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Architectural Performance of WiMAX over WiFi with Reliable QoS over Wireless
Communication

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Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1017
Volume: 03, Issue: 01 Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

Architectural Performance of WiMAX over

WiFi with Reliable QoS over Wireless
Communication
Sunil Kr. Singh
Associate Professor, CSE Department, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Delhi-110063, India
Email: - [email protected]
Ajay Kumar
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad, India
Email: [email protected]
Siddharth Gupta, Ratnakar Madan
CSE Department, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s college of Engineering, New Delhi-110063, India
Email: - [email protected], [email protected] ,

-------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------------
Due to fast development of technology, future communication and transmission are totally depends upon wireless
network. Wireless networks are generally less efficient and irregular compared to wired networks, which make quality
of service (QoS) provision a bigger challenge for wireless communications. The wireless medium has limited bandwidth,
higher packet error rate, and higher packet overheads that in total to limit the capacity of the network to offer guaranteed
QoS. In response to the increasing QoS challenge in wireless networks, researchers have made significant modifications
in Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) in the legacy IEEE 802.11 standards to make possible QoS to end users. The design
constraints at several layers of the IEEE 802.11 restrict its capacity to deliver guaranteed QoS. Recently, the IEEE 802.16
standard, also known as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), has emerged as the strongest
contender for broadband wireless technology with promises to give guaranteed QoS to wireless application end users
over wifi wireless technology. This paper tries to explain the architectural performance issues of WiMax over WiFi
wireless communication in the term of wireless network design and management which upgrading the upcoming wireless
communication technology over a wide region.

Keyword: WiMAX, WiFi, WLAN, Wireless Networks, QoS.

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Date of Submission: April 16, 2011 Date of Acceptance: May 28, 2011
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I. Introduction performance communication for data and video over

wireless communication. The WiMAX Forum is an
Wireless access techniques are continuously expanding industry-led non-profit organization which has more than
570 member companies including service providers,
their transmission bandwidth, coverage, and Quality of equipment vendors, chip vendors and content providers.
Service (QoS) support in recent years. With the huge Its primary mission is to ensure interoperability among
market success of Wireless Local Area Networks IEEE 802.16 based .The air interface of WiMAX
(WLANs) (IEEE 802.11), the new-generation wireless technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. In
technique, WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) has now been particular, the current Mobile WiMAX technology is
standardized and deployed. WiMAX stands for Worldwide mainly based on the IEEE 802.16e which specifies the
Interoperability for Microwave Access. WiMAX Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
technology enables ever-present communication of (OFDMA) air interface and provides support for mobility
wireless broadband service for fixed and/or mobile users, [11].
and became a truth in 2006 when Korea Telecom started The network specifications of mobile WiMAX
the use of a 2.3 GHz version of mobile WiMAX service devices are include the end-to-end networking
called WiBRO in the Seoul metropolitan area to offer high specifications and network interoperability specifications.
Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1018
Volume: 03, Issue: 01, Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

The Network Working Group (NWG) within the WiMAX bandwidth, low-latency and all-IP networks with voice
Forum is responsible for these network specifications, services. Currently 2G and 3G network operators will
some of which involve Access Service Network (ASN) migrate to a 4G network technology. Mobile WiMAX is
control and data plane protocols, Connectivity Services likely to face competition from 3G and 4G technology
Network (CSN), ASN profiles, mobility support, enhancements. They include the code division multiple
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) access (CDMA) variants CDMA2000 and wideband-
interworking with other technologies, and various services CDMA(WCDMA) and their enhancements which are 1x
such as Location-Based Service (LBS), Multicast and evolution data optimized (1xEVDO) and HSDPA,
Broadcast Service (MCBCS) etc. respectively[7].
IEEE 802.11 WLAN, or WiFi, is possibly the Wi-Fi allows the deployment of local area
most widely accepted broadband wireless networking networks (LANs) without wires for client devices,
technology, providing the highest transmission rate among typically reducing the costs of network deployment and
expansion. Due to the complex nature of radio propagation
standard wireless networking technologies. Today’s WiFi
at typical Wi-Fi frequencies Mobility over wider ranges is
devices, based on IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g, provide limited. High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is another
transmission rates up to 54 Mbps and new standard of mobile telephony protocol that extends and improves the
IEEE 802.11n which supports up to 600Mbps transmission performance of existing WCDMA protocols. HSPA
rates. The transmission range of a typical WiFi device is supports increased peak data rates of up to 14 Mbit/s in the
up to 100m but its exact transmission range varies. It downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s in the uplink. HSPA increases
depend upon the transmission power, surrounding peak data rates and capacity. In Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-
environments, and others parameters. The 802.11 devices
generation (3G) mobile telecommunications technologies,
operate in unlicensed bands at 2.4 and 5 GHz, where the which is also being developed into a 4G technology.
exact available operate bands is varies according to UMTS, using 3GPP, supports maximum theoretical data
county[4]. transfer rates of 42 Mbits/s. GSM is a cellular network,
which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching
II. Wireless Technology: for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate
The theory of wireless access networks emerged in a number of different carrier frequency ranges. with
most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or
in the late 1980s as invention of cellular wireless
1800 MHz bands[9]. Most 3G networks in Europe operate
technology. Wireless means transmitting signals using in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Figure 1 show the
radio waves as the medium instead of wires. There are comparison between different wireless technologies like
some inbuilt qualities of wireless communications systems WiFi, WiMAX, HSPA, UTMS and GSM in the respect of
like mobility, reachability, simplicity, maintainability, the speed and mobility of nodes in their respective
roaming services, new smart Services etc. which make it network.
attractive for users. There are three basic way to setup
wireless network for the end user, which are Point-to-point
bridge, Point-to-multipoint bridge and Mesh or ad hoc
network. Wireless access techniques are constantly
increasing their transmission bandwidth, coverage, and
Quality of Service (QoS) support to future
communication.

Wireless technologies can be classified in

different ways depending on their range. Each wireless
technology is designed to serve a specific usage sector.
The requirements for each usage sector are based on a
variety of needs like bandwidth, distance and power. Now,
a wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, Fig 1: Comparison of different Wireless technologies
some in direct competition with each other’s and some
designed for specific applications. Some well know III. DESCRIPTION OF WiMAX / WiFi
wireless technologies are GSM, UTMS, HSPA, WiMax, Technology Model
WiFi, CDMA, GPRS, Bluetooth etc. In the future This section introducing the essential properties
communication, competition will be new evolution of the WiMAX/WiFi system and then provides a detailed
major cellular standards called 4G which have high-
 Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1019
Volume: 03, Issue: 01, Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

description of network performance and comparison quality communications service. The QoS capabilities of
between mobility and transmission speed. WiMAX systems permit system operators to provide
a) WiMAX System: priority services to high-value customers and best effort
WiMAX is a telecommunications protocol that services to less demanding consumers[11].
provides fully and fixed mobile internet access. The
current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit per The 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless
second with the IEEE 802.16m update and expected to metropolitan area network (MAN) technology that will
offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed communication speeds. provide broadband wireless connectivity to Fixed, Portable
"WiMAX" name was first created by the WiMAX Forum, and Nomadic devices. WiMAX is expected to offer
which was formed in June 2001 and to promote initially up to about 40 Mbps capacity per wireless channel
conventionality and interoperability of the IEEE standard. for both fixed and portable applications, depending on the
The IEEE 802.16 standard forms of basis 'WiMAX' and it particular technical configuration. WiMAX is also
is divided sometimes into Fixed WiMAX and Mobile intended to provide broadband connectivity to mobile
WiMAX of IEEE 802.16d and IEEE 802.16e standard devices. It would not be as fast as in these fixed
respectively. applications, but expectations are for about 15 Mbps
capacity in a 3 km cell coverage area. WiMAX could
WiMAX has several different physical radio potentially be deployed in a variety of spectrum bands:
transmission options which allow it to be deployed in 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz. WiMAX, which
areas with different regulatory and frequency availability is an IP-based wireless broadband technology, can be
requirements. Moreover, the system was designed with the integrated into both wide-area third-generation (3G)
ability to be used in licensed or unlicensed frequency mobile and wireless and wire line networks [4]. Figure 2
bands using narrow or wide frequency channels. WiMAX presents the different composition of the current mobile
systems have the potential to provide very high data WiMAX technology, normally referred to as Release 1.0
transmission rates. Data throughput is the amount of data profile. Its air interface specifications consist of four
information that can be transferred through a related IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
communication channel or transfer through a point on a Standards, that is, IEEE Standard 802.16-2004, IEEE
communication system. iMAX systems can be configured Standard 802.16-2004/Cor.1-2005, IEEE Standard
to offer services that have different types of quality of 802.16e-2005 and the IEEE Draft Standard P802.16-
service (QoS) levels. QoS is one or more measurement of 2004/Cor.2.[4][2]. Figure 3 presents the growth of the
desired performance and priorities of a communications 802.16 wireless broadband band service specifications
system. QoS measures may include service availability, over time.
maximum bit error rate (BER), minimum committed bit
rate (CBR) and other measurements that are used to ensure

Fig. 2: Products and certification of Mobile WiMAX Release 1.0

Fig. 3: Wireless Broadband (WiMAX) 802.16

b) WiFi System:
IEEE 802.11 WLAN, or WiFi, is probably the
most widely accepted broadband wireless networking
Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1020
Volume: 03, Issue: 01, Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

technology, providing the highest transmission rate among link control (LLC), can work on top of the 802.11 MAC
standard-based wireless networking technologies. Today’s since the 802.11 was developed basically to provide the
WiFi devices, based on IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g , services in a similar way that IEEE 802.3 Ethernet does.
provide transmission rates up to 54 Mbps and, further, a
new standard IEEE 802.11n, which supports up to There are several different versions of 802.11
600Mbps, is being standardized. The transmission range of WLAN systems .i.e. WiFi that have evolved over time.
a typical WiFi device is up to 100m, where its exact range Figure 3b shows how WiFi 802.11 systems have evolved
varies depending on the transmission power, the over time. This figure shows that the original 802.11
surrounding environments, and others. The 802.11 devices specification offered 1 or 2 Mbps data transmission rates
operate in unlicensed bands at 2.4 and 5 GHz, but the and operated at 2.4 GHz. This standard evolved through
accurate available bands depend on each county. new modulation to produce 802.11b that provides operated
at 2.4 GHz and provided data transmission rates up to 11
IEEE 802.11 working group (WG) has generated Mbps. This figure also shows that a new 802.11a system
a family of standards for WLAN. The IEEE 802.11 was developed that provides data transmission rates up to
standard specifies the protocols for both the medium 54 Mbps at 5.7 GHz. To help provide high-speed data
access control (MAC) sub-layer and the physical (PHY) transmission rates and provide backward compatibility to
layer. As illustrated in Figure 3a, existing higher-layer 802.11 and 802.11b systems, the 802.11g systems was
protocols, which were originally developed for wire-line developed that offers 54 Mbps data transmission in the 2.4
networking such as TCP, UDP, IP, and IEEE 802.2 logical GHz range[4].

Fig. 3.1: WiFi system Layers and Evolution over time

IV. WiMAX Network Architecture: 3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which

provides IP connectivity and all the IP core
The IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard provides the air network functions.
interface for WiMAX technology but does not define the
The below network reference model developed
full end-to-end WiMAX network. The WiMAX Forum's
by the WiMAX Forum NWG defines a number of
Network Working Group (NWG), is responsible for
functional entities and interfaces between those entities.
developing the end-to-end network requirements,
Below Figure 4 shows some of the more important
architecture, and protocols for WiMAX, using IEEE
functional entities[10], which are given as:
802.16e-2005 as the air interface.

Base Station (BS): The BS is responsible for
The WiMAX network reference model is unified
providing the air interface to the MS. Additional
network architecture for supporting fixed, roaming, and
functions that may be part of the BS are micro
mobile deployments and is based on an IP service model.
mobility management functions, such as handoff
Figure 4 is simplified design of IP-based WiMAX network
triggering and channel establishment, radio resource
architecture. The overall network may be logically divided
management, QoS policy enforcement, traffic
into three basic parts:
classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control
1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to Protocol) proxy, key management, session
access the network. management, and multicast group management.
2. The access service network (ASN), which
Access Service Network Gateway (ASN-GW):
comprises one or more base stations and one or The ASN gateway typically acts as a layer 2 traffic
more ASN gateways that form the radio access aggregation point within an ASN. Additional
network at the edge. functions that may be part of the ASN gateway
include intra-ASN location management and paging,
Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1021
Volume: 03, Issue: 01, Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

radio resource management and admission control, of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and
caching of subscriber profiles and encryption keys, policy enforcement, foreign agent functionality for
authentication authorization, and accounting (AAA) mobile IP, and routing to the certain CSN.
client functionality, establishment and management

Fig. 4: IP Based WiMAX Network Architecture

Connectivity Service Network (CSN): support an integrated QoS for converged networks
comprising WiMAX and WiFi systems[6][8].
The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet, To meet QoS, Researcher evaluates proposed
Access Service network (ASN), other public efficient and unified connection-oriented architecture for
networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is integrating WiMAX and WiFi technologies in broadband
owned by the Network Service Provider and wireless networks [5]. In the proposed approach, a new
includes AAA servers that support authentication wireless Access Point (AP) device, designated as
for the devices, users, and specific services. The WiMAX/WiFi AP (W2-AP), is developed to manage the
CSN also provides per user policy management of WiMAX/WiFi interface.
QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible for
IP address management, support for roaming
between different NSPs, location management
between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between
ASNs.

The WiMAX architecture framework allows for

the flexible decomposition and/or combination of
functional entities like ASN may be decomposed into base
station transceivers (BST), base station controllers (BSC),
and an ASNGW similar to the GSM architecture of BTS,
BSC, and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).
Fig. 5. Integrated WiMAX/WiFi Network structure.
V. Integrated WiMAX / WiFi Network
Architecture: Figure 5 presents a classical example of the
integrated WiMAX/WiFi network architecture. As shown
When constructing integrated WiMAX/WiFi in figure, a single WiMAX Base station BS, operating in a
networks, one of the most challenging issues facing licensed band, serves both multiple WiMAX Subscriber
network designers is that of designing efficient links and Stations (SSs) and multiple W2-APs within its coverage
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocols to area. In other words, the WiMAX system provides
optimize the QoS between the WiMAX and the WiFi broadband wireless access to multiple W2-AP devices in a
components of the architecture [3]. Several researchers point-to-multipoint (PMP) topology. Each WiFi network is
have recently proposed QoS provisioning mechanisms for connected to the WiMAX BS through a WiMAX/WiFi
integrated WiMAX/WiFi systems. QoS framework for (W2)-AP. The connection between the BS and a SS is
802.16/802.11 internetworking applications designed to dedicated to a single user. However, the connection
map the QoS requirements of an application originating in between the BS and each W2-AP is shared amongst all the
an IEEE 802.11e network to an IEEE 802.16 network. nodes within the Wireless LAN served by the W2-AP. As
Similarly, a QoS control protocol was also presented to a result, the WiMAX network guarantee secured
Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1022
Volume: 03, Issue: 01, Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

communications service for connecting multiple scattered WiMAX differs from Wi-Fi in various ways
WiFi nodes to the Internet. including frequency band channel, Band width,
communication technology, radio technology, efficiency,
VI. Performance Comparison of WiMAX with
service range, data transmission throughput, quality of
Computing Technologies:
service capability, security processes etc. The results of the
WiMAX technology reflects the general trend in
comparison show that WiMAX has better performance
the communications industry toward unified packet-based
with WiFi in all the areas listed in given below table 1 and
voice and data networks. Fundamental benefits of this
shown in figures 6.
transition are reduced operation cost, improved network
optimization, and better management of changes. The
followings are some of the major benefits of WiMAX are,

• Wireless: By using a WiMAX system, no longer

have to use expensive cables.
• High bandwidth: WiMAX can provide shared data
rates of up to 70Mbps.
• Long range: WiMAX compared to existing
wireless technologies is the range.WiMAX has a
communication range of up to 40 km.
• Flexible architecture: WiMAX supports several
systems architectures, including point-to-
point,point-to-multipoint, and ubiquitous coverage.

a) Comparison of WiMAX with 802.11 Wi-Fi:

WiMAX is similar to the wireless standard
known as Wi-Fi, but on a much larger scale and at faster
speeds. 802.11 Wi-Fi is the IEEE standard for wireless
network communication to provide wireless local area
network (WLAN) services. It usually operates in the 2.4
GHz or 5.8 GHz spectrum and permits data transmission
speeds from 1 Mbps to 54 Mbps. Wi-Fi typically provides
local network access for around a few hundred feet (upto
100 meter) but WiMAX antenna is expected to have a
range of up to 50 kms with speeds of 70 Mbps or more.
Figure: 6: Pictorial Comparison between WiMAX and
WiMAX can bring the primary Internet connection needed
to service local Wi-Fi networks[2]. WiFi on Throughput & Access range

Tab.1: Performance comparison between WiMAX and WiFi on various standards

Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1023
Volume: 03, Issue: 01, Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

b) Comparison of Mobile WiMAX with 3G speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) and then HSPA
Enhancements: specifications. WiMAX requires new infrastructure while
At some point, Current 2G and 3G network high-speed packet access (HSPA) rides on UMTS.
operators will migrate to a 4G network technology. Mobile 1xEVDO is a high-speed data specification only for
WiMAX is likely to face competition from 3G and 4G 1.25MHz frequency division duplex (FDD) channels with
technology enhancements. They include the code division a peak downlink (DL) data rate of 2.4Mbps. 1xEVDO is
multiple access (CDMA) variants CDMA2000 and an enhanced version of CDMA2000-1x.
wideband-CDMA (WCDMA) and their enhancements A quantitative evaluation of mobile WiMAX,
which are 1x evolution data optimized (1xEVDO) and 1xEVDO, and HSPA system performance was conducted
HSDPA, respectively. based on the usually accepted 1xEVDV evaluation
Mobile WiMAX has been simulated against the standard. Table 2 and figure 6 (a, b, c) illustrates a
3G enhancements [9]. These simulations have shown that comparison of mobile WiMAX with 3G technologies
Mobile WiMAX peak data rates are up to 5x and spectral enhancements [1].
efficiency is 3x better than any 3G+ technology. The
WCDMA specification was enhanced to create the high-

Table 2: Comparison of Mobile WiMAX with 3G Enhancements technologies

Fig 7 : Pictorial Comparison of moble WiMAX with 3G Enhancements technologies

 Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1024
Volume: 03, Issue: 01, Pages:1017-1024 (2011)

Conclusion: Metropolitan and Local Area Networks”, in Proc. of IEEE

There are a number of differences between Mobile ISCC, pp. 15-22.
WiMAX and WiFi. First of all, Mobile WiMAX is
[9] White paper (2004), Understanding WiMAX and 3G
developed for wireless metropolitan area network
for portable/mobile broadband wireless, Intel.
(WMAN), providing the transmission range of a few
kilometers, while WiFi is for wireless local area network [10] WiMax profile: standardized wireless version of
with the transmission range up to 100m. WiMAX is an Ethernet, retrieved Sep. 15, 2010, from
excellent complement to other wireless technologies that http://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax
are designed to work in the LAN (WiFi) or that offer
[11 ] Yan Zhang (2009), Wimax network planning and
wider exposure but with more limited capacity (GSM,
optimization, CRC press, Taylor & Francis Group, NY.
CDMA, UMTS, EVDO). Mobile WiMAX (802.16e)
provides the only standards-based OFDMA WAN
Authors Biography
technology. WiMAX and future wireless networks that
Sunil Kr. Singh received his B.E. in
aspire to offer 4G services will attempt to become unified
communications systems that fit various markets and have computer Sc. & Engineering from the D.D.U.
very different sets of customers and requirements. Gorakhpur University and his M.E. from the
WiMAXis expected to take importance in about three Delhi University, Delhi in 2005. Presently, He
years (2013).The strengths of WiMAX lie in its ability to is working as associate professor in CSE
address the requirements of modern telecommunications department of Bharati Vidyapeeth College of engineering
networks and the commitment that has been shown to its (affiliated to GGSIPU, Delhi), New Delhi, India. He is
development and wide acceptance by a number of leading also pursuing his Ph.D. from Uttarakhand Technical
University, India. His research interests include
equipment vendors and service providers. In future,
Develop the proposed a unified connection-oriented reconfigurable computing, embedded system architecture,
architecture to support the integration of WiFi and networking and communication signals. He has published
more than 25 research papers in the above areas. He is
WiMAX technologies in broadband wireless networks.
member of AMIE, ISTE, ACEEE, IACSIT, IAENG,
This common architecture is supposed to result in an
overall advance in technology and a reduction in costs. AIRCC, ICST, ISOC technical societies.

Reference: Ajay Kumar is a lecturer in department of

[1] A. Yarali, B. Mbula, and A. Tumula(2007), WiMAX: technical education in Haryana. Presently, he is
A key to bridging the digital divide, Proceedings of IEEE pursuing his Ph.D from Faculty of Engineering
Southeast Conf. , Richmond, VA. & Technology, Manav Rachna International
University, Faridabad, India. He intends to
[2] Byeong Gi Lee and Sunghyun Choi(2008), Broadband
pursue research work in the field of reliable network
Wireless Access and Local Networks: Mobile WiMAX and
communication medium, network security and mobile
WiFi, Artech house Inc., London.
computing. He has publications research papers in above
[3] Cavalcanti D, et al (2005), “Issues in Integrating area in various conferences.
Cellular Networks WLANs, and MANETs: a Futuristic
Heterogeneous Wireless Network”, IEEE Wireless Siddharth Gupta is a final year UG
Commun. Mag., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 30-41. Scholar, pursuing, Bachelor of Technology in
[4] D. R. Luhar (2006), Introduction to WiMax Explained, Computer Science and Engineering from
Sigma publication, Ahmedabad, India Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering,
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi.
[5] Hui-Tang Lin, Ying-You Lin et al (2009), “An His research interests include Networking, Mobile
Integrated WiMAX/WiFi Architecture with QoS Communicatoion, softcomputing. He has worked with GE
Consistency over Broadband Wireless Networks” in Proc. research centre, Bangalore.
of IEEE 978-1-4244-2309-5.
Ratnakar Madan is a final year UG Scholar,
[6] Kamal Gakhar, Annie Gravey and Alain Leroy (2005),
pursuing, Bachelor of Technology in
“IROISE: A New QoS Architecture for IEEE 802.16 and
Computer Science and Engineering from
IEEE 802.11e Interworking”, in Proc.of IEEE
Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering,
International Conference on Broadband Networks, pp.
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,
607-612.
New Delhi. His research interests include Digital Signal
[7] Marcos D. Katz and Frank H.P. Fitzek (2009), WiMAX Processing, Embedded Systems, Firmware Design,
Evolution: Emerging Technologies and Applications, A Reconfigurable Computing, High Performance computing
John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication, UK. etc. He has been working on development of Low cost
medical machines with the help of various laboratories in
[8] Pedro Neves, Susana SargentoRui, L. Aguiar(2006),
India and has publications related to same. He has also
“Support of Real-Time Services over Integrated 802.16
developed applications for the Education Sector on
Microsoft Multipoint Platform at Microsoft, India.

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