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Compounds and Their Bonds

Naming and Writing Ionic
Formulas

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Naming Ionic Compounds

 Identify if the metal cation has more than

one potential charge.
 Such metals are usually (but not always)
found in the transition metals section of the
periodic table.
 Notable Exceptions:
 Always Zn2+ and Ag+
 Sn and Pb can have multiple charges

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Naming Ionic Compounds with Two

Elements (Binary Ionic Compound)
To name a
compound that
contains two
elements,

• identify the cation

and anion.
• name the cation
first, followed by the
name of the anion
with an –ide ending.

Binary Ionic Compounds

 Binary compounds are those that contain

only two different elements. The names
for binary ionic compounds containing a
metal that forms only one type of ion
have the following form:

Name of Cation + Base Name of Anion + ide

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Charges of Representative
Elements

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Names of Some Common Ions

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Learning Check

Complete the names of the following ions:

Ba2+ Al3+ K+
_________ __________ _________

N3 O2 F
_________ __________ _________

P3 S2 Cl

_________ __________ _________

Solution

Ba2+ Al3+ K+
barium aluminum potassium

N3 O2 F
nitride oxide fluoride

P3 S2 Cl

phosphide sulfide chloride

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Examples of Ionic Compounds with

Two Elements

Formula Ions Name

cation anion
NaCl Na+ Cl- sodium chloride
K2S K+ S2- potassium sulfide
MgO Mg2+ O2- magnesium oxide
CaI2 Ca2+ I- calcium iodide
Al2O3 Al3+ O2- aluminum oxide

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Learning Check

Write the names of the following compounds:

1) CaO ___________
2) KBr ___________

3) Al2O3 ___________

4) MgCl2 ___________

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Solution

Write the names of the following compounds:

1) CaO calcium oxide

2) KBr potassium bromide
3) Al2O3 aluminum oxide
4) MgCl2 magnesium chloride

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Learning Check

Write the formulas and names for compounds of the

following ions:
Br− S2− N3−

- - -
Na+

- - -

Al3+

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Solution

Br− S2− N3−

NaBr Na2S Na3N

sodium sodium sodium
Na+
bromide sulfide nitride

AlBr3 Al2S3 AlN

aluminum aluminum aluminum
bromide sulfide nitride
Al3+

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Transition Metals Form Positive

Ions
Most transition metals and Group 4 (14) metals form 2
or more positive ions. However, Zn2+, Ag+, and Cd2+ form
only one ion.

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Metals That Form More Than One

Cation
The name of metals
with two or more
positive ions (cations)
use a Roman numeral
to identify ionic charge.

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Naming Ionic Compounds with

Variable Charge Metals

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Naming Variable Charge Metals

Transition metals with two different ions use a Roman

numeral after the name of the metal to indicate ionic
charge.

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Naming FeCl2

To name FeCl2:
1. Determine the charge of the cation using the charge
of the anion (Cl-).
Fe ion + 2 Cl- = Fe ion + 2- = 0
Fe ion = 2+
2. Name the cation by the element name and add a
Roman numeral in parentheses to show its charge.
Fe2+ = iron(II)
3. Write the anion with an ide ending.
FeCl2 = iron(II) chloride

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Naming Cr2O3
To name Cr2O3:
1. Determine the charge of cation from the anion (O2-).
2 Cr ions + 3 O2- = 0
2 Cr ions + 3 (2-) = 0
2 Cr ions - 6 = 0
2 Cr ions = 6+
Cr ion = 3+ = Cr3+
2. Name the cation by the element name and add a
Roman numeral in parentheses to show its charge.
Cr3+ = chromium(III)
3. Write the anion with an ide ending.
chromium(III) oxide = Cr2O3
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Learning Check

Select the correct name for each.

A. Fe2S3
1) iron sulfide
2) iron(II) sulfide
3) iron(III) sulfide

B. CuO
1) copper oxide
2) copper(I) oxide
3) copper(II) oxide

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Solution

Select the correct name for each.

A. Fe2S3
3) iron (III) sulfide Fe3+ S2-

B. CuO
3) copper (II) oxide Cu2+ O2-

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Guide to Writing Formulas from the

Name

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Writing Formulas

Write a formula for potassium sulfide.

1. Identify the cation and anion.

potassium = K+
sulfide = S2−
2. Balance the charges.
K+ S2−
K+
2(1+) + 2(1-) = 0

3. 2 K+ and 1 S2− = K2S

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Writing Formulas

Write a formula for iron(III) chloride.

1. Identify the cation and anion.
iron (III) = Fe3+ (III = charge of 3+)
chloride = Cl−
2. Balance the charges.
Fe3+ Cl−
Cl− = (3+) + 3(1-) = 0
Cl−
3. 1 Fe3+ and 3 Cl− = FeCl3

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Learning Check

What is the correct formula for each of the following?

A. Copper(I) nitride
1) CuN 2) CuN3 3) Cu3N

B. Lead(IV) oxide
1) PbO2 2) PbO 3) Pb2O4

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Solution

The correct formula is

A. Copper(I) nitride
3) Cu3N Need 3 Cu+ and N3-

B. Lead(IV) oxide
1) PbO2 Need Pb4+ and 2 O2-

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Covalent Compounds

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Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds form

• when atoms share electrons to

complete octets.

• between two nonmetal atoms.

• between nonmetal atoms from

Groups 4A(14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and
7A(17).
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Hydrogen Molecule

A hydrogen molecule
• is stable with two electrons (helium).

• has a shared pair of electrons.

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Forming Octets in Molecules

In a fluorine, F2,, molecule, each F atom

• shares one electron.

• attains an octet.

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Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

In a CH4, methane,
molecule

• a C atom shares 4
electrons to attain an
octet.

• each H shares 1
electron to become
stable like helium.
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Multiple Bonds

In nitrogen molecule, N2,

• each N atom shares 3 electrons.

• each N attains an octet.
• the bond is a multiple bond called a triple bond.
• the name is the same as the element.

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Naming Covalent Compounds

To name covalent Table4.12

compounds
• STEP 1: Name the first
nonmetal as an element.
• STEP 2: Name the
second nonmetal with
an ide ending.
• STEP 3: Use prefixes to
indicate the number of
atoms (subscript) of
each element. 37

Naming Covalent Compounds

What is the name of SO3?

1. The first nonmetal is S sulfur.

2. The second nonmetal is O named oxide.
3. The subscript 3 of O is shown as the prefix
tri.
SO3  sulfur trioxide
The subscript 1 (for S) or mono is
understood. 38

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Naming Covalent Compounds

Name P4S3.

1. The first nonmetal P is phosphorus.

2. The second nonmetal S is sulfide.
3. The subscript 4 of P is shown as tetra.
The subscript 3 of O is shown as tri.

P4S3  tetraphosphorus trisulfide

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Formulas and Names of Some

Covalent Compounds

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Learning Check

Select the correct name for each compound.

A. SiCl4 1) silicon chloride
2) tetrasilicon chloride
3) silicon tetrachloride
B. P2O5 1) phosphorus oxide
2) phosphorus pentoxide
3) diphosphorus pentoxide
C. Cl2O7 1) dichlorine heptoxide
2) dichlorine oxide
3) chlorine heptoxide

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Solution

Select the correct name for each compound.

A. SiCl4 3) silicon tetrachloride

B. P2O5 3) diphosphorus pentoxide
C. Cl2O7 1) dichlorine heptoxide

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Learning Check

Write the name of each covalent compound.

CO _____________________
CO2 _____________________
PCl3 _____________________
CCl4 _____________________
N2O _____________________

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Solution

Write the name of each covalent compound.

CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
PCl3 phosphorus trichloride
CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
N2O dinitrogen monoxide

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Guide to Writing Formulas

The prefixes in the name are used to write the formula.

STEP 1: Write the symbols in the order of the elements in
the name.
STEP 2: Write any prefixes as subscripts.

Example: Write the formula for carbon disulfide.

STEP 1: Elements are C and S
STEP 2: No prefix for carbon means 1 C
Prefix di = 2
Formula: CS2
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Learning Check

Write the correct formula for each of the following.

A. phosphorus pentachloride

B. dinitrogen trioxide

C. sulfur hexafluoride

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Solution

Write the correct formula for each of the following.

A. phosphorus pentachloride
1P penta = 5 Cl PCl5

B. dinitrogen trioxide
di = 2 N tri = 3 O N2O3

C. sulfur hexafluoride
1S hexa = 6 F SF6
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Learning Check

Identify each compound as ionic or covalent and give its

correct name.

A. SO3
B. BaCl2
C. (NH4)3PO4
D. Cu2CO3
E. N2O4

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Solution

Identify each compound as ionic or covalent and give its

correct name.

A. SO3 covalent – sulfur trioxide

B. BaCl2 ionic – barium chloride
C. (NH4)3PO3 ionic – ammonium phosphite
D. Cu2CO3 ionic – copper(I) carbonate
E. N2O4 covalent – dinitrogen tetroxide

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Learning Check

Name the following compounds.

A. Ca3(PO4)2
B. FeBr3
C. SCl2
D. Cl2O
E. N2

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Solution

Name the following compounds.

A. Ca3(PO4)2 ionic Ca2+ PO43− calcium phosphate

B. FeBr3 ionic Fe3+ Br − iron(III) bromide
C. SCl2 covalent 1S 2 Cl sulfur dichloride
D. Cl2O covalent 2 Cl 1 O dichlorine monoxide
E. N2 covalent 2N(element) nitrogen

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Learning Check

Write the formulas for the following.

A. calcium nitrate
B. boron trifluoride
C. aluminum carbonate
D. dinitrogen tetroxide
E. copper(I) phosphate

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Solution

Write the formulas for the following.

A. calcium nitrate Ca2+, NO3− Ca(NO3)2

B. boron trifluoride 1 B, 3 F BF3
C. aluminum carbonate Al3+, CO32− Al2(CO3) 3
D. dinitrogen tetroxide 2 N, 4 O N2O4
E. copper(I) phosphate Cu+, PO43− Cu3PO4

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Predicting Compounds using Lewis

Dot Structures
 Going back to the idea of Lewis dot
configuration as a good way to keep
track of valence electrons for predicting
structure of ionic/covalent compounds.

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Ionic Compounds

 Magnesium Iodide using the crossover method

to determine the molecular formula and draw
the structure using Lewis dot valence
electrons.
Step 1: Forming the magnesium cation:
Mg Mg2+ + 2e-
Step 2: Forming the iodide anion:

I + 1e- I

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Step 3: Putting the ions together

We need 2 iodide anions to balance the +2

charge on the magnesium, as indicated by the
formula MgI2

I Mg2+ I

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Covalent Compounds

 Covalent compounds between oxygen and

hydrogen
Step 1: Determine how many bonds are formed by oxygen

Step 2: Determine how many hydrogen atoms are in the

chemical formula (hydrogen forms a single bond)

Step 3: Draw the structure

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Draw the structure for H2O

6 valence e- O 2 max bonds

1 valence e- H 1 bond each

H
O and 2 H O H

6 valence e- 1 valence e- H2O

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Covalent Compounds

 Covalent compounds between carbon and

hydrogen
Step 1: Determine how many bonds are formed by carbon

Step 2: Determine how many hydrogen atoms are in the

chemical formula (hydrogen forms a single bond)

Step 3: Draw the structure

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Draw the structure for CH4

4 valence e- C 4 max bonds

1 valence e- H 1 bond each

C and 4 H H
C H
4 valence e- 1 valence e-
H CH4

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Bonus Questions

 For the following molecules or ions

(where the central atom is underlined):
 i. Draw the Electron dot structure.
 ii. Determine the shape of the molecule.
 iii. Determine the approximate bond
angles.
 a. difluoromethane, CH2F2
 b. phosphite ion, PO3–3

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Compounds and Their Bonds

Polyatomic Ions

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Polyatomic Ions

A polyatomic ion
• is a group of atoms.
• has an overall ionic charge.

Some examples of polyatomic ions are

NH4+ ammonium OH− hydroxide
NO3− nitrate NO2− nitrite
CO32− carbonate PO43− phosphate
HCO3− hydrogen carbonate
(bicarbonate)

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Some Compounds with Polyatomic

Ions

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Some Names of Polyatomic Ions

The names of common polyatomic anions

• end in ate.
NO3− nitrate PO43− phosphate
• with one oxygen less end in ite.
NO2− nitrite PO33− phosphite
• with hydrogen attached use the prefix hydrogen (or bi).
HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
HSO3− hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)

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Names and Formulas of Common

Polyatomic Ions

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Names and Formulas of Common

Polyatomic Ions

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Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Naming Compounds with

Polyatomic Ions

• The positive ion is named first followed by the

name of the polyatomic ion.
NaNO3 sodium nitrate
K2SO4 potassium sulfate
Fe(HCO3)3 iron(III) bicarbonate
or iron(III) hydrogen carbonate
(NH4)3PO3 ammonium phosphite

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Some Compounds with Polyatomic

Ions

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Learning Check

Match each formula with the correct name.

A. MgS 1) magnesium sulfite

MgSO3 2) magnesium sulfate
MgSO4 3) magnesium sulfide

B. Ca(ClO3)2 1) calcium chlorate

CaCl2 2) calcium chlorite
Ca(ClO2)2 3) calcium chloride

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Solution

Match each formula with the correct name:

A. MgS 3) magnesium sulfide

MgSO3 1) magnesium sulfite
MgSO4 2) magnesium sulfate

B. Ca(ClO3)2 1) calcium chlorate

CaCl2 3) calcium chloride
Ca(ClO2)2 2) calcium chlorite

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Learning Check

Name each of the following compounds:

A. Mg(NO3)2
B. Cu(ClO3)2
C. PbO2
D. Fe2(SO4)3
E. Ba3(PO3)2

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Solution

Name each of the following compounds:

A. Mg(NO3)2 magnesium nitrate

B. Cu(ClO3)2 copper(II) chlorate
C. PbO2 lead(IV) oxide
D. Fe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfate
E. Ba3(PO3)2 barium phosphite

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Writing Formulas with Polyatomic

Ions
The formula of an ionic compound
• containing a polyatomic ion must have a charge
balance that equals zero (0).
Na+ and NO3−  NaNO3

• with two or more polyatomic ions has the

polyatomic ions in parentheses.
Mg2+ and 2NO3−  Mg(NO3)2
subscript 2 for charge balance

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Learning Check

Select the correct formula for each.

A. aluminum nitrate
1) AlNO3 2) Al(NO)3 3) Al(NO3)3
B. copper(II) nitrate
1) CuNO3 2) Cu(NO3)2 3) Cu2(NO3)
C. iron(III) hydroxide
1) FeOH 2) Fe3OH 3) Fe(OH)3
D. tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)4 2) Sn(OH)2 3) Sn4(OH)

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Solution

Select the correct formula for each.

A. aluminum nitrate
3) Al(NO3)3
B. copper(II) nitrate
2) Cu(NO3)2
C. iron(III) hydroxide
3) Fe(OH)3
D. tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)4

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Learning Check

Write the correct formula for each.

A. potassium bromate
B. calcium carbonate
C. sodium phosphate
D. iron(III) oxide
E. iron(II) nitrite

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Solution

Write the correct formula for each.

A. potassium bromate KBrO3
B. calcium carbonate CaCO3
C. sodium phosphate Na3PO4
D. iron(III) oxide Fe2O3
E. iron(II) nitrite Fe(NO2)2

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Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds

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Flowchart for Naming Ionic

Compounds

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Learning Check

Name the following compounds:

A. Ca3(PO4)2
B. FeBr3
C. Al2S3
D. Zn(NO2)2
E. NaHCO3

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Solution

Name the following compounds:

A. Ca3(PO4)2 Ca2+ PO43− calcium phosphate
B. FeBr3 Fe3+ Br − iron(III) bromide
C. Al2S3 Al3+ S2− aluminum sulfide
D. Zn(NO2)2 Zn2+ NO2− zinc nitrite
E. NaHCO3 Na+ HCO3− sodium hydrogen
carbonate
or sodium bicarbonate

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Learning Check

Write the formulas for the following:

A. calcium nitrate
B. iron(II) hydroxide
C. aluminum carbonate
D. copper(II) bromide
E. lithium phosphate

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Solution

Write the formulas for the following:

A. calcium nitrate Ca2+, NO3− Ca(NO3)2
B. iron(II) hydroxide Fe2+, OH− Fe(OH)2
C. aluminum carbonate Al3+, CO32− Al2(CO3) 3
D. copper(II) bromide Cu2+, Br− CuBr2
E. lithium phosphate Li+, PO43− Li3PO4

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