FELLOWSHIP BAPTIST COLLEGE

Rizal St., Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental, Philippines 6111

TEL: (034) 4712-156 TELEFAX: (034) 4712-167 EMAIL: [email protected]
Website: www.fbc.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

EngMath 111 - Calculus 1
1st Sem 2020-2021 | PRELIM

Instructor: Engr. Roselyn M. Quiocson

Contact #: 0999 822 2805
Email Address: [email protected]
Messenger: Roselyn Montilla Quiocson

Consultation Time:
Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays | 13:00 - 14:00

Course Description:
An introductory course covering the core concepts of limit, continuity
and differentiability of functions involving one or more variables. This also
includes the application of differential calculations in solving problems on
optimization, rates of change, related rates, tangents and normals, and
approximation; partial differentiation and transcendental curve tracing.
MODULE 1 | Introduction to Calculus
Intended Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1. Know the difference between Differential and Integral Calculus
2. Understand the concept of real numbers and its role in Calculus

Magnificent, intricate designs in construction are all made possible by the concepts in
Calculus. This knowledge allows engineers to predict the effects of applied loads to
structures, the rate of deformation as functions of stress/strain, and many more
necessary information despite having designs of such complicated shapes and scales.

Just like any structure, your skill in Calculus will also rely on a firm foundation. That
foundation requires that you are knowledgeable in Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry
and several other concepts of mathematics.

Real Numbers and the Number Line 2

Activity #1 5
Properties of the Real Number LIne 3
Activity #2 15
Intervals 4
Activity #3 16
Functions 6
Activity #4 20
Limits 7
Activity #5 21
One-Sided Limits 10
References 22
Limits at Infinity 11
Infinite Limits 13
Continuity 17

1
 WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS?

Both are fundamental concepts in Calculus. Both have wide variety of applications in
many fields such as science, economy, engineering, etc.

Differential Calculus deals with derivatives. A derivative of a function is the slope or the
gradient of that function’s curve (graph) at any
given point. Back in algebra, you may remember
that slope m is equal to “rise over run”, which is
true to all points if the graph is a straight line, but
from now on, you’ll be dealing with nonlinear
curves which have varying slopes at different
points in its graph. Differential Calculus explains
the slope of a nonlinear curve as the change of a
property with respect to a unit change in another
property. Differential Calculus is the main topic of
Calculus 1.

Integral Calculus deals with integrals or

antiderivatives which will be covered in Calculus II.
Integrals can either be definite or indefinite. A
definite integral is the area between the graph of
the function, the horizontal axis and the two
vertical lines at the end points of an interval.
When a specific interval is not given, it is an
indefinite integral. Both are just the opposite
operation of the other.

REAL NUMBERS AND THE NUMBER LINE

Real numbers are the most commonly used set of numbers in the physical world. It is
used to describe quantities and measurements, like age, distance, population, etc.
Real numbers are further divided into rational and irrational numbers.

Rational numbers can be written as the ratio of p/q of two integers, where q≠0. Ratios
like the ones below are rational numbers.

1 1
 0.25  0.3333...
4 3

2
Real numbers that cannot be written as a ratio of two integers is called irrational numbers.
Unlike the ones observed above, they have infinite non repeating decimal
representations.

π  3.1415926

Larson’s Algebra and Trigonometry, 8th Ed. (19**) makes

use of this subset tree of real numbers.

Given the following set of numbers, determine which

element belongs to each subset.
 2 125 10 
0 , ,  125,0.316 , ,72 , 2 ,  
 13 111 3

a. Natural numbers: __________________________

b. Whole numbers: ___________________________
c. Integers: _________________________________
d. Rational numbers: _________________________
e. Irrational numbers: _________________________

PROPERTIES OF THE REAL NUMBER LINE

Calculus depends on properties of the real number system. Real numbers can be
represented geometrically as points on a number line, which is called the real line.

The properties of the real number system fall into three categories: algebraic properties,
order properties, and completeness.

Algebraic properties mean that real numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and
divided (except by zero) to produce more real numbers and that the usual rules of
arithmetic are valid.

The order properties of the real numbers refer to the order in which the numbers appear
on the real line. It simply determines whether a number x is greater than, less than, or
equal to another number y.

Completeness states that: if A is any set of real numbers having at least one number in it,
and if there exists a real number y with the property that x  y for every x in A (such a

3
number is called upper bound for A), then there exists a smallest such number, called the
least upper bound, or supremum of A, denoted as sup(A). Simply put, there can be no
holes or gaps on the real line - every point corresponds to a real number.

Later in the course, you will be using numbers such as 1.999999, 0.00000001, 3.99999,
2.000001 to approach limits to functions. For now, keep in mind that these seemingly
“funny” values are necessary in Calculus.

INTERVALS

A subset of the real line is called an interval if it contains at least two numbers and also
contains all real numbers between any two of its elements. For example, the set of real
numbers x such that x  6 is an interval, but the set of real numbers y such that y  0 is
not an interval. It actually consists of two intervals.

Types of Finite Intervals

Types of Infinite Intervals

If a and b are real numbers a<b, we often refer to…

a. …the open interval from a to b, denoted by (a,b), consisting of all real numbers x
satisfying a<x<b.
b. …the closed interval from a to b, denoted by [a,b], consisting of all real numbers
x satisfying a≤x≤b.
c. …the half-open interval [a,b), consisting of all real numbers x satisfying the
inequalities a≤x<b.
d. …the half-open interval (a,b] consisting of all real numbers x satisfying the
inequalities a<x≤b.

As for the figures above, note the use of hollow dots to indicate endpoints of intervals that
are not included in the intervals, and solid dots to indicate endpoints that are included.
The endpoints of an interval are also called boundary points.

4
Activity #1

Solve the given inequality if necessary, giving the solution set as an interval or union of
intervals.
1. x  5 5. 3 x  5  8

2.  2 x  3 6. x  2

3. x  2 and x  3 7. 2 x  1  x  3

4. 5 x  3  7  3 x 8. x  4 or x  2

5
MODULE 1 | Functions, Continuity and Limits
Intended Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1. Graph functions given their equations
2. Solve the limits of functions given a certain value of x

One of the topics in Pre-Calculus is locus equations. Remember, a locus is a set of

points satisfying a certain condition. With locus equations, you were able to derive the
equation for straight lines and conic sections .

Conic sections are the nondegenerate curves generated by the intersections of a plane
with one or two nappes of a cone.

Because of this simple geometric interpretation, the conic sections were studied by the
Greeks long before their application to inverse square law orbits was known. Apollonius
wrote the classic ancient work on the subject entitled On Conics. Kepler was the first to
notice that planetary orbits were ellipses, and Newton was then able to derive the shape
of orbits mathematically using Calculus, under the assumption that gravitational force
goes as the inverse square of distance. Depending on the energy of the orbiting body,
orbit shapes that are any of the four types of conic sections are possible.

FUNCTIONS

As a reminder, below are the standard forms of the equations for conic sections.

y  a ( x  h) 2  k
Parabola x  a( y  k ) 2  h Circle ( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2  r 2

6
 ( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2 ( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
 1  1
a2 b2 a2 b2
( y  k ) 2 ( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2 ( x  h) 2
Ellipse  1 Hyperbola  1
a2 b2 a2 b2

To graph equations, we simply provide a value for one variable (let’s say x), substitute
that value in the equation, and get the value for the other variable (y). In this case, since
x is the one being changed, it is called the independent variable, and since y is the one
changing due to x, it is the dependent variable.

Notice that for all the equations for conics, the

variables are “squared” which means that their
equations have two values for those squared variables
and that their curves pass by their respective axes
twice.

Meanwhile, on the left is the graph for y  x 3  3 x .

For a certain interval in y, there are three values in x.
Also, the graph passes by the x-axis three times.

Draw the graph of the following functions:

a. x  2 y d. y  ( x  3) 2
b. y   x 2 e. x  4
c. y  x  2

LIMITS
Limits describe how a function behaves near a point, instead of at that point. It is the
value that f(x) or y gets closer to as x approaches some number. It is usually written as
lim f ( x)  L and read “as x approaches a, the limit of f(x) approaches L”
xa

This topic may end up tucked away and unused once we get to derivation, so here’s an
example to help you appreciate it.

Ex. Physical experiments show that if a rock is dropped from rest near the surface of
the earth, in the first r seconds it will fall a distance of y  4.9t 2 meters.
a. What is the average velocity of the falling rock during the first 2 seconds?
b. What is the average velocity from t  1 seconds to t  2 seconds?

7
Sol. The average velocity of the falling rock is the change in distance fallen divided
d y 4.9t 22  4.9t12
by the time interval of the fall:  
t t t 2  t1
a. In the first 2 seconds (time interval [0,2]) the average velocity is
y 4 .9 ( 2 2 )  4 .9 ( 0 2 )
  9.8 m/s
t 20
b. In the time interval [1,2] the average velocity is
y 4.9( 2 2 )  4.9(12 )
  14.7 m/s
t 2 1

From here we can already see one application of Calculus in Physics. You may also be
y dy
familiar with the expression which will eventually become over the length of
x dx
this course.

Ex. Describe the behavior of the function f ( x)  x  2 near x  4 .

Sol. The statement can be written as lim( x  2) .

x4

Create a table of values that will allow you to plot the curve. Provide values
that are near to 4 but not 4.

x
y

x2 1
Ex. Describe the behavior of the function f ( x)  near x  1 .
x 1
 x2 1
Sol. The statement can be written as lim  . Unlike the previous example
x 1 x  1 
 
though, this function is defined for all real numbers except x  1 . Notice that
the denominator becomes zero if we substitute x with 1. When you encounter
functions like this, factor the numerator such that you can cancel out the
denominator.
( x  1)( x  1)
f ( x)   x 1
x 1

8
 Now you may process the limit as lim( x  1) . But because the function is
x 1

undefined when x  1 , the graph will have a “hole” at that point.

x
y

Without graphing, evaluate the following:

 x2  x  2   x 2
a. lim  2  lim 2 
x  2 x  5 x  6  x  4 x  16 
  c.  

 x2  4x  3   x3  x 2  x  1 
b. lim  lim 

xa x  3  x 1 x  1
  d.  

All of the examples so far are those of continuous functions. The continuity of a function
can be observed if you can sketch its curve on a graph without lifting your pen even once.
Some typical continuous functions include trigonometric functions, polynomial functions,
exponential and logarithmic functions. All of them follow these three criteria:
1. f (a ) exists and the value is finite
2. lim f ( x) exists and both left and right limits are finite
x a

3. lim f ( x)  f ( a )
xa

9
 ONE-SIDED LIMITS and LIMITS THAT DO NOT EXIST

Although a function f can have one limit at any particular point, it is also useful to describe
the behavior of functions that approach different numbers as x approaches a from one
side or another.
If you encounter lim f ( x)  L where x  a  , remember that this is the left limit of a
xa

function as x approaches from the left side of the number line. Meanwhile, lim f ( x)  L
xa

where x  a 
means x approaches the function from the right side of the number line,
thus calling it the right limit.

Ex. What one-sided limits does g ( x)  1  x 2 have at x  1 and x  1 ?

Sol. Using either x  1 and x  1 will result in 0, which is the value most functions
with one-sided limits return. However, after seeing the graph, we can say that:
lim  1  x 2   0
x 1  
lim  1  x 2   0
x  1  
lim  1  x 2   does not exist
x 1  
lim  1  x 2   does not exist
x  1  

For a limit to “not exist”, certain behaviors of the function are observed:
1. The value of x is beyond the boundary of the graph
2. The value of x gives an imaginary or undefined value to the function, even after
factoring it to its prime
3. For several given values of x, the limits are all different from one another (jump
discontinuity)

 2 x  0
Ex. Suppose that f ( x)   , find the limit at 0.
 3x x  0

Sol. Observe that lim f ( x)  2 and lim f ( x)  3 x  3(0)  0 for both the left and
x 0 x 0

right limits are not the same. Therefore, lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) and the limit
x 0 x 0

does not exist.

The example above did not satisfy the second criteria for continuity and actually forms a
graph with jump discontinuity, third criteria for a limit that does not exist. Even without
graphing, you may just use these criteria to figure out the limits of your functions.

10
Without graphing, evaluate the following:
1. lim
x2
 x2  3. lim
x 3
 3 x 

2. lim
x2
 x2  
4. lim 3  x
x 3


 x4 
5. lim 2 
x  4 x  8 x  16 

LIMITS AT INFINITY

x
Consider the function f ( x)  and observe the its limits. As x takes on larger
2
x 1
positive values, it approaches 1, and while x approaches lesser negative values, it
approaches -1. Following are this function’s table of values and graph.

This behavior can be expressed as:

lim f ( x)  1 “f(x) approaches 1 as x approaches infinity.”
x 

lim f ( x)  1 “f(x) approaches -1 as x approaches negative infinity.”

x  

The graph conveys this limiting behavior by approaching the horizontal lines y=1 and
y=-1 as x moves further to the right and to the left. These lines are called horizontal

11
asymptotes of the graph. Remember that if a curve approaches a straight line as it
recedes further from the origin, but never meets that line, that line is called an asymptote.

Ex. Without graphing and constructing a table of values, evaluate

x
lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) for f ( x)  .
x  x  
x2  1
Sol. Once you see that the limit requires that x approach  and   , substitute x
with random large positive and negative numbers.
100
For lim f ( x) , you may use x  100 and find that f ( x)   0.99995 .
x 
100 2  1
1000
If x  1000 , then f ( x)   0.9999995 .
1000 2  1
With this, you may conclude that lim f ( x)  1 .
x 

 100
For lim f ( x) , you may use x  100 so that f ( x)   0.99995 .
x  
( 100) 2  1
 1000
If x  1000 , then f ( x)   0.9999995 .
( 1000) 2  1
With this, you may conclude that lim f ( x)  1 .
x  

Another method of solving for limits at infinity is to remember that any number divided by
infinity is rounded off to zero, and zeroes do not involve positive/negative signs.
2x2  x  3
Ex. Evaluate lim
x   3 x 2  5

Sol. Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
degree, x2.
2x2  x  3 2  (1 / x)  (3 / x 2 ) 200 2
lim = lim 2
= = .
x   3 x 2  5 x   3  (5 / x ) 3 0 3

5x  2
Ex. Evaluate lim
x   2 x 3  1

Sol. Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
degree, x3.
5x  2 (5 / x 2 )  ( 2 / x 3 ) 00
lim 3
= lim 3
= =0
x   2 x  1 x   2  (1 / x ) 20

Find the limits of the following:

x x2  3
1. lim 3. lim
x  2 x  3 x   x 3  2

3x 3  5 x 2  7 3x  2 x
2. lim 4. lim
x  8  2 x  5 x 3 x  1 x

12
 INFINITE LIMITS

A function whose values grow arbitrarily large can sometimes be said to have an infinite
limit. You may already know that any number divided by zero is “undefined” or
“indefinite”, but with the practice of substituting the values of x for numbers approaching
but not equal to what is required in the limit, you will find that your calculator will give you
a definite answer.
1
Ex. Evaluate lim f ( x) if f ( x)  .
x 0 x2
Sol. You may use random numbers that are small enough to approach 0, whether it
be a negative or positive value.
1
If x  0.00001 , = 10,000,000,000
(0.00001) 2
If x  0.00001 , since you’ll be squaring x anyway, you’ll get the same answer.
The answer for both tests is a very large positive number which changes
depending on the value of x. Therefore, lim f ( x)  
x 0

1
On the left is the graph for f ( x)  . notice that the
x2
y-axis is the vertical asymptote of the graph. Although we
say that the limit of this function is infinite, we cannot say
that it exists because it changes all the time.

1
Ex. Describe the behavior of f ( x)  near x  0 .
x
1
Sol. Use your calculator. If x  0.00001 , then lim = 100,000
x  0 x
1
If x  0.00001 , then lim =  100,000
x  0 x

The answers for both tests are large numbers located on both negative and
positive sides of the number line, depending on the value of x, therefore we can
say that:
lim f ( x)   and lim f ( x)  
x 0  x 0 

1
On the left is the graph for f ( x) . Just like the
x
previous example, the y-axis is the vertical asymptote
of the graph, but for the negative side of the x-axis, the
curve moves downward along the negative y-axis, and
for the positive side of the x-axis, the curve also moves
upward along with the positive y-axis. This is an
example of a one-sided infinite limit.

13
Another method of solving for infinite limits is to remember that any number added or
subtracted to an infinite value is equal to infinity.
x3  1
Ex. Evaluate lim
x  x 2  1

Sol. Divide the numerator and the denominator by x2, the largest power of x in the
denominator:
x3  1 x  (1 / x 2 ) 0 
lim = lim = = = 
x  x 2  1 x   1  (1 / x 2 ) 1 0 1
x3  1
Therefore, we can say that lim = 
x  x 2  1

Evaluate the following. Does the limit exist, is the limit  ,   , or neither?
1 x  x3  x5
1. lim 4. lim
x 3 3  x x  1  x 2  x 3

1 x2  3
2. lim 5. lim
x 3 3  x
x  x 3  2

1
3. lim 6. lim ( x 2  2 x  x 2  2 x )
x 3 (3  x ) 2 x 

Laws of Limits::
Assume that lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) exist and that c is any constant. Then,
x a x a

1. lim c  c f ( x) lim f ( x)
xa 6. lim  xa
xa g ( x) lim g ( x)
2. lim x  a xa
xa
7. lim[ f ( x)]  [ lim f ( x)]n
n
3. lim c[ f ( x)]  c lim f ( x) xa xa
xa xa
n n
8. lim x  a
4. lim[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) xa
xa xa xa
9. lim n f ( x)  n lim f ( x)
5. lim[ f ( x) g ( x)]  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) xa xa
xa xa xa
10. lim[ln f ( x)]  ln [lim f ( x)]
xa xa

Squeeze Rule: If f ( x)  g ( x)  h( x) for all x in an open interval that contains a, except

possibly x=a, and lim f ( x)  lim h( x)  L , then , lim g ( x)  L
xa xa xa

Composition Rule: If f(x) is ontinuous at x=b and lim g ( x)  b , then,

xa

lim f ( g ( x))  f ( lim g ( x)) .

xa xa

14
 Activity #2

Evaluate the limit, if it exists.

1. lim(8  3 x  12 x 2 ) 2 x  22  4
x2 6. lim
x  3 x3

(6  h) 2  36
2. lim 2 z 2  17 z  8
h 0 h 7. lim
z 7 8 z

6  4t
3. lim x2  4
t  3 t2 1 8. lim
x2 x 2  4 x  4

z 2
4. lim x
z 4 z4 9. lim
x 0 3  x9

y 2  4 y  21
2
x  25 10. lim
5. lim y  7 3 y 2  17 y  28
2
x  5 x  2 x  15

15
 Activity #3

Given the functions, evaluate the limits if they exist.. Are the functions continuous?

7  4 x x  1 a. lim f ( x)
1. f ( x)   2 x 2
x  2 x  1
a. lim f ( x)
x  6

b. lim f ( x)
x2

b. lim f ( x)
x1

 x
 if x  2, x  0
 x
4. f ( x)   x  1 if x  2
 6z z  4
2. h( z )    3 if x  2
1  9 z z  4 

a. lim h( z )
z 7 a. lim f ( x)
x  3

b. lim h( z )
z  4 b. lim f ( x)
x  2

1 2
 x x2 c. lim f ( x)
3. f ( x)   2 x 0
3  x 2  x

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 CONTINUITY

Most functions that we encounter have domains that are intervals, or unions of separate
intervals. A point P in the domain of such a function is called an interior point of the
domain if it belongs to some open interval contained in the domain. If it is not an interior
point, then P is called an endpoint of the domain.

For example, the domain of the function f ( x)  4  x 2 is the closed interval  2,2 ,
which consists of interior points in the interval  2,2  , a left endpoint -2, and a right
endpoint 2. Consider the definition of continuity below:

When a function is graphed, we can say that it is continuous at an interior point c of its
domain when there are no breaks at the point c, f (c)  . Simply put, you can draw the
graph without having to lift your pen from the paper. Consider the figure below. In (a), f
is continuous at c. In (b), f is discontinuous at c because lim f ( x)  f (c) . In (c), f is
x c

discontinuous at c because lim f ( x) does not exist. Both graphs in (b) and (c) has a
x c

break at x=c.

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 The Heaviside function H(x), graphed at
the left is continuous at every number x
except 0. It is right continuous at 0 but is
not left continuous or continuous there.

The function on the left, f ( x)  4  x 2 has

domain  2,2 . it is continuous at the right
endpoint 2 because it is left continuous there,
that is, because lim x  2  f ( x)  0  f ( 2) . It is
continuous at the left endpoint f is also
continuous at every interior point of its
domain. If  2  c  2 , then lim x c f ( x)  4  c 2  f (c) .

The function g ( x)  1
is also a continuous function.
x
This may seem wrong at first because its graph is
broken at x=0. however, the number 0 is not in the
domain of g, so it is better to say that g is undefined at
x=0 rather than being discontinuous there.

Summary:

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Ex.
x2  4
The function f ( x)  is continuous everywhere except at x  2 and x  1 .
( x  2)( x  1)
( x  2)( x  2)
If we simplify the function into , we can cancel out ( x  2) , making the
( x  2)( x  1)
discontinuity at x  2 a removable discontinuity.

22
Now, to remove the discontinuity, define f ( 2)   4.
2 1

Ex.
Note that f is continuous at c if and only if the right and left hand limits exist and both
equal f(c).

The function below is continuous everywhere except at x=1, where f has a jump
discontinuity.

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 Activity #4

Using the definitions and the figure below, answer the following questions.

1. At which of the following x values are all three requirements for the existence of a limit
satisfied, and what is the limit at those x values?
x = -2, 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 11

2. At which of the x values are all three requirements for continuity satisfied?

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Activity #5

Determine if the given function is continuous or discontinuous at the given points.

6  2x
f ( x) 
7 x  14
1. ( a ) x  3
 2z 2 z  1
(b) x  0 h( z )  
(c ) x  2  4 z  6 z  1
4. ( a ) z  6
(b) z  1

2y
R( y)  2
y  25
2. ( a ) y  5
(b) y  1
(c ) y  3 x  e x x0
g ( x)   2
 x x0
5. ( a ) x  0
(b) x  4
5 z  20
g ( z) 
z 2  12 z
3. ( a ) z  1
(b) z  0
(c ) z  4

Determine where the given function is discontinuous.

11  2 x
1. f ( x)  2
2 x  13 x  7 4z  1
4. f ( z ) 
5 cos 2z   1

3
2. Q ( z )  2
2 z  3z  4

1 x
5. h( x) 
x sin( x  1)

t 2 1
3. h(t ) 
t 3  6t 2  t

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References

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/ComputingLimits.aspx

http://www.nabla.hr/FU-LimitOfFunctA1.htm

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Math/derint.html

https://www.quora.com/Calculus-What-is-the-difference-between-differentiation-and-inte
gration

https://www.cce.edu.om/contentdetails.aspx?id=163

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConicSection.html

https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/continuity-and-differentiability/continuity/

https://socratic.org/calculus/limits/determining-when-a-limit-does-not-exist

https://math.hmc.edu/calculus/hmc-mathematics-calculus-online-tutorials/single-variable-
calculus/continuity/

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