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    1.1 Terms and Definitions Direct Test

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    ms_das
    This document introduces terms and definitions related to circuit breaker testing methods. It discusses direct testing using a power system versus indirect or synthetic testing. The objectives of the research are to study existing testing methods, design and simulate a 4-parameter TRV synthetic testing circuit up to 800kV according to IEC standards for terminal and short-line fault testing, and analyze a 2-parameter TRV circuit for medium voltage testing. The motivation is that direct testing limitations require developing indirect testing capabilities for higher voltage circuit breakers.

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    1.1 Terms and Definitions Direct Test

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    ms_das
    32 views7 pages
    This document introduces terms and definitions related to circuit breaker testing methods. It discusses direct testing using a power system versus indirect or synthetic testing. The objectives of the research are to study existing testing methods, design and simulate a 4-parameter TRV synthetic testing circuit up to 800kV according to IEC standards for terminal and short-line fault testing, and analyze a 2-parameter TRV circuit for medium voltage testing. The motivation is that direct testing limitations require developing indirect testing capabilities for higher voltage circuit breakers.

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    This document introduces terms and definitions related to circuit breaker testing methods. It discusses direct testing using a power system versus indirect or synthetic testing. The objectives of the research are to study existing testing methods, design and simulate a 4-parameter TRV synthetic testing circuit up to 800kV according to IEC standards for terminal and short-line fault testing, and analyze a 2-parameter TRV circuit for medium voltage testing. The motivation is that direct testing limitations require developing indirect testing capabilities for higher voltage circuit breakers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views7 pages

    1.1 Terms and Definitions Direct Test

    Uploaded by

    ms_das
    This document introduces terms and definitions related to circuit breaker testing methods. It discusses direct testing using a power system versus indirect or synthetic testing. The objectives of the research are to study existing testing methods, design and simulate a 4-parameter TRV synthetic testing circuit up to 800kV according to IEC standards for terminal and short-line fault testing, and analyze a 2-parameter TRV circuit for medium voltage testing. The motivation is that direct testing limitations require developing indirect testing capabilities for higher voltage circuit breakers.

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    of 7

    Chapter 1

    INTRODUCTION
    1.1 Terms and definitions
    Direct Test
    Test in which the applied voltage, the current and the transient and power-frequency
    recovery voltages are all obtained from a circuit having a single-power source, which
    may be a power system or special alternators as used in short-circuit testing stations
    or a combination of both.

    Synthetic Test
    Test in which all the current, or a major portion of it, is obtained from one source
    (current circuit) and in which the applied voltage and/or the recovery voltages
    (transient and power frequency) are obtained wholly or in part from one or more
    separate sources ( voltage circuits).

    Test circuit - breaker


    Circuit-breaker under test.

    Auxiliary circuit-breaker(s)
    Circuit-breakers) forming part of a synthetic test circuit used to put the test circuit-
    breaker into the required relation with various circuits.

    Current circuit
    That part of the synthetic test circuit from which all or the major part of power-
    frequency current is obtained.

    Voltage circuit
    That part of the synthetic test circuit from which all or the major part of the applied
    voltage and/or recovery voltage is obtained.

    1
    Current - injection method
    Synthetic test method in which the voltage circuit is applied to the test circuit-breaker
    before power-frequency current zero.

    Voltage-injection method
    Synthetic test method in which the voltage circuit is applied to the test circuit-breaker
    after power-frequency current zero.

    Injected current
    Current supplied by the voltage circuit of a current injection circuit when it is
    connected to the circuit-breaker under test.

    Post-arc current
    Current which flows through the arc gap of a circuit breaker when the current and
    arc voltage fallen to zero and transient recovery voltage has begun to rise.

    Amplitude factor
    The ratio between the maximum of transient recovery voltage to the crest value of
    the power frequency recovery voltage.

    Short-line fault (SLF)


    Short circuit on an overhead line at a short, but significant, distance from the
    terminals of the circuit-breaker.
    As a rule this distance is not more than a few kilometers.

    First-pole-to-clear factor (in a three phase system)


    When interrupting any symmetrical three-phase current the first-pole-to-clear factor is
    the ratio of the power frequency voltage across the first interrupting pole before
    current interruption in the other poles, to the power frequency voltage occurring across
    the pole or the poles after interruption in all three poles.

    2
    Restriking Voltage
    The transient voltage which appears across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being
    extinguished is known as restriking voltage.

    Recovery Voltage
    The power frequency rms voltage, which appears across the breaker contacts after the arc is
    finally extinguished and transient oscillations die out, is called recovery voltage.

    Various Intervals during interrupting process of circuit-breaker


    A circuit-breaker has two basic positions: closed and open.
    In the closed position a circuit-breaker conducts full current with negligible voltage
    drop across its contacts.
    In the open position it conducts negligible current but with full voltage across the
    contacts. This defines the two main stresses, the current stress and the voltage stress,
    which are separated in time.
    If a closer attention is paid to the voltage and current stresses during the
    interrupting process, three main intervals can be recognized shown in Fig. 1.1.

    (a) High current interval


    The high current interval is the time from contact separation to the start of the
    significant change in arc voltage. The high current interval precedes the interaction
    and high voltage intervals.
    (b) Interaction interval
    The interaction interval is the time from the start of the significant change in arc
    voltage prior to current zero to the time when the current including the post-arc
    current, if any, ceases to flow through the test circuit-breaker.
    (c) High voltage interval
    The high voltage interval is the time from the moment when the current including
    the post-arc current, if any, ceases to flow through the test circuit-breaker to the end
    of the test.

    3
    instant of cessation of post-arc current

    ~ hieh-currcnt interval

    ty—tt — interaction interval

    After /« - high-* ullage interval

    Fig. 1.1 Interrupting process of circuit-breaker: basic time intervals

    1.2 MOTIVATIONS TO THE RESEARCH WORK


    Short-circuit tests are conducted to prove the ratings of the circuit-breakers. Short-
    circuit tests can be performed either by direct testing or indirect testing methods.
    Development in Electrical power transmission system requires the use of circuit-
    breakers with increasing breaking capacity. At present circuit-breakers are to be
    installed on 245kV to llOOkV power system with short-circuit ratings up to 120kA.
    To test high voltage circuit-breakers, direct testing using the power system or short-
    circuit alternators are not feasible. The testing of high voltage circuit-breakers of
    larger capacity requires very large capacity of testing station. To increase testing plant
    power is neither an economical nor a very practical solution. Even a single pole of
    EHV circuit-breaker can not be tested by direct means.
    The largest test facility in the world, KEMA high power laboratory, with a
    maximum short-circuit power of 8400MVA and a 145kV, 31.5kA, 3-phase direct test

    4
    capability, is limited in its power to perform the direct tests. At the present time a
    complete pole of SPY, circuit-breaker can consist of a single interrupting chamber with
    an interrupting power above the 10GVA level. Even KEMA’S high power laboratory
    can not verify the short-circuit interrupting capability by direct test methods.
    The limitations of direct testing using the power system or short-circuit alternators
    are as follows:
    • High cost of installation of testing stations
    • Availability of limited power for testing of high voltage and Extra high
    voltage circuit-breakers
    • Requires high power for testing circuit-breakers
    • Flexibility of the system available is limited.
    Therefore Indirect methods of testing are used for testing of large circuit-breakers.
    Direct testing facility available at CPRI high power laboratory in India is of
    2500MVA capacity at 36/72.5kV in three phase and 1400MVA capacity, up to 245kV
    in single phase for testing of circuit-breakers.
    The Indirect testing methods can be classified as Unit testing and synthetic testing
    Unit testing means testing one or more units separately. Generally, high voltage circuit-
    breakers are designed with several arc interrupter units in series. Each unit can be tested
    separately. From the test results of one unit, the capacity of the complete breaker can
    be determined.
    The unit testing method is used in laboratory to test Extra and ultra high voltage
    circuit-breakers at present. With this method, interrupting units are tested at a part of
    rated voltage of the complete breaker. This method is recognized by the IEC standard,
    but one major problem remains, namely the influence of the post-arc conductivity on
    the voltage distribution across the units. The trend of increasing the interrupting
    capability of a single interrupting unit will result in it being impossible to test a
    single unit in the high power laboratory.
    Synthetic testing is an alternative equivalent method for testing of high voltage
    circuit-breakers and is accepted by the various standards.
    At present, synthetic testing facility for testing high voltage circuit breakers at CPRI
    high power laboratory, Bangalore is only up to 245kV, 63kA rating circuit breakers.

    5
    In this research work, 4-parameters TRV synthetic testing circuit has been proposed

    for testing circuit breakers of ratings up to 800kV for both terminal fault and short­

    line fault test conditions with optimized circuit components according to new TRV

    descriptions or parameters given in IEC 62271-100 (2008).

    1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK


    The following objectives have been laid down for this research work:

    • To carry out investigations and research on the existing methods of testing


    circuit-breakers and their comparison.

    • Detailed study about TRV rating concepts, TRV circuits, IEC standards TRV
    envelopes and standard values of TRV parameters for a particular ratings of
    circuit-breakers.

    • Short circuit tests require circuit with response specified by IEC standards for
    2 - Parameters and 4 -Parameters TRV envelopes.

    To develop program or software for finding circuit components and to


    optimize the values of capacitance banks for the desired TRV parameters
    according to IEC standards for a particular rating of circuit-breaker.

    • To design and simulate 4-parameters TRV synthetic testing circuit for testing
    circuit-breakers of rating up to 800kV for both Terminal and short-line fault
    test duty conditions with optimized circuit components according to new TRV
    descriptions or parameters given in IEC 62271-100.

    • To Analyze, design and simulate 2-parameters TRV synthetic testing circuit


    for testing medium voltage circuit for both Terminal and short-line fault test
    duty according to new TRV descriptions or parameters given in IEC 62271-
    100.

    6
    • To design and simulate various 4-parameters TRV control circuits based on
    parallel current injection method for a 245kV and 420kV rating circuit-breakers
    as per new TRV descriptions or parameters given in EEC 62271-100 for
    comparison purpose.

    • To develop and fabricate laboratory model for 4-parameters TRV control


    circuits in order to verify the designed and simulated results.

    Also in order to test circuit-breakers by synthetic testing, it is needed to


    accurately control the synthetic test circuit so as to satisfy the test criterion. So
    to develop and fabricate automatic controller with triggering circuit for
    interrupting short circuit current and to fire the triggered spark gap at the
    desired moment.

    1.4 PREVIEW OF THESIS

    The research work reported in this thesis has been focused on the analysis, design,
    simulation and development of synthetic test circuits ( TRV shaping circuits) with
    automatic controller and triggering circuit for testing high and extra high voltage
    circuit-breakers of ratings up to 800kV according to IEC standards.

    The work reported in this thesis has been organized into 8 chapters. The contents of
    each chapter are presented in brief in the following paragraphs.

    Chapter 2 reviews and reports various methods of testing circuit-breakers and their
    comparison, necessity of synthetic testing for circuit-breakers, comparison of various
    synthetic test circuits. It also covers the literature surveyed during the work carried
    out.

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