Topic 7_2

Hydraulic and pneumatic systems

Dr. Mahesh S. Narkhede

Electrical Engineering Department
Government Polytechnic, Mumbai
[email protected]
https://drmaheshsnarkhede.wordpress.com/
 Course Outcome
After studying this topic you will be able to
• Explain the working of Pneumatic output devices
like Single acting, double acting cylinder, Gear
Motor, Vane motor.
• Explain the construction and working of
different types of control valves (Globe, angle,
spool, puppet).
• Classification direction control valves
• Explain working of pressure control valve, flow
control valves (plug, butterfly and ball).
• Explain the working of hydraulic circuits of shaper
circuit, sequence circuit.
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 Pneumatic Output Devices
Cylinders
• Hydraulic or pneumatic system is generally
concerned with moving, gripping or applying
force to an object. Devices which actually
achieve this objective are called as actuators (
e.g. linear / rotary). Cylinder is a basic linear
actuator as shown below.

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 Pneumatic Output Devices
• There are 5 basic parts in a cylinder. Two end
caps with port connections, a cylinder barrel, a
piston and a rod itself.
• Depending upon the direction of air, the piston
moves.

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 Pneumatic Output Devices
• Single-acting cylinders (SAC) use the
pressure imparted by compressed air to create a
driving force in one direction (usually out), and a
spring to return to the "home" position.

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 Pneumatic Output Devices
• Double-acting cylinders (DAC) use the force of
air to move in both extend and retract strokes.
They have two ports to allow air in, one for
outstroke and one for instroke.

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Cylinder View

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 Gear Motor
• A gear motor (external gear) consists of two
gears, the driven gear (attached to the output
shaft by way of a key, etc.) and the idler gear.
• High pressure oil is ported into one side of the
gears, where it flows around the periphery of the
gears, between the gear tips and the wall
housings in which it resides, to the outlet port.
• The gears then mesh, not allowing the oil from
the outlet side to flow back to the inlet side.

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Gear Motor

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 Vane Motor
• A vane motor consists of a housing with an
eccentric bore, in which runs a rotor with vanes
in it that slide in and out. By Rainer Bielefeld
• The force differential created by the unbalanced
force of the pressurized fluid on the vanes
causes the rotor to spin in one direction.

Image contribution by - By Rainer Bielefeld

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 Vane Motor

• It suffers from less leakage than the gear

motor, it is typically used at lower speeds.
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 Vane Motor
Key features of hydraulic vane motors are:

• Low noise level

• Low flow pulsation
• High torque at low speeds
• Simple design and Easy serviceability
• Vertical installation friendly
Typical parameters:
• Displacement volume: 9 to 214 cc
• Maximum pressure: up to 230 bar
• Range of speeds: 100 to 2,500 rpm
• Maximum torque: up to 650 Nm 12
Hydraulic and pneumatic control devices
Control Valve
• Control valves are valves used to control
conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature,
and liquid level by fully or partially opening or
closing in response to signals received from
controllers that compare a "setpoint" to a
"process variable" whose value is provided by
sensors that monitor changes in such
conditions.
• The opening or closing of control valves is done
by means of electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic
systems.
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 Hydraulic and pneumatic control devices
• The most common and versatile types of control
valves are sliding-stem globe and angle valves.
Their popularity derives from rugged
construction and the many options available
that make them suitable for a variety of process
applications, including severe service

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 Globe Valve

• A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating

flow in a pipeline
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 Globe Valve
• The body is the main pressure containing
structure of the valve
• The bonnet provides a leakproof closure for the
valve body. The threaded section of the stem
goes through a hole with matching threads in
the bonnet. Globe valves may have a screw-in,
union, or bolted bonnet.
• The closure member of the valve, plugs are
connected to the stem which is slid or screwed
up or down to throttle the flow.
• The seat ring provides a stable, uniform and
replaceable shut off surface
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 Angle Valve

• Here the flow is regulated by controlling the

angle of the flap inside the valve body.

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 Spool Valve

• Spool valves are constructed with a spool

moving horizontally within the valve body as
shown in 4/2 valve.
• Here the spool is easily movable.
• In one position port A is connected to P and in
another port B is connected to T.
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 Poppet Valve

• In poppet valve, simple discs, cones or balls are

used in conjunction with simple valve seats to
control flow.
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 Poppet Valve
• Figure shows 2/2 normally closed valve where
depression of the push button lifts the ball of its
seat and allows fluid to flow from port P to port
A.
• When the button is released, spring and fluid
pressure force the ball up again closing the
valve.

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Hydraulic and Pneumatic
Control Devices

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 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Control Devices
Directional control valves
• These are one of the most fundamental parts
in hydraulic machinery as well and pneumatic
machinery.
• They allow fluid flow into different paths from
one or more sources.
• They usually consist of a spool inside a cylinder
which is mechanically or electrically controlled.
• The movement of the spool restricts or permits
the flow, thus it controls the fluid flow.

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 Direction Control Valves
• Classification
– Number of Ports
– Number of Positions
– Actuating Methods
• Manually Operated
• Mechanically Operated
• Hydraulically Operated
• Solenoid Operated
– Type of Spool
– Example: A 5/2 directional control valve would
have five ports and two spool positions
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Direction Control Valves

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 Direction Control Valves
Number of Ports
• According to total number of entries or exits
connected to the valve through which fluid can
enter the valve or leave the valve. There are
types such as two way, three way, and four way
valves.
Number of Positions
• Including the normal and working positions
which a valve spool can take there are types like
two position, three position and proportional
valves.
Actuating Methods Manual, spring, electrical,
pneumatic, and hydraulic. 25
 Pressure Control Valves
• Pressure- control / relief valves limit the
maximum pressure in a hydraulic circuit by
providing an alternate path for fluid flow when
the pressure reaches a preset level.
• There are two different designs of relief valves in
use: direct-acting and pilot-operated. Both types
have advantages and work better in certain
applications.
• When pressure in line increases above the set
value set by pressure relief valve , the valve
operates and oil is passed to return line via tank
port
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 Pressure Control Valves
Simple Pressure Relief Valve

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Pressure Control Valves

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 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Control Devices
Flow Control Valve
• All valves work by putting a variable restriction in
the flow path.
• There are three basic types of flow control
valves, shown in next slides.
– Plug Valve
– Butterfly Valve
– Ball Valve

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 Plug / Globe Valve

• This is also called as globe valve.

• This controls flow by varying the vertical plug
position, which alters the size of the orifice
between the tapered plug and valve seat.

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 Butterfly Valve

• A butterfly valve, consists of a large disc which is

rotated inside the pipe, the angle determining the
restriction.

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 Butterfly Valve
• Butterfly valves can be made to any size and are
widely used for control of gas flow.
• They do, however, suffer from rather high leakage
in the shut-off position and suffer badly from
dynamic torque effects

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 The ball Valve

• The ball valve, uses a ball with a through hole

which is rotated inside a machined seat.
• Ball valves have an excellent shut-off
characteristic with leakage almost as good as an
on/off isolation valve.

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 Applications of Hydraulic Circuit
Hydraulic Shaper Circuit
It Consists of
• Constant discharge hydraulic pump
• Pressure relief valve
• Four way control valve
• Cylinder with piston
• Hydraulic liquid is pumped by a constant
discharge pump into the direction control valve. It
has four ports and three stages. If the pressure
goes beyond desired limits, the same is released
by the pressure relief valve.
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 Hydraulic Shaper Circuit
• The liquid reaches the right side of the cylinder
through the inlet E and outlet A of the valve. Due to
the pressure of the liquid, the piston moves towards
left. The toolhead moves forward to perform the
forward cutting stroke. The liquid on the left side of
the piston is sent back to the reservoir through B
and P.

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 Hydraulic Shaper Circuit
• Due to the change of position of plunger inside the
valve, the liquid reaches the left side of the cylinder
through the inlet E and outlet B. Piston moves
towards right. The toolhead moves in the opposite
direction and this movement is known as the return
stroke. The liquid on the right side of the piston is
sent back to the reservoir through A and P.

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Hydraulic Shaper Circuit

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Hydraulic Sequencing Circuit

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 Hydraulic Sequencing Circuit
• Limit switches momentarily actuated by the
cylinders control the solenoid valves to sequence
this circuit.
• Solenoid a is energized by a pushbutton to
initiate movement 1.
• At the completion of movement 1, limit switch E is
actuated to energize solenoid c
• This initiates movement 2.
• At the end of movement 2,limit switch F is actuated
to energize solenoid b.
• This initiates movement 3.
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 Hydraulic Sequencing Circuit
• At the end of this movement, limit switch G is
actuated to energize solenoid d.
• This initiates movement 4.
• In this way hydraulic sequencing circuit works

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 References
• https://www.pneumatictips.com
• Hydraulics & Pneumatics by Andrew Parr

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 HAPPY LEARNING!
Dr.Mahesh S. Narkhede
Electrical Engineering Department
Government Polytechnic, Mumbai
[email protected]
https://drmaheshsnarkhede.wordpress.com/ 42