MODULE FOR INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY- AN

ORIENTATION

Instructor: Cyrus L. Alcala

Contact details: Messenger-Cyrus Alcal III; Email – [email protected]
Phone - 09209277589.
Consultation Hours: Wednesdays 9:00 AM-12:00 NN
No. of Hours: 3

I. TARGETED COURSE OUCOMES AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

A. Course Outcomes:
1. Defend their decision in using sound science (Physical and Health)
through the study of anatomy and physiology.
2. Specify client’s physical status/condition/problems to be addressed by
identifying reasons (etiology) for the existence of the condition.

B. Learning Objectives:
After 3 hours, the students will be able to:

1. Identify the different organs of our body including their functions.

2. Describe the names of the positions, directions, regions and structures
use in the study of Human Anatomy and Physiology.
3. Create a slideshow of the different organs of the body (suggestion only)

II. ASSESSMENT
1. Create a slideshow about the different organs of the body.
2. Post Test

III. TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

“WORK WITH DETERMINATION, GO TO BED WITH

SATISFACTION”
Learning Task # 1 Anatomy and Physiology-An Introduction

Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Including their relationship to each other.

Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy and Physiology are always inseparable. The parts of your body
forms a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to function.

There are 2 levels in the study of structures; the Gross and the Microscopic.

1. Gross anatomy
The branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and
tissues that are visible to the naked eye. They are presented as large
structures and easily observable.
 2. Microscopic Anatomy
The branch of anatomy that relies on the use of microscopes to examine
the smallest structures of the body; tissues, cells, and molecules.

Learning Task # 2 Levels of Structural Organization

There are 6 levels of structural organization that make up the human body
1. Chemical level
Atoms. The tiny blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as
the molecule of sugar.

2. Cellular Level
Molecules associates in specific ways to form Microscopic cells, the
smallest unit of all living things.
3. Tissue Level
Cells that have a common function combine to form a tissue.

4. Organ Level
An organ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that performs
a specific function.

5. Organ System level

An organ system is composed of organs that work together to accomplish
a common purpose.
6. Organismal Level
Organ systems make up the human being.

Learning Task # 3 Organ Systems Overview

There are 11 major organ systems in the human organism. They are the
following:

1. Integumentary System

a. Forms the external body covering

b. Protects deeper tissue from injury
c. Helps regulate body temperature
d. Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
2. Skeletal System

a. Protects and supports body organs

b. Provides muscle attachment for movement
c. Site of blood cell formation
d. Stores minerals

3. Muscular System

a. Produces movement
b. Maintains posture
c. Produces heat
4. Nervous System

a. Fast-acting control system

b. Responds to internal and external change
c. Activates muscles and glands

5. Endocrine System
a. Secretes regulatory hormones for:
a. Growth
b. Reproduction
c. Metabolism
6. Cardiovascular System

a. Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Nutrients
d. Wastes

7. Lymphatic System

a. Returns fluids to blood vessels

b. Cleanses the blood
c. Involved in immunity
8. Respiratory System

a. Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

b. Removes carbon dioxide

9. Digestive System

a. Breaks down food

b. Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
c. Eliminates indigestible material as feces
10. Urinary System

a. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

b. Maintains acid-base balance
c. Regulates water and electrolytes

11. Reproductive Systems

a. Produces offspring
b. Testes produce sperm and male hormone
c. Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones

Learning Evidence # 1

Instructions:
1. Make a slideshow of the different organs of the human body.
2. Upload your work in canvas
3. Assignment will be graded basing on this Rubric.
 CRITERIA 5 3 1
CONTENT Displays Some of the Most of the
complete important important
content concepts are concepts are
missing not found.
STYLE AND CREATIVITY Exhibits Good design Poor design
exceptional and fair and creativity
style and creativity
creativity
RESOURCEFULNESS Excellent use Good use of Did not use
of the indigenous any
indigenous materials indigenous
materials materials.

Learning Task # 4 Necessary Life Functions

Organ systems do not work in isolation; instead they work together to

promote the well-being of the entire body. Each of the organs contribute to
the following necessary life functions:

1. Maintaining Boundaries

Every living organism must be able to maintain its boundaries. Every cell
in the human body is enclosed by an external membrane. The body as a
whole is enclosed by the skin.

2. Movement

The muscular system promotes activities such as propelling ourselves

from one place to another. Skeletal System provides the bones that the
muscles pull on as they work. Movement also occurs when substances
such as blood, food stuffs, and urine are propelled through the internal
organs.

3. Responsiveness or Irritability
 It is the ability to sense changes in the environment and react to it. Nerve
cells are highly irritable and can communicate with each other. The
Nervous System is responsible for this life function.

4. Digestion

Digestion is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple

molecules that can then be absorbed in the blood. The nutrient-rich blood
is then distributed to all body cells by the Cardiovascular System.
.
5. Metabolism

Refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body. Includes the
breaking down of complex into smaller ones. Metabolism depends on the
Digestive and Respiratory Systems.

6. Excretion

The process of removing waste materials from the body. The Digestive
System removes indigestible food residues in feces and the Urinary
System disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine. The
skin disposes of various waste products as components of sweat.

7. Reproduction

This occurs in cellular and organismal level. The reproduction system is

responsible for this function.

8. Growth

It is an increase in size of cells or an increase in body size that is usually

accomplished by an increase in the number of cells. Hormones of the
Endocrine System plays a major role in directing growth.

Learning Task # 5 Survival Needs

The goal of nearly all body systems is to maintain life. But life is extraordinary
fragile and requires some factors which we call Survival Needs. They are the
following :
 1. Nutrients

Contains chemicals that are used for energy and cell building. They are
the :
a. Carbohydrates- the major energy-providing fuel for body cells.
b. Proteins and fats – essential for building cell structures.
c. Fats – cushions body organs and provide reserve fuel.
d. Vitamins and Minerals – required for the chemical reactions that go
on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood.

2. Oxygen

Chemical reactions that release energy from foods require oxygen Human
cells can survive for only a few minutes without it.

3. Water

Accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight. It provides the fluid base for
body secretions and excretions.

4. Stable Body temperature

If chemical reactions are to continue, the normal body temperature is to be

maintained. If it drops below 37 degrees C, metabolic reactions becomes
slower and stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions
proceed too rapidly and proteins will begin to break down. Either way, it
can result to Death.

5. Atmospheric Pressure.

The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air.
Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
depends on the appropriate atmospheric pressure.

Check this video for more information:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kfQOiHn8B0

1. What would happen if one of these factors will be missing?

2. What then is our responsibility in the maintenance of these factors?

Learning Task # 6 Homeostasis

 Homeostasis describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. A
dynamic state of equilibrium. This is necessary for normal body functioning
and to sustain life. Components of the Homeostatic Control System.

All homeostatic control systems have at least 4 components:

1. Receptor

A type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the

environment. It responds to such changes called Stimuli by sending
information to the Control Center.

2. Control Center
The control center determines the level at which a variable is to be
maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then
determines the appropriate response or course of action.
3. Effector
The effector provides the means for the control center’s response (output)
to the stimulus. Information flows from the control center to the effector
along the efferent pathway.
4. Feedback

a. Negative feedback
It is a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point.
Therefore, negative feedback maintains body parameters within their
normal range.

b. Positive Feedback
Tend to increase the original disturbance and to push the variable
further from its original value.
This video will illustrate this system:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G3aKGGI8hw

Learning Task # 7 The Language of Anatomy

To prevent misunderstanding, anatomists used a set of terms that allow body

structures to be located and identified clearly.
A. The Anatomical Position
To accurately describe the body parts and position, we must have an
initial reference point and use directional terms. To avoid confusion, we
always assume that the body is in a standard position called the
Anatomical Position.
B. Directional Terms

This allows medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where

one body structure is in relation to another.
C. Regional Terms

1. Anterior Body Landmarks

 2. Posterior Body Landmarks

D. Body Planes and Sections

1. Sagittal Section
 Divides the body/organ into left and right parts

2. Median or Midsaggital

Divides the body into equal and left parts

3. Frontal or Coronal

Divides the body/organ into anterior and posterior parts

 4. Transverse or Cross

Divides the body/organ into superior and inferior parts.

E. Body Activities

1. Dorsal Body Activity

 The dorsal cavity, or dorsal body cavity, is a fluid filled space which
surrounds the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates. The dorsal cavity is
usually considered as two semi-separate spaces, the cranial cavity and the
spinal cavity, housing the brain and spinal cord, respectively.

2. Ventral Body Activity

The ventral body cavity is a human body cavity that is in the anterior

(front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity,
and the abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is further
divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, but there is no
physical barrier between the two.
 Learning Evidence # 2 Post Test
Instructions:
1. Answer “True if the statement is correct and “ False” if the statement is incorrect.
2. Be honest.

1..Physiology is the study of the function of the parts of the human body.

True

2..The Integumentary System is a body system that helps regulate body temperature.

True

3.Tissues are composed of different types of organs.

False

4..The Digestive System allows for nutrient absorption into blood.

True

5 . Water constitutes 60 – 80% of the body weight.

True

6. Frontal or Coronal is the term for a body plane that divides the body into equal
left and right parts.

False
7. The Ventral Body cavity houses the Brain.

False

8..Tissues are made up of similar types of cells.

True

9.. The muscular system maintains posture.

True

10.. This is the Digestive System

False

“THANK YOU!!”