................................................45

15
 Low Temperature Properties
Many applications require that the elastomer retain its elasticity at temperatures as low as -40°C (-40°F).
Table VII shows results from a study that showed the best low temperature performance was obtained using
the polytetramethylene ether glycol (POLYMEG polyols) in three isocyanate-extender systems (6). This test
was run by measuring the apparent modulus of rigidity at 45,000 psi (Tf ) with the Clash-Berg torsional appa-
ratus. An alternative method of measuring low temperature performance is to view compression-deflection
curves over a broad temperature range. The ideal elastomer would exhibit essentially a constant compression-
deflection or a minimal change in compressive behavior between 180°F and –40°F. The study showed that
the various polyols were found to be similar at higher temperatures with significant differences found in low
temperature performance. The elastomers prepared from POLYMEG polyols exhibited the least change in
compression-deflection over the total temperature range.

Table VII
Comparison of Low Temperatures Elastomer Properties:
Various Polymeric Diol / Diisocyanate / Extender Systems

Clash-Berg Hardness Rebound Compression

Break Minimum Deflection
Polymeric Diol Tf(°C) T4(°C) (°F) (°F) (180°F to -40°F)
% Change
25% 50%

TDI-MOCA System
POLYMEG 1000 Polyol -53 -5 10 10 205 203
POLYMEG 2000 Polyol -75 -43 20 5 211 174
PCL 1250 -34 -15 20 35 558 392
PCL 2000 -44 -32 25 5 480 363
PEPAG 1000 -16 10 45 >77 900 530
PEPAG 2000 -32 -18 10 15 955 700

MDI-1,4 BDO System

POLYMEG 1000 Polyol -47 -10 10 15 320 343
POLYMEG 2000 Polyol -73 -57 15 0 137 180
PCL 1250 -34 -14 10 25 810 610
PCL 2000 -47 -35 25 25 400 294
PEPAG 1000 -27.5 -15 15 20 505 425
PEPAG 2000 -44 -29 20 30 460 385

HMDI-MDA System
POLYMEG 1000 Polyol -57 -2 20 - 366 320
PBAG 1000 -35 15 25 - 840 720

PCL = Polycaprolacetone
PEPAG = Polyethylene propylene adipate glycol
PBAG = Polybutylene adipate glycol

16
Hydrolytic Stability
The results of a study comparing the hydrolytic stability of different polyether and polyester based elastomers with
various diisocyanate-curative systems indicate that polyester based elastomers are four times more susceptible to the
hydrolytic attack than polyether-based elastomers (7). Among the polyethers tested, the POLYMEG polyol based
elastomers showed the greatest degree of hydrolytic stability. Figure 3 graphs the hydrolytic stability as percent ten-
sile strength retention versus aging time of POLYMEG polyol-based elastomers with three different diisocyanate-
curative systems. The use of MDI and BDO with POLYMEG 1000 polyol improves hydrolytic stability 12 fold
over that of the TDI and MOCA system. With the HMDI and MDA system, the POLYMEG polyol-based elas-
tomer shows very slight degradation.

Figure 3: Hydrolytic Stability of POLYMEG 1000 Polyol-based Elastomers:

Comparison of Various Diisocyanate / Curative Systems
(80° C – 95% RH Environmental Chamber)

120
tensile strength retention, %

H12MDI-MDA
100

80
MDI-BDO
60

40
TDI-MOCA
20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Test Exposure Time, days

17
 Oil and Solvent Resistance
Like most polyether-based elastomers, POLYMEG polyol-based elastomers will swell in solvents because they are
less polar in nature.
The data in Table VIII shows that POLYMEG polyol-based elastomers have excellent resistance to acids and bases.

Table VIII
Oil and Solvent Resistance
For 50 Shore D POLYMEG Polyol Based Urethane Elastomers

Medium Water1 20% 20% 20% 50% Conc. 20% ASTM2 ASTM2 Ref.1
HCl3 H2SO43 HNO34 NaOH3 NH4OH3 Acetic Oil #1 Oil#3 Fuel B
Acid3

POLYMEG 1000 Polyol / TDI / MOCA

Swell, % 1.3 1.3 4.3 7.0 0.3 1.6 9.0 1.0 12.0 25.0
Property Retention, %
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus 81 - 111 28 139 89 59 126 115 89
300% Modulus 97 - 125 - 164 83 55 127 99 -
Ultimate 63 - 83 15 152 56 34 131 101 46
Elongation 79 - 83 50 100 113 100 121 142 58

POLYMEG 1000 Polyol / MDI / 1,4-BDO

Swell, % 1.2 1.5 1.0 4.2 1.0 1.9 6.5 0.5 13.0 22.0
Property Retention, %
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus 89 - 96 61 117 89 78 94 - 90
300% Modulus 110 - 112 - 123 97 77 104 - 97
Ultimate 85 - 105 24 170 89 73 141 154 75
Elongation 81 - 93 35 116 93 97 116 151 76

POLYMEG 1000 Polyol / HMDI / MDA

Swell, % 1.5 1.6 1.3 Dissolved 0.4 1.8 12.0 2.7 32.0 30
Property Retention, %
Tensile Strength
100% Modulus 73 - 100 128 89 45 122 - 60
300% Modulus - - - - - - - - -
Ultimate 69 - 92 101 77 35 119 66 54
Elongation 85 - 82 78 95 100 98 117 98

1
1 week @ 50°C
2
70 hours @ 100°C
3
30 days @ 25°C
4
8 days @ 25°C

18
Stabilization of Polyether-Urethanes and Polyether Block Copolymers
Polymers are susceptible to degradation primarily caused by thermooxidative, thermal, or UV initiated degra-
dation. In thermooxidation of polyurethanes, the urethane group is relatively stable and the degradation starts
in the polyether chain, particularly the CH2 group adjacent to or in the alpha position to the ether linkage.
In MDI-based polyurethanes, the methylene bridge between the two aromatic rings of the MDI is also a point
of photooxidative attack. This can lead to badly discolored and degraded polymers unless stabilizers are used.
Stabilizers are added to the raw materials used to make polyurethanes and are also added as additives during
the production of polyurethanes. The stabilizers are added to primarily retard the effects of thermooxidation
and photooxidation of either the raw materials or the finished polymer. Development of color and reductions
in mechanical properties are common problems that result from oxidative degradation of polyurethanes.
PTMEG as well as aromatic isocyanates typically contain butylated-hydroxytoluene (BHT) to retard oxida-
tion during storage. BHT is an effective thermooxidative stabilizer; however, higher molecular weight hin-
dered phenols are usually used in polyurethanes because of color or volatility problems with BHT (8). Trace
levels of transition metal compounds in polyurethane raw materials can strongly catalyze oxidative reactions
and for this reason low levels of phosphoric acid are often added to passivate these metals.
Aromatic isocyanates easily form highly yellow colored compounds via the oxidation of intermediate aromat-
ic amines. This color formation can be retarded by the use of stabilizers (9) but aliphatic isocyanates are usu-
ally used for light stable applications. Aliphatic-based polyurethanes give light stable products but stabilizers
must be used to retard loss of mechanical properties.

PTMEG QC Tests
Molecular Weight
• Accurate molecular weight is critical for thermoplastic polyurethane properties
The high hydroxyl-side gives lower mechanical properties, sticky and/or hazy product
The high isocyanate-side can give crosslinked product
• Lyondell Chemical Company uses a near IR method to ensure accurate MW measurements
For P-1000, MW standard deviation is 1.5
• Hydroxyl number = 112,200/MW

Acid Number
• Simple titration of sample with sodium hydroxide
• All commercial PTMEG has less than 0.04 mg KOH/g acid number unless the sample has been
oxidized

Alkalinity Number
• Acid/base titration developed in the 60’s to measure low levels of sodium/potassium
weak acid salts
• Test was modified to measure very low levels of acid in PTMEG
A negative alkalinity number means the sample is acidic
To convert to acid number multiply by -0.001867
• The target is to be near zero alkalinity number (test has standard deviation of about 0.2)

19
 APHA Color
• Slight yellow color is detectable by eye when APHA number exceeds about 25 in a quart jar
• Most commercial PTMEG has APHA below 30
• Color of polyurethanes does not correlate with PTMEG APHA color when numbers are below 30

Water
• High water in PTMEG can cause bubbles, color and stoichiometry problems in polyurethanes
• Karl-Fisher titration is used for test. Proper sampling/handling is needed to get accurate numbers

Volatiles
• GC method for organic volatiles

Ash
• Originally determined by weight left after ashing with sulfuric acid
Gravimetric method is difficult to use for low (<20 ppm) ash samples
• Lyondell Chemical Company uses atomic absorption to quantify sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron.
Low ash is needed to prevent urethane crosslinking reactions

Molecular Weight Ratio

• Weight average MW/number average MW
• The weight average MW is calculated from the viscosity of the sample at 40° C (MW = 10^(0.493
log(poise) + 3.0646)
• Target is to be below 2.1
• Higher MW ratios give higher viscosities for prepolymers and possibly haze in clear polyurethane
applications

Carbonyl Ratio
• Number calculated from an IR spectra which reflects the amount of carbonyl groups in PTMEG
• Carbonyl groups show up in PTMEG which has been exposed to oxygen and heat
The carbonyl ratio is typically less than 2 for non-oxidized PTMEG

Peroxide
• Determined by thiosulfate titration of peroxide liberated iodine
• Peroxides form in PTMEG which has been exposed to oxygen and heat. Peroxides can affect catalyst
and other additives in polyurethanes

20
Polyurethane Chemistry
Structures of common chemicals used in making polyurethane elastomers are given below.

POLYMEG Polyol HO-(CH2CH2CH2CH2-O)n-H

H3C H3C
H
NCO NCO NCO
NCO NCO

H
NCO
MDI TDI isomers

NCO

NCO
H3C
NCO NCO
CH3
CH3
HMDI
Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI)

CH3 CH3
CI CI H2N
H NH2 NH2

+
H2N NH2
H3CS SCH3 H3CS SCH3
H H2N

MOCA Ethacure® 300

H5C2 CI C2H5
H
H

H2N NH2
H2N NH2

H
H5C2 CI C2H5 H

M-CDEA MDA

H3C CH2OH

CH2OH
HO(H2C)2O O(CH2)2OH

CH2OH

HQEE
trimethylol propane (TMP)

21
 Primary Reactions of Isocyanate
O
R
+ R OH R NH C O R
N C O

isocyanate alcohol urethane

O
H
R
+ R NH2 R NH C N R
N C O

isocyanate amine urea

With excess isocyanate, urethane and urea bonds can react to form allophonate and biuret bonds.

O O

R N C O R
R NH C O R + R

N C O O C NH R

urethane excess isocyanate allophonate

O
O H
H H
R N C N R
R N C N R + R

N C O O C NH R

urea excess isocyanate biuret

Water reacts with isocyanates to give carbon dioxide plus a primary amine. The amine quickly reacts with
another isocyanate to form a urea bond. The released carbon dioxide causes bubbles in elastomers.

O
R
+ R NH C OH CO2
N C O H2O

isocyanate carbamic acid

O
R
H
R NH2 + R NH C N R
N C O

amine isocyanate urea

22
Formulation Calculations
A common problem is to determine the weight percent of POLYMEG polyol, extender and diisocyanate needed
to get an elastomer of a target hardness. This can be done for the TDI and MDI systems by looking at the tables
in this brochure. From the mole ratio of NCO/OH (isocyanate/hydroxyl) for the prepolymer, the % NCO for a
prepared or purchased prepolymer is calculated by:
% NCO = (equivalents isocyanate-equivalents POLYMEG polyol) * 4200/(weight of prepolymer)
equivalents POLYMEG polyol = Pw * weight of prepolymer/(POLYMEG polyol equivalent weight)
POLYMEG polyol equivalent weight = 56100/(POLYMEG polyol hydroxyl number)
Pw = (Pn * POLYMEG polyol eq wt)/(Pn * POLYMEG polyol eq wt + In * isocyanate eq wt)
Pn = OH mole ratio/(OH mole ratio + NCO mole ratio)
equivalents isocyanate = Iw * weight of prepolymer/(isocyanate equivalent weight)
In = NCO mole ratio/(OH mole ratio + NCO mole ratio)
Iw = (In * isocyanate eq wt)/(Pn * POLYMEG polyol eq wt + In * isocyanate eq wt)
Isocyanate equivalent weight = isocyanate molecular weight/(functionality)
Functionality usually = 2
The table below lists the molecular weight of some common diisocyanates and extenders.

Compound Molecular weight

MDI 250
TDI 174.2
HMDI 262.2
Isophorone diisocyanate 222.2
MOCA 267.2
Ethacure 300 214.4
MDA 198.3
M-CDEA 379.4
HQEE 198.2
1,4-butanediol 90.0
Trimethylol propane 134.2

A prepolymer that is made or purchased should be analyzed (10) for the % NCO since it will often differ slightly
from the calculated value. The measured % NCO value gives the weight of extender to add by:
Weight of extender = (% NCO * weight of prepolymer * extender equiv. wt) * F/4200
F = mole fraction of stoichiometry, often F = 0.95
For example, to make a 95 Shore A elastomer with MDI, Table IV shows that a NCO/OH of 3/1 is needed. The
mole fraction of POLYMEG polyol in the prepolymer is Pn = 1/4 = 0.25 and for MDI In = 3/4 = 0.75. For a POLY-
MEG polyol with hydroxyl number 112.2 (500 eq. wt), the weight fraction of POLYMEG polyol in the pre-
polymer is Pw = (0.25 * 500)/(0.25 * 500 + 0.75 * 125) = 0.57. For 100 parts of prepolymer the equivalents of
POLYMEG polyol = 0.57 * 100/500 = 0.114 and the equivalents of isocyanate = 0.43 * 100/125 = 0.344. The
prepolymer % NCO is:
% NCO = (0.344-0.114) * 4200/100 = 9.65
The weight of butanediol extender/100 parts prepolymer = 9.65 * 100 * 45 * 0.95/4200 = 9.82 (for 0.95
stoichiometry).
23
 Viscosity and Density Calculations for POLYMEG Polyols
The formulas listed below can be used to calculate the viscosity and density of POLYMEG polyol grades.

POLYMEG Polyol Grade Log 10 viscosity in cp

650 9x10-5 (temp °C)2 -0.0257 (temp °C) + 3.11

1000 9x10-5 (temp °C)2 -0.026 (temp °C) + 3.3662
2000 9x10-5 (temp °C)2 -0.026 (temp °C) + 3.994

POLYMEG Polyol Grades Density, g/cc

650 -0.0007 (temp °C) + 1.0047

1000 to 2000 -0.0007 (temp °C) + 1.0025

Testing of Polyurethane Elastomers

There are two ways to evaluate a polyurethane elastomer used by most application chemists. One can test the
final part and/or one can test the polyurethane material.
Testing of the final parts can be quite complex and the tests results can be narrowed depending upon the
specific size and shape of the part to be tested. Material testing usually involves a set of standardized test methods
with simple specimens. Such test results are very important in the development of polyurethane materials with
targeted properties and can be utilized in predicting the properties of the final parts. As the final product cures,
the mechanical properties are subject to change due to curing and crystallization of the material. Various indus-
trial users will develop additional specifications based upon product needs.

Hardness ASTM D2240

The hardness test measures the indentation into the polymer of the indenter under a load. It is measured on a
scale of 0 to 100. Hardness is typically measured on the Shore A or the Shore D scale. A reading above 90 on
the Shore A scale will generally overlap with readings below 20 on the D scale. Further information may be
found by reading the ASTM D2240 Durometer Hardness test methods.

Stress/Strain Modulus ASTM D412

Typically, the stress/strain modulus is measured as the force needed to stretch a sample at 100, 200, and 300%
of elongation. These measured parts are generally 2 mm thick and 6 mm wide and prepared using a Die “C”
mold.

Tear Strength ASTM D3574

The tear strength of a sample measures the energy requirements needed to tear a partially slit sample at a specific
rate of separation.

Die C Tear ASTM D 624C

This test uses an un-nicked 90 deg. angle specimen and provides a good measure of tear initiation and propagation.

24
Rebound ASTM D2632
The rebound test determines the amount of energy a sample will absorb. A sample of material 28 mm in diam-
eter and 12-13 mm thick has a plunger dropped from a specific height. The lower the plunger rebounds (more
energy absorbed by the sample), the lower the value.

Compression Set ASTM D395

The compression set determines the extent a polymer will be permanently deformed by a prolonged compressive
load.

NBS Abrasion ASTM 1630

Materials are exposed to two types of abrasion: sliding and impingement. Sliding is the passing of one surface
across the surface of the polymer. Impingement tests the wear of a polymer surface as exemplified by sand par-
ticles striking the surface.

DIN Abrasion DIN-53516

This is a specialized test of a polymer 10 mm thick and 12 mm in diameter placed under force on a roll with
sandpaper.

DeMattia Flexer ASTM D430

The DeMattia Flex test is designed to bend a polymer to produce cracking as a measure of performance.

Ross Flexer ASTM D1052

The Ross Flexer test point determines the resistance of an elastomer to cut growth when subjected to repeated
bending.

Vicat Softening ASTM D1525

The Vicat softening point is a useful method to compare the heat-softening characteristics of various polymers.

The test methods which are used to determine the properties of elastomers are in most cases standardized meth-
ods, such as ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), DIN (Deutsche Industire Norms), and ISO
(International Standardization Organization). ISO standards are more and more utilized due to the easier com-
munication on the international level.

25
 Storage and Handling
POLYMEG polyols are shipped in 55-gallon (208L) closed-head steel drums, coiled and insulated tank cars, and
tank trucks. All shipping containers undergo a rigorous inspection in accordance with the standard procedure used
for shipping product for food applications. The product is loaded and bulk shipped at a minimum of 65°C
(150°F). Normal precautions should be maintained in handling hot liquids during the unloading of bulk shipping
containers and warmed drums.
POLYMEG polyols are stabilized to prevent degradation in storage and during normal handling. Prolonged heating
under a nitrogen blanket at 50-65°C (125-150°F) is recommended. However, the presence of air will result in partial
oxidation and degradation. The first indication of improper heating is an increase in APHA color, followed by a mod-
erate increase in both peroxide content and acid number. Thermal decomposition will occur under anaerobic condi-
tions at 210-220°C (410-430°F) with the tetrahydrofuran as the major decomposition product.
When stored in tanks, POLYMEG polyols must be blanketed with dry nitrogen to prevent moisture pickup and
possible discoloration in the final polymer product. Storage tanks should provide for adequate circulation of the
contents and be equipped with proper instrumentation to control the storage temperature—generally at 55-65°C
(130-150°F). Low-pressure steam and/or electric coils should be used as the heat source for the tank contents and
heat tracing of pipe lines. POLYMEG polyols are completely stable for at least one year when stored under a nitro-
gen atmosphere at a maximum temperature of 55°C (130°F). At a temperature of 100°C (212°F), stability is lim-
ited to a few days.
POLYMEG polyols are hygroscopic and can absorb as much as 2% moisture in an unprotected environment. Gross
amounts of water are removed by azeotropic distillation with toluene. Further reduction in water content can be
achieved by heating for several hours at 120-150°C (248-302°F) under reduced pressure (less than 20mm Hg). The
apparatus must be cleaned and free of air, oxides and acids to minimize contamination and oxidation.
Drums may be warmed to about 70°C (160°F) for about 24 hours to melt the contents. Thereafter, storage at 38°C
(100°F) will prevent re-solidification. Open drums with partially used contents should be blanketed with nitrogen.
If partial solidification occurs, it is recommended that the material be remelted to prevent stratification and to facil-
itate handling.
Alternative methods to melt drum contents:
1) Steam chest with free steam at 100°C (212°F) for 9-16 hours.
2) Plate coil drum heater using low-pressure steam in coils to heat until the drum skin temperature is about
95°C (200°F).
3) Mantle drum heaters using a thermostat to ensure that the drum skin temperature does not exceed
95°C (200°F).
4) Band drum heaters placed on lower part of the drum. Control with a thermostat to ensure that the drum
temperature does not exceed 95°C (200°F).
5) Place a tarp over a series of drums. Free steam under the tarp will melt the drums overnight.
More detailed safety and disposal information about this product is contained in the Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS). All users of our products are urged to retain and use the MSDS. A MSDS is automatically distributed upon
purchase/order execution. You may request an advance or replacement copy by going to our website: www.lyondell.com
or www.lyondelleurope.com or by calling our MSDS hotline at (800) 700-0946 (U.S. and Canada), European
Technical Services at (33) 3 44 24 92 05, or Asian Headquarters at (852) 2882-2688.
References
1. G. Oertel, Polyurethane Handbook, 2nd ed., Carl Hanser Publishers, 1993.
2. J.K. Backus, in H.F. Mark, eds., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Vol. 13, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988.
3. Preparation of Prepolymers, Dow Chemical Company Publication.
4. Polyurethane Raw Materials and Services, www.polyurethane.org/vexpo/index.html.
5. Legge, N. R., Holden, G., and Schroeder, H. E., Thermoplastic Elastomers, 1st ed., Hanser Publishers, 1987.
6. Rustad, N.E. and R.G. Krawiec. “Polyurethane Elastomers Low Temperature Performance.” Rubber Age, Nov. and Dec. 1973.
7. Pentz, W.J. and R.G. Krawiec. “Hydrolytic Stability of Polyurethane Elastomers,” Rubber Age, Dec. 1975.
8. O. Bangee, “Antioxidant-induced yellowing of textiles,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, 50, 313 (1995).
9. S. Andrews, “Stabilization Strategies for “Weatherable” Polyurethanes,” Polyurethanes Expo 96.
10. PURMAC, “Determination of NCO Content of Aromatic Isocyanates,” J. Cellular Plastics, 1-10, Sept. 1991.
26
POLYMEG®
Polyols
Applications

The information in this brochure is believed to be accurate as of

the date of publication. It is the responsibility of the customer to
determine whether the product is appropriate and suitable for the
customer’s specific use. Specific end uses may require approval
by appropriate regulatory agencies. Lyondell Chemical Company
makes no warranties express or implied, regarding the product or
information contained therein. The applicable Material Data Sheet
should be reviewed by customer before handling Lyondell
Chemical Company products. Lyondell Chemical Company
disclaims any liability for infringement of any patent by reason of
customer’s use of any Lyondell Chemical Company products in
combination with other materials or in any process.

www.lyondellbasell.com

Lyondell Chemical Company

1221 McKinney Street
Houston, TX 77010 USA
Telephone: (713) 652-7200
Facsimile: (713) 309-4944

Newtown Square Technology Center

Lyondell Chemical Company
3801 West Chester Pike
Newtown Square, PA 19073-2387 USA
Telephone: (610) 359-2000

Lyondell Chemical Europe, Inc.

P. O. Box 2416
3000 CK Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Telephone: (31) (10) 275 5500
Facsimile: (31) (10) 275 5599

Lyondell Asia Pacific, Ltd.

41st Floor, The Lee Gardens
33 Hysan Avenue
Causeway Bay
Hong Kong
Telephone: (852) 28822-668
Facsimile: (852) 28401-690

Telephone toll-free in the U.S. and Canada

1-888-777-0232 or
+33 3 44 24 92 05 (Europe and Asia).

2268-V4-0510 (supersedes 2268-V4-0707)