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My Blood Vessels Lead All The Way To My Destination!: Arteries

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Welcome to your 8th Anatomy part in the Final!

In this part, we will continue talking about the Blood vessels.


BLOOD VESSELS
My Blood Vessels Lead All The Way To My Destination!

CAN YOU REVISE THE Arteries


MAIN BLOOD VESSELS? Arteries take blood away from the Heart. The largest artery is the
Aorta. Middle layer of arterial wall is Smooth muscle that can
constrict to regulate blood flow and blood pressure.
- Arteries give Arterioles (smaller) that can constrict or dilate,
changing the blood pressure.

Capillaries
Capillary beds are present in all regions of the body but not all
beds are open at same time. Sphincter muscle contraction closes
off a bed and blood can only flow through Arteriovenous shunt.

Veins
Venules drain blood from capillaries that join to form veins that
take the blood to the heart. Veins have much less smooth muscle
and connective tissue than artery.
- Veins have Valves that prevent back-flow of blood when it closes.
- Veins carry 70% of body’s blood and act as reservoir during
Hemorrhage (‫)اﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ‬.
WHAT ARE TYPES OF
ARTERIES? 1. Elastic Arteries: contain high amount of Elastic tissue in their
walls. Example: Large arteries (Aorta).
2. Muscular Arteries: Medium-sized arteries (Arteries of Upper
and Lower limbs).

WHAT IS THE AORTA?


Aorta is the largest artery of the body (Elastic). It is divided into
Thoracic and Abdominal parts.

WHAT ARE PARTS OF


Thoracic Aorta may be divided into 3 parts:
THORACIC AORTA? 1. Ascending Aorta: between Heart and Arch of Aorta. It gives
Right and Left coronary arteries.
2. Arch of Aorta: peak part looks like an inverted U. Branches:
a. Left Subclavian artery.
b. Left Common Carotid artery.
c. Brachiocephalic Trunk: Rt. Subclavian and Common Carotid.
3. Descending Thoracic Aorta: from Arch of Aorta to opening in
Diaphragm at level of T12.
WHAT ARE BRANCHES OF
1. Pericardial arteries: to Pericardium.
DESCENDING THORACIC? 2. Bronchial arteries: to Lungs.
3. Esophageal arteries: to Esophagus.
4. Intercostal arteries: to Muscles of the thorax.
5. Phrenic arteries: to Diaphragm.

WHAT ABOUT ABDOMINAL Abdominal Aorta extends from Diaphragm (T12) to bifurcation of
AORTA? Aorta at L4, where it divides into 2 Common Iliac Arteries.
• Branches of Abdominal Aorta include:
1. Single Arteries:
a. Celiac Artery, which supplies the Stomach, Liver, and Spleen by
Gastic, Splenic, and Hepatic arteries.
b. Superior Mesenteric Artery, which supply Small Intestine.
c. Inferior Mesenteric Artery, which supply Large Intestine.
d. Median Sacral Artery, which runs on the Sacrum.
2. Paired Arteries:
a. Renal Arteries, which supply the Kidneys.
b. Suprarenal Arteries, which supply the Suprarenal glands.
c. Gonadal Arteries, which are Testicular arteries in Males and
Ovarian arteries in females.

WHAT IS BLOOD SUPPLY TO Subclavian artery supplies Upper limb with blood. It passes
UPPER LIMBS? laterally, deep to the clavicle and enters Axilla (Axillary artery)
→ Runs in Arm (Brachial artery) → In front of elbow, it divides
into Radial (Lateral) and Ulnar (Medial) arteries.
- In the Hand, Ulnar and Radial arteries give Superficial and Deep
Palmar arches to supply structures in the Hand.
WHAT IS BLOOD SUPPLY TO
LOWER LIMBS?
Common Iliac Arteries divide into two branches:
1. External Iliac Artery: supply the Lower Limb.
2. Internal Iliac Artery: supply structures of the pelvis.
- External iliac artery becomes Femoral artery once it passes
below Inguinal ligament. Then, it becomes Popliteal artery once
the femoral artery enter the popliteal fossa.
- Popliteal artery divides into Anterior Tibial Artery (in front of
the leg) and Posterior Tibial Artery (in back of the leg).

WHAT ARE ARTERIES OF 1. Anterior Tibial Artery on the Dorsum of the foot become the
THE FOOT? Dorsalis pedis artery and forms Dorsal arterial arch (supply the
dorsal aspect of the foot).
2. Posterior Tibial Artery gives Medial and Lateral Plantar artery
that supply Plantar surface of the foot.
WHAT ARE ARTERIES OF 1. Vertebral Arteries, which are branches of Subclavian artery. It
THE HEAD AND NECK? runs in Foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra.
- Right and Left vertebral arteries unite to form Basilar artery,
which gives Posterior cerebral artery to supply the brain.
2. Common Carotid Arteries, which divides into 2 branches:
a. External carotid artery, which supplies the face (Maxillary a.)
and the scalp (Superficial temporal artery).
b. Internal carotid artery, which enters the skull through carotid
foramen to supply the brain.
WHAT ABOUT THE VEINS OF
There are two veins that collect blood and drain it to Rt. Atrium:
THE BODY?
1. Superior vena cava, which is formed by the unite of Right and
Left (Longer) Brachiocephalic veins. Each of these are formed by
the unite of Subclavian and Internal Jugular veins.
- Right and Left vertebral veins drain into Brachiocephalic veins.
2. Inferior vena cava, which is formed by the union of 2 common
iliac veins (Right and Left). It crosses the Diaphragm at T8.
- Inferior vena cava receives Renal, Suprarenal, Testicular,
Ovarian, Lumbar, Inferior phrenic, and Hepatic veins.

WHAT ARE THE VEINS OF


1. Internal Jugular Vein, which carries blood from the brain. It
receives Facial vein (from Face) and Superficial temporal vein
THE HEAD AND NECK?
(from Scalp). It unites with Subclavian forming Brachiocephalic.
2. External Jugular Vein, which carries blood from Posterior part
of the skull. It drains into Subclavian vein.

Venous drainage of the neck is by Vertebral veins. These run in


Foramen transversarium and drain into Subclavian veins.
WHAT ARE THE VEINS OF
UPPER LIMB? Veins of the Upper limb can be divided into:
1. Superficial Veins, which originate from Dorsal venous arch.
These veins are Cephalic (Lateral) and Basilic (Medial).
- These two veins are connected by Median Cubital Vein.
2. Deep Veins, which originate from Palmar venous arch. These
veins are Ulnar vein (Medial) and Radial vein (Lateral).
- These two veins unite to form Brachial vein, which unites with
Basilic vein to form the Axillary vein (receive Cephalic vein).
- Axillary vein crosses the Clavicle to become Subclavian vein.
WHAT ARE THE VEINS OF 1. Superficial Veins, which include Great Saphenous (Medial and
THE LOWER LIMB? drain into Femoral vein) and Short Saphenous (Posterior and
drains into Popliteal vein).
2. Deep Veins, which originate from Dorsal venous arch. They are
Anterior and Posterior tibial veins, which unite to form Popliteal
vein. This becomes Femoral vein in the Thigh, which becomes
External Iliac Vein after the Inguinal Ligament.
WHAT ARE THE VEINS OF
1. Azygous Vein, which is formed by the union of Right Ascending
THE THORAX? Lumbar vein and Right Subcostal vein (Abdomen).
- It collects blood from Rt. side of Thorax and Rt. side of Abdomen
and drains into the Superior vena cava.
2. Hemi-azygous Vein, which is formed by the union of Left
Ascending Lumbar vein and Left Subcostal vein (Abdomen).
- It collects blood from Lt. side of Abdomen and drains into the
Azygous vein.
3. Accessory Hemiazygous Vein, which is formed by the union of
Posterior Intercostal veins. It collects blood from Left side of the
Thorax and drains into the Azygous vein.
WHAT IS THE PORTAL
• Portal vein is formed by the union of Superior mesenteric and
HEPATIC CIRCULATION?
Splenic veins. It collects blood from Intestine (nutrients) → Liver.

• Hepatic artery: carries oxygen from Aorta to the Liver.

• Hepatic vein: carries deoxygenated blood from Liver to IVC.

WHAT ARE CLINICAL • Varicose veins: dilated tortuous veins due to accumulation of
TERMS RELATED TO BLOOD blood in veins caused by damage of valves.
VESSELS? - It usually occurs in veins of lower limbs like great saphenous
vein. Also, it may happen in Pregnancy and Long-standing.
• Varicocele: dilatation of testicular vein.
• Vasoconstriction: decrease in the diameter of arteries. It causes
Hypertension (increase in blood pressure).
• Vasodilatation: increase in the diameter of arteries. It causes
Hypotension (decrease in blood pressure).

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