CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures

INTRODUCTION & DESIGN

PHILOSOPHY

Chinmoy Kolay
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

“Engineering is the art of modelling materials we do not

wholly understand, into shapes we cannot precisely analyse
so as to withstand forces we cannot properly assess, in such a
way that the public has no reason to suspect the extent of our
ignorance.”

-Dr. A.R. Dykes

British Institution of Structural Engineers

2019-20-I Semester 4 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

OUTLINE
❑ Introduction
❑ Structures, members and connections
❑ Structural steel material
❑ Loads
❑ Design philosophy

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INTRODUCTION

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
❑ Definition of design
➢ Mixture of art and science, combining the experienced
engineer’s intuitive feeling for the behaviour of a structure
with a sound knowledge of the principles of statics, dynamics,
mechanics of materials, and structural analysis, to produce a
safe, economical structure that will serve its intended purpose
❑ Basic design objective
Effects of actions on structures,
members and connections < Ability of structure, members and
connection to resist these actions

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 5

DESIGN PROCESS
1. Planning
➢ Consider design requirements – functions, location, environment
etc.
2. Structural Configuration
➢ Most suitable structural system?
➢ Most suitable structural material (steel, concrete etc.)?
3. Establishment of Design Loads
➢ Basic loads: Dead, live, snow, impact, wind, earthquake, etc.
4. Preliminary Member Selection (Design)
➢ Estimate member forces (approx. analysis) from proper load
combinations
➢ Select member sizes for safety and minimum cost

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

DESIGN PROCESS…
5. Structural Analysis
➢ Computer modelling using member sizes from Step 4 to
evaluate member forces and response (e.g., deflections)
6. Evaluation of Design
➢ Check design based on member forces from Step 5 using
proper load combinations
7. Redesign
➢ Repeat any part of the sequence Step 1 through 6 until a safe
and economical design is obtained
8. Final Design
➢ Prepare design documents and drawings

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 7

STRUCTURES, MEMBERS AND

CONNECTIONS

2019-20-I Semester 7 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

❑ Buildings
❑ Parking structures
❑ Stadiums
❑ Bridges
❑ Warehouses
❑ Towers
❑ Industrial facilities
❑ Pipelines
❑ Tanks

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 9

STEEL MEMBERS & CONNECTIONS

❑ Tension Members
❑ Compression Members
❑ Flexural Members: Beams
❑ Beam-Columns
❑ Connections

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2019-20-I Semester 8 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

TENSION MEMBERS

Tension members in a truss

(Figure from Geschwindner)

Tension members as hangers

(Figure from Geschwindner)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 11

TENSION MEMBERS…

Figure from INSDAG Teaching Material (Ch-5)

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

TENSION MEMBERS…

Figure from INSDAG Teaching Material (Ch-5)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 13

COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Columns in a building frame (Figure from Geschwindner)

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2019-20-I Semester 10 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Building structure showing bending members (Figure from Geschwindner)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 15

BEAM-COLUMNS
Schematic of steel frames showing
vertical members subjected to axial
loads and bending moments
(Figure from Geschwindner)

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

CONNECTIONS

Building connection (Figure from Geschwindner)

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STRUCTURAL STEEL

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

STRUCTURAL STEEL
❑ Physical properties (Cl. 2.2.4.1, IS 800-2007)
➢ Unit mass: 𝜌 = 7850 kg/m3
➢ Modulus of elasticity: 𝐸 = 200 GPa
➢ Poisson’s ratio: 𝜇 = 0.3
➢ Modulus of rigidity: 𝐺 = 76.9 GPa
➢ Coefficient of thermal expansion: 𝛼𝑡 = 12 × 10−6 °C
❑ Mechanical properties (Cl. 2.2..4.2, IS 800-2007)
➢ Yield stress, 𝑓𝑦
➢ Tensile or ultimate strength, 𝑓𝑢
➢ Max. % elongation on a standard gauge length
➢ Notch toughness

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Code uses 𝑆0 instead of 𝐴0

Coupon dimensions as per IS 1608:2005

𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

(Figures from Subramanian)

Typical stress-strain curve of ordinary and high-strength steels

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2019-20-I Semester 13 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…

(Figure from Subramanian)

Typical stress-strain curve of mild steel

Typical values:
1 𝐸 1
𝜀𝑦 = 0.00125; 5𝜀𝑦 ≤ 𝜀𝑠ℎ ≤ 15𝜀𝑦 ; 30 ≥ 𝐸𝑠ℎ ≥ 100

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 21

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…

In this course we’ll primarily use E250 steel and we’ll take 𝑓𝑦 = 250 MPa

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…
❑ Steel Coupon Tests @ IITK-STR. LAB
Coupon from 6 mm thick plate

Coupon from ISA 90x90x6

Coupon from 12 mm thick plate

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 23

MATERIAL TESTING…
❑ 6 mm thick plate

767.5 MPa

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2019-20-I Semester 15 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

MATERIAL TESTING…
❑ ISA 90x90x6 Coupon

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MATERIAL TESTING…
❑ 12 mm thick plate

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2019-20-I Semester 16 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…
IS 2062-2011 𝐿0 = 5.65 𝑆0

Max

9 Grades

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 27

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…
(Figure from INSDAG Material)

(Figure from INSDAG Material)

• Larger impact value ֜ tougher material

• See IS 1757 for Charpy V-notch test
Charpy V-notch test
(Figure from Subramanian)

(Figure from Subramanian)

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…
❑ Charpy V-notch test

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…

(i.e., 25 ± 2°C)

❑ Grade designation: E ( Min. yield stress) (quality)

➢ Example: E 250 A means yield stress = 250 MPa
➢ Note: Subramanian uses the old notation based on ultimate
strength as per IS 2062-1999
• e.g., Fe 410A for E 250A

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES…
❑ Sub-quality: A
➢ Intended for normal conditions and non-critical applications
❑ Sub-quality: B
➢ For structures subject to critical loading applications
➢ Service temperature does not fall below 0°C
➢ Specified for structural components prone to brittle fracture
or subjected to fluctuations of stress
• Example: members in bridges

❑ Sub-quality: C
➢ Has guaranteed low temperature impact properties
➢ Used in structures/members where brittle fracture is an issue
due to service conditions
C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 31

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (IS 2062-2011)

9 Grades

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (IS 2062-2011)…

❑ Generally, structural steel contains
➢ Carbon (C): 0.10-0.25%
➢ Manganese (Mn): 0.5-1.7%
➢ Sulphur (S): 0.025-0.05%
➢ Phosphorus (P): 0.025-0.05%

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 33

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (IS 2062-2011)…

❑ During steelmaking liquid steel contains oxygen
❑ As steel cools excess oxygen can cause blowholes
or precipitate as oxides
➢ This is harmful
❑ Ferro silicon, ferro manganese and aluminium
are used to deoxidise steel
❑ Killed steel
➢ Contains less than 30 parts per million (ppm) of oxygen
❑ Semi-killed steel
➢ Contains about 30-150 ppm of oxygen

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2019-20-I Semester 20 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES (IS 808-1989)

𝑇 ISJB: Indian Standard Junior Beams

𝐵−𝑡 ISLB: Indian Standard Light Weight Beams

4 𝑡
𝐷 ISMB: Indian Standard Medium Weight Beams

ISWB: Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams

𝑅1
𝑅2
ISSC: Indian Standard Column Sections
𝐵
ISHB: Indian Standard Heavy Weight Beams

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 35

ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES (IS 808-1989)…

ISJC: Indian Standard Junior Channels

ISLC: Indian Standard Light Weight Channels

ISMC: Indian Standard Medium Weight Channels

ISMCP: Indian Standard Medium Weight Parallel Flange

Channels

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2019-20-I Semester 21 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES (IS 808-1989)…

ISA: Indian Standard Equal Leg Angles

ISA: Indian Standard Unequal Leg Angles

❑ Other shapes not listed in IS 808 (See SP 6-1964 and

Subramanian)
• Tee Sections: (ISJT, ISLT, ISST, ISNT, and ISHT)
• Rolled bars (round and square)
• Tubular sections
• Plates (𝑡 ≥ 5 mm)
• Strips (𝑡 < 5 mm)
• Flats (𝑡 ≥ 5 mm and 𝑏 ≤ 2250)
C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 37

ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES (IS 12778-2004)

ISNPB: Indian Standard Narrow Parallel Flange Beams

ISWPB: Indian Standard Wide Parallel Flange Beams

ISPBP: Indian Standard Parallel Flange Bearing Piles

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

LOADS

LOADS (ACTIONS)
❑ Dead loads (DL)
➢ IS 875 (Part 1)
❑ Imposed loads (live load, crane load, snow load,
dust load, wave load, earth pressure etc.)
➢ IS 875 (Part 2) for imposed loads
➢ IS 875 (Part 4) for snow load

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2019-20-I Semester 23 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

LOADS (ACTIONS)…
❑ Wind loads
➢ IS 875 (Part 3)
❑ Earthquake loads
➢ IS 1893 (Part 1)
❑ Erection (ER) and temperature loads
➢ IS 800-2007 (Cls. 3.3 & 3.4)
❑ Accidental loads (blast and impact)

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LOAD COMBINATIONS
❑ Use with appropriate partial safety factors (more
later)
➢ DL + IL
➢ DL + IL + WL/EL
➢ DL + WL/EL
➢ DL + ER
➢ IL shall include crane load (CL) if structure supports cranes

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

43

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
❑ Working Stress Method (WSM) or Allowable
Stress Design (ASD)
❑ Ultimate Load Design (ULD) or Plastic Design
❑ Limit States Method (LSM)
➢ Introduced in the Indian concrete code IS 456-1978
➢ Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) in the USA

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

WORKING STRESS METHOD (WSM)

❑ Objective: Working Stress < Permissible Stress
➢ Working stress is the stresses caused due to working (service)
load
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
➢ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦

❑ Example:
➢ Permissible tensile stress governed by yielding of gross
section: 𝑓𝑎𝑡 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 Cl. 11.2.1(a), IS 800-2007
1 5
• Factor of safety = = = 1.67
0.6 3

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 45

WORKING STRESS DESIGN…

❑ Section 11 of IS 800-2007
❑ Checking of stress considering load combinations
➢ Stress due to (DL + LL) < permissible stress
➢ Stress due to (DL + WL) < permissible stress
➢ Stress due to (DL + LL + WL) < 1.33 × permissible stress

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

WORKING STRESS DESIGN…

❑ Drawbacks
➢ Different types of loads that act simultaneously may have
different degrees of uncertainty
➢ May result in unconservative designs when two different
loads (say, DL and WL) have counteracting effects
➢ Assumption of linear elastic behaviour is not realistic, due to
• Effects of stress concentrations
• Residual stresses
• Other secondary effects
❑ Nevertheless, structures designed using working
stress design have generally performed
satisfactorily for many years

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 47

ULTIMATE LOAD DESIGN

❑ Also called Load Factor Design (LFD)
➢ Applied to steel structures: Plastic Design
❑ Strength at ultimate load is checked
➢ σ Working load × LF ≤ ultimate load
• LF = load factor

❑ Different types of loads can have different load

factors
➢ Overcomes related shortcoming of WSM
❑ Often a single load factor is used
➢ See next slide

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

ULTIMATE LOAD DESIGN…

Cl. 9.2.1, IS 800-1984

❑ Limitation
➢ Other limit states like instability, fatigue or brittle fracture
are not considered

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 49

UNCERTAINTIES IN DESIGN
❑ Loads, material strength, and member
dimensions have varying degree of uncertainty

(Figures from Subramanian)

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

SIMPLIFIED PROBABILISTIC MODEL

❑ Resistance 𝑅 and load effect 𝑄 are both random
parameters
❑ Structural behaviour is satisfactory if 𝑄 ≤ 𝑅

(Figure from Subramanian)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 51

SIMPLIFIED PROBABILISTIC MODEL…

❑ Not possible to state with certainty for any
structure that 𝑄 ≤ 𝑅
➢ There is a small but finite chance that 𝑄 > 𝑅
❑ Satisfactory structural design
➢ Minimize this chance to an acceptably low value

(Figure from Subramanian)

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

SIMPLIFIED PROBABILISTIC MODEL…

ln 𝑅𝑚 Τ𝑄𝑚
Reliability index 𝛽 =
𝑉𝑅2 +𝑉𝑄2

• 𝑅𝑚 and 𝑄𝑚 are mean

values of resistance and
load

𝜎𝑅 𝜎𝑄
• 𝑉𝑅 = and 𝑉𝑄 = are
𝑅𝑚 𝑅𝑄
coefficients of variation

• 𝜎𝑅 and 𝜎𝑄 are standard

deviations

(Figure from Subramanian)

• As 𝛽 increases, the probability of exceeding the limit state reduces (i.e.,

reliability increases)

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 53

LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)

❑ Characteristic strength or resistance 𝑆𝑢
➢ Value of strength below which not more than a prescribed %
(usually 5%) of test results are expected to fall
❑ Characteristic load 𝑄𝑐𝑘
➢ Value of load that has an accepted (usually 95%) probability
of not being exceeded during the life span of the structure
➢ IS 875 (Parts 1-4) & IS 1893 (Part 1)

Note: IS 800-2007 uses 𝑆 to denote resistance or strength, i.e., 𝑅 ≡ 𝑆

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)…

Strength 𝑆
Frequency

Load effect 𝑄

𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑐𝑘 𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑚 Load effect 𝑄 or

Strength 𝑆
Characteristic load Characteristic strength
𝑃 𝑄 > 𝑄𝑐𝑘 = 0.05 𝑃 𝑆 < 𝑆𝑢 = 0.05

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 55

LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)…

Design objective
❑ Design Action, 𝑄𝑑 ≤ Design Strength,
𝑆𝑢
𝑄𝑑 = ෍ 𝛾𝑓𝑘 𝑄𝑐𝑘 ≤ 𝑆𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚
𝑘
➢ 𝛾𝑓𝑘 = partial safety factor for load 𝑘
➢ 𝑄𝑐𝑘 = characteristic value of load 𝑘
➢ 𝛾𝑚 = partial safety factor for materials
➢ 𝑆𝑢 = (characteristic) ultimate strength

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)…

Strength 𝑆
Frequency

Load effect 𝑄

𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑑 𝑆𝑑 𝑅𝑚 Load effect 𝑄 or
Strength 𝑆
Design load 𝑄𝑑 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑄𝑐𝑘 𝑆
Design strength 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾 𝑢
𝑚

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 57

LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)…

❑ Limit States
➢ Those conditions of a structure at which it ceases to fulfil its
intended function
❑ Two limit states
➢ Limit state of strength or ultimate (safety) limit state
➢ Limit state of serviceability

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)…

❑ Limit state of strength or ultimate (safety) limit
state
➢ Strength (including yielding, buckling, and transformation
into a mechanism)
➢ Stability against overturning and sway
➢ Failure due to excessive deformation or rupture
➢ Fracture due to fatigue
➢ Brittle fracture

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 59

LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)…

❑ Limit state of serviceability
➢ Deformation and deflection
➢ Vibration (e.g., wind induced vibration, floor vibration, etc.)
➢ Repairable damage due to fatigue (cracking)
➢ Corrosion and durability
➢ Fire

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CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

LIMIT STATE DESIGN…

❑ Partial safety factors for loads, 𝛾𝑓 (Table 4, IS 800-
2007)
Limit State of Strength
Combination LL
DL Accompanying WL/EL AL
Leading
(e.g., crane load)
DL+LL+CL 1.5 1.5 1.05 - -
DL+LL+CL+WL/EL 1.2 1.2 1.05 0.6
-
1.2 1.2 0.53 1.2
DL+WL/EL 1.5
- - 1.5 -
0.9
DL+LL+AL 1.0 0.35 0.35 - 1.0
DL+ER 1.2
1.2 - - -
0.9
DL = Dead Load; LL = Live Load; CL = Crane Load; WL = Wind Load; EL = Earthquake Load;
AL = Accidental Load; ER = Erection Load

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 61

LIMIT STATE DESIGN…

❑ Partial safety factors for loads, 𝛾𝑓 (Table 4, IS 800-
2007)
Limit State of Serviceability
Combination LL
DL Accompanying WL/EL
Leading
(e.g., crane load)
DL+LL 1.0 1.0 1.0 -
DL+LL+WL/EL 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
DL+WL/EL 1.0 - - 1.0
DL = Dead Load; LL = Live Load; WL = Wind Load; EL = Earthquake Load

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 62

2019-20-I Semester 34 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur

CE371A: Design of Steel Structures Introduction

LIMIT STATE DESIGN…

❑ Partial safety factors for materials, 𝛾𝑚 (Table 5, IS
800-2007)
𝑆𝑢
➢ Design strength 𝑆𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚
Sl.
Definition Partial Safety Factor
No.
1. Resistance governed by yielding, 𝛾𝑚0 1.10
2. Resistance of member to buckling, 𝛾𝑚0 1.10
3. Resistance governed by ultimate
1.25
stress, 𝛾𝑚1
4. Resistance to connection: Shop Field
Fabrication Fabrication
Bolts (Friction or bearing type), Rivets 1.25 1.25
Welds 1.25 1.50

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 63

LIMIT STATE DESIGN…

❑ Want to know more?
➢ Read the paper by Galambos available in the course site

C. Kolay, CE Dept., IIT Kanpur CE 371A: Design of Steel Structures 64

2019-20-I Semester 35 C. Kolay, IIT Kanpur