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Presentation For Subgroups PDF

This discussion the topic Subgroups, Order of the Element and shows the Lattice Diagrams of different Groups

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Mary John Pinuela
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1K views32 pages

Presentation For Subgroups PDF

This discussion the topic Subgroups, Order of the Element and shows the Lattice Diagrams of different Groups

Uploaded by

Mary John Pinuela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SUBGROUPS

Marty John Pinuela


Master of Arts in Education
Mathematics
01 DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES
TABLE OF
Defined subgroups and determined its properties

02 ORDER OF ELEMENT
CONTENTS
Determined the order of the element of the group

03 LATTICE DIAGRAMS
Showed the lattice diagrams of the subgroups of the
group
01
DEFINITION AND
PROPERTIES
Definition of Subgroup

If a subset 𝐻 of a group 𝐺 is closed under the binary


operation of 𝐺 and if 𝐻 with the induced operation
from 𝐺 itself is a group, then 𝐻 is a subgroup of 𝐺.
Different Types of Subgroups

Improper Subgroup Proper Subgroup Trivial Subgroup

If G is a group, A group G is a The subgroup


then the subgroup H which contain
subgroup which has a the identity
consisting of G proper subset of element.
itself. G (that is, 𝐻 ≠ 𝐺) Otherwise, it is
nontrivial.
Properties of Subgroup

𝐻 is closed
𝐻 is a under binary
𝐻 is a
subset of 𝐺 operation of 𝐺 group itself
Example:

Group: 𝑍4 = 0, 1, 2, 3

As we got to the definition of a subgroup that


if a subset 𝐻 of a group 𝐺 is closed under the
binary operation of 𝐺 and if 𝐻 with the induced
operation from 𝐺 itself is a group, then 𝐻 is a
subgroup of 𝐺” 𝑍3 = 0, 1, 2 is a subgroup of
𝑍4 = 0, 1, 2, 3 while 𝑍5 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 is not
a subgroup of 𝑍4 for it has greater number of
elements than the group 𝑍4 for it violates the
first property which is “𝐻 is a subset of 𝐺”.
02
ORDER OF THE
ELEMENT OF THE
GROUP
ORDER OF THE ELEMENT OF THE GROUP

Order of the Group Order of the Element


The order of an element g in a group G
The number of elements of is raised to the exponent 𝑛 (where
a group (finite or infinite) is 𝑛 is the smallest positive integer)
called its order. We denote which is equal to an identity element
the order of G by 𝐺 . such that 𝑔𝑛 = 𝑒 (𝑛𝑔 = 𝑒 in additive
notation).
If no such integers exists, we say 𝑔 is
denoted by 𝑔
Example:

𝑈 18

these are
numbers less than
𝑈 18 = 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 ,
18 and relatively Since under multiplication, 𝑒=1,
prime to 18 under so 𝑈(18) = 6.
multiplication
modulo 18. Also,
51 = 5, 52 = 7, 53 = 17,
54 = 13, 55 = 11, 56 = 1,
hence /5/ = 6, since e = 1.
Example:

ℤ12 = 12.

ℤ 12 is a group under addition


modulo 12."Here the identity is 0.

1 ·4=4
2·4=8
3·4=0
So 4 = 3.
03
LATTICE
DIAGRAMS
LATTICE (SUBGROUP) DIAGRAMS

It is a graphical representation of the


relation of elements of a partially ordered
set with an implied upward orientation.
Example:

Show the subgroup diagram of ℤ18 , +

First we have to list all the elements of the subgroups of ℤ18 .


(Remember always the properties in determining the subgroups )

0 = 0
1 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 0
2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 0
3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 0
6 = 6, 12, 0
9 = 9, 0

After listing all the elements of each subgroup, we can now construct our diagram
(Remember that our diagram must be hierarchical, subgroup with many elements must be on top)
Example:

Show the subgroup diagram of ℤ18 , +

ℤ𝟏𝟖 , + = 𝟏

𝟐 𝟑

𝟔 𝟗

𝟎
Activity Time!
Assessment
I. True or False

Determine whether the following statements are true of false. Write SG if it is true,
otherwise write NG.

1. Whole numbers are subgroup of integers.

2. Integers has two subgroups only, whole numbers and counting numbers.

3. Alternating group is a subgroup of symmetric group.

4. Dihedral group is a subgroup of alternating group.

5. 𝑍3 is a subgroup of 〈𝑍4 ,+〉.


II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Determine the subgroups, order of the element, and generators of the following
group below. Illustrate the lattice diagram of each group.

1. ℤ𝟒 , +𝟒

2. 𝑆3

3. 𝐴4
Answers
I. True or False

Determine whether the following statements are true of false. Write SG if it is true,
otherwise write NG.

1. Whole numbers are subgroup of integers. SG

2. Integers has two subgroups only, whole numbers and counting numbers. NG

3. Alternating group is a subgroup of symmetric group. SG

4. Dihedral group is a subgroup of alternating group. NG

5. 𝑍3 is a subgroup of 〈𝑍4 ,+〉. NG


II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Show the lattice diagram of ℤ𝟒, + 𝟒 .

First we have to list all the subgroups of ℤ𝟒, + 𝟒


(Remember the properties in determining the subgroups)

0
0, 2
0, 1, 2, 3

After listing all the subgroups, we can now construct the lattice diagram.
II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Lattice Diagram of ℤ𝟒, + 𝟒

𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑

𝟎, 𝟐

𝟎
II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Show the lattice diagram of 𝑆3 =Sym 1,2,3

First we have to list all the elements of 𝑆3 .


(Remember that symmetric group is a set of all permutations)

𝑆3 = 𝑒, 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 2, 3 , 1, 2, 3 , (1, 3, 2)

After listing all the elements, we will find all the subgroups.
(Remember the properties of subgroup)
II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Cont. of Lattice Diagram of 𝑆3

Below are the subgroup of 𝑆3


𝐻1 = 𝑒
𝐻2 = 𝑒, (1, 2)
𝐻3 = 𝑒, 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 1, 3, 2 , 1, 2, 3 , (2, 3)
𝐻4 = 𝑒, (1, 3)
𝐻5 = 𝑒, (2, 3)
𝐻6 = 𝑒, 1, 2, 3 , (1, 3, 2)
II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Cont. of Lattice Diagram of 𝑆3

𝑯𝟑

𝑯𝟔
𝑯𝟓
𝑯𝟐 𝑯𝟒

𝑯𝟏
II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Show the lattice diagram of 𝐴4 = 1, 2, 3, 4

First we have to list all the elements of 𝐴4 .


(Remember that alternating group is a set of all even permutations)

𝑒, 1, 2 3, 4 , 1, 3 2, 4 , 1, 4 2, 3 , 1, 2, 3 , 1, 2, 4 , 1, 3, 4 ,
𝐴4 =
2, 3, 4 , 1, 3, 2 , 1, 4, 2 , 1, 4, 3 , (2, 4, 3)

After listing all the elements, we will find all the subgroups.
(Remember the properties of subgroup)
II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Cont. of Lattice Diagram of 𝐴4

Below are the subgroup of𝐴4


𝐻1 = 𝑒 𝐻7 = 𝑒, 1, 2, 3 , 1, 3, 2
𝐻2 = 𝑒, (1, 2)(3, 4) 𝐻8 = 𝑒, 1, 2, 4 , 1, 4, 2
𝐻3 = 𝑒, (1, 3)(2, 4) 𝐻9 = 𝑒, 1, 3, 4 , 1, 4, 3
𝐻4 = 𝑒, (1, 4)(2, 3) 𝐻10 = 𝑒, 2, 3, 4 , 2, 4, 3
𝐻5 = 𝑒, 1, 2 3, 4 , 1, 3 2, 4 , (1, 4)(2, 3)
𝑒, 1, 2 3, 4 , 1, 3 2, 4 , 1, 4 2, 3 , 1, 2, 3 , 1, 2, 4 , 1, 3, 4 ,
𝐻6 =
2, 3, 4 , 1, 3, 2 , 1, 4, 2 , 1, 4, 3 , (2, 4, 3)
II. Constructing Lattice Diagram

Cont. of Lattice Diagram of 𝐴4

𝑯𝟔

𝑯𝟓 𝑯𝟏𝟎
𝑯𝟗
𝑯𝟒 𝑯𝟖
𝑯𝟕
𝑯𝟑
𝑯𝟐

𝑯𝟏
Assignment

A. Determine the subgroups of the following groups below and construct their lattice
diagrams. Your answer must be type written on long size bond paper.

1. ℤ2 ∗ ℤ2 , (+2 , +2 )

2. 𝐷4

B. Research and take down notes about homomorphism and isomorphism which will be
discussed next meeting.
Assignment

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