Chapter 2 Solutions

1. Identify all errors in the following program:

/*

Program Exercise1

Attempting to display a frame window

//  1
import swing.JFrame;  2

class Exercise 1 {  3
public void Main() {  4
JFrame frame;  5
frame.setVisible(TRUE)  6
}
}

1. Should be */ to terminate the multi-line comment.

2. Correct statement is:
import javax.swing.JFrame;
or
import javax.swing.*;
3. The class name is not a valid identifier. It should be Exercise1.
4. The correct declaration for the main method is
public static void main(String[] args)
5. Should include an object creation statement
JFrame frame = new JFrame();
6. Semicolon is missing after the statement. Also, TRUE is not valid syntax in
JAVA. The correct statement is:
frame.setVisible(true);

2. Identify all errors in the following program:

//  1
Program Exercise2

Attempting to display a frame of the size 300 by 200 pixels

//  2
import Javax.Swing.*;  3

class two {

public static void main method() {  4

myFrame JFrame;  5
myFrame = new JFrame();
myFrame.setSize(300, 200);
myFrame.setVisible();  6
}
 }

1. Should be /* to begin a multi-line comment

2. Should be */ to terminate a multi-line comment
3. The correct package name is javax.swing Java is case sensitive.
4. The correct declaration for the main method is
public static void main(String[] args)
5. When declaring a variable, the type comes before the variable name. The
correct statement is:
JFrame myFrame;
6. The setVisible method requires a boolean parameter. The correct
statement is:
myFrame.setVisible(true);

3. Identify all errors in the following program:

/*
Program Exercise3

Attempting to display the number of characters

in a given input.
*/
 1
class three {
public static void main( ) {  2
String input;
input = Scanner.next();  3,4

System.out.print ( "Input has " +

input.length() + " characters");
}
}

1. Scanner is defined in the java.util package. In order to use Scanner we

must import java.util. We must insert the following statement
import java.util.*;
or
import java.util.Scanner;
2. The correct declaration for the main method is
public static void main(String[] args)
3. next is not a static method. We must create (instantiate) a Scanner first:
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
4. next is not a static method. We must use a Scanner object (instance):
input = scanner.next();

4. Describe the purpose of comments. Name the types of comments available. Can you
include comment markers inside a comment?

Purposes:
To describe the program, methods, data values, and other components
 To explain the meaning of code
To provide other helpful information to improve the readability

Types:
Multi-line comments
Single-line comments
Javadoc comments

In some cases yes (like including // in a multi-line comment), but in other cases
no.

5. What is the purpose of the import statement? Does a Java program always have to
include an import statement?

Imports allow us to use or refer to classes in the imported package without

having to use the fully qualified class name. Import statements are not always
required. For example, any classes in the java.lang package can be used without
importing. If we use fully qualified names in our program, the import statements
are not necessary.

6. Show the syntax for importing one class and all classes in a package.

One class:
import <package name>.<class name>;
All classes:
import <package name>.*;

7. Describe the class that must be included in any Java application.

Every java application requires one class to be designated as its main class. The
designated main class must include the main method.

8. What is a reserved word? List all the Java reserved words mentioned in this chapter.

A reserved word is an identifier that is reserved by a programming language and

used for a specific purpose. It can be used to designate a special operator such
as new or syntactical element of the language such as class and public.

Reserved words introduced in this chapter are new, import, class, public, static,
void, true, false, and null.

9. Which of the following are invalid Java identifiers?

a. R2D2 g. 3CPO
b. Whatchamacallit h. This is okay.
c. HowAboutThis? i. thisIsReallyOkay
d. Java j. DEFAULT_AMT
 e. GoodChoice k. Bad-Choice
f. 12345 l. A12345

Invalid identifiers are c (no question mark is allowed), f (the first character must
be a non-digit), g (the first character must be a non-digit), h (no space is
allowed), and k (no hyphen is allowed).

10. Describe the steps you take to run a Java application and the tools you use in each
step. What are source files and bytecode files? What different types of errors are
detected at each step?

The cycle is Edit-Compile-Run. In the Edit state, you enter a program using any
text editor. The file you create is called the source file, which is in human
readable form and contains the Java statements that make up the program. In the
Compile stage, you compile the source file to create a bytecode file. The tool
(another piece of software) to compile the Java source file is called javac. In the
Run stage, you execute the bytecode file by using the Java interpreter called java.
Note: The Java interpreter is called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Syntax and semantic errors are caught by the compiler. A compiler cannot catch
logic errors. Logic errors are detected when the program is actually executed.

11. Describe the difference between object declaration and object creation. Use a state-
of-memory diagram to illustrate the difference.

Object declaration associates an object name to a designated class. It also

reserves a small amount (like four bytes) of memory to store a reference to an
object.

JFrame myFrame;

Object creation (provided that the object is already declared) allocates the
memory space for the object itself and stores the reference (arrow) to this object
in the object name.

myFrame = new JFrame();

12. Show a state-of-memory diagram after each of these statements is executed:

JFrame window1;
Resident res1, res2;

window1 = new JFrame();

res1 = new Resident();
res2 = new Resident();

After 3 objects are declared:

After 3 new operations are executed:

13. Show a state-of-memory diagram after each of these statements is executed:

Person person1, person2;

person1 = new Person();

person2 = new Person();
person2 = new Person();

After two objects are declared:

After the first new operation is executed:

After the second new operation is executed:

After the third new operation is executed:

14. Which of these identifiers violate the naming convention for class names?

a. r2D2 e. CPO
b. whatchamacallit f. ThisIsReallyOkay
c. Java g. java
d. GoodName h. badName

The convention is to use an uppercase letter for the first character. The first
character of a new word is also capitalized. All other letters are lowercase. The
identifiers a, b, g, and h violate the convention. The identifier CPO should be
considered as valid if it is interpreted as some kind of acronym.

15. Which of these identifiers violate the naming convention for object names?

a. R2D2 e. 3CPO
b. isthisokay? f. ThisIsReallyOkay
c. Java g. java
d. goodName h. anotherbadone

The convention for object names is almost identical to the one for class names,
except the first character is lowercase. The identifiers a, b, c, e, f, and h violate
the convention. Notice that b and e are not even valid identifiers.

16. For each of these expressions determine its result. Assume the value of text is a
string Java Programming.

String text = "Java Programming";

a. text.substring(0, 4)
b. text.length( )
c. text.substring(8, 12)
d. text.substring(0, 1) + text.substring(7, 9)
e. text.substring(5, 6) + text.substring(text.length() – 3,
text.length())

a. Java
b. 16
 c. gram
d. Jog
e. Ping

Level 1 Programming Exercises

17. Write a program that displays a frame window 800 pixels wide and 600 pixels high.
Set the title of the frame to Welcome to Java

See Exercise2_17.java

18. Input the user’s first and last name as two separate strings. Then display a frame
window with its title set to <last>, <first> where <last> and <first> are the input
values. For example, if the input values are Johann and Strauss, then the title would
be Strauss, Johann.

See Exercise2_18.java

19. Input the user’s first, middle and last name as three separate strings and display the
name in the order of the first name, the middle initial, and the last name. Include the
period after the middle initial. If the input strings are Wolfgang, Amadeus, and
Mozart, for example, the output would be Wolfgang A. Mozart. Use the console
window for output.

See Exercise2_19.java

20. Write a program to display today’s date in this format: 10 December 2007. Use the
console window for output. Refer to Table 2.1 for the necessary designator symbols.

See Exercise2_20.java

21. Repeat exercise 20, but this time use this format: Monday December 10, 2007.

See Exercise2_21.java

Level 2 Programming Exercises

22. Write a program that displays a frame window W pixels wide and H pixels high.
Use the Scanner to enter the values for W and H. The title of the frame is also
entered by the user.

See Exercise2_22.java

23. Display the current time in the title of a frame window using this format: 12:45:43
PM. Refer to Table 2.1 for the necessary designator symbols.
 See Exercise2_23.java

24. Write a Java program that displays a frame window 300 pixels wide and 200
pixels high with the title My First Frame. Place the frame so that its top, left corner
is at a position 50 pixels from the top of the screen and 100 pixels from the left of the
screen. To position a window at a specified location, you use the setLocation
method, as in

//assume mainWindow is declared and created

frame.setLocation( 50, 50 );

Through experimentation, determine how the two arguments in the setLocation

method affects the positioning of the window.

See Exercise2_24.java

25. Because today’s computers are very fast, you will probably not notice any
discernable difference on the screen between the code

JFrame myWindow;
myWindow = new JFrame( );
myWindow.setVisible( true );

and

JFrame myWindow;
myWindow = new JFrame( );
myWindow.setVisible( true );
myWindow.setVisible( false );
myWindow.setVisible( true );

One way to see this disappearance and reappearance of the window is to put a delay
between the successive setVisible messages. Here’s the magic code that puts a delay
of 0.5 s:

try {Thread.sleep(500);} catch(Exception e) { }

The argument we pass to the sleep method specifies the amount of delay in
milliseconds [note: 1000 miliseconds (ms) = 1 second (s)]. We will not explain this
magic code.

See Exercise2_25.java

26. Using the Scanner, input a string that contains a single exclamation mark. Divide the
input string into two strings, one before and the other after the exclamation mark, and
output them. Do not include the exclamation mark in the output. For example, if the
input string is one potato two potato !three, then the output would be:
 one potato two potato
three

See Exercise2_26.java

Level 3 Programming Exercises

27. Write a program that accepts a string input and outputs the number of characters in
the string and the first and last character in separate lines. For example, if the input is
I like Java then the output would be

11
I
a

See Exercise2_27.java

28. Write a program that accepts a word and prints out the middle character. The length
of the input word is odd. For example, if the input is magnificent, which has 11
characters, you output the sixth character f. You use the division operator /. This
operator returns only the quotient. For example, the expression 10/4 would result in 2
(not 2.4).

See Exercise2_28.java

29. At the McGraw-Hill book website, you will find a Java package called
galapagos. The galapagos package includes a Turtle class that is modeled after
Seymour Papert’s logo. This Turtle has a pen, and when you move the Turtle, its
pen will trace the movement. So by moving a Turtle object, you can draw many
different kinds of geometric shapes. For example, this program commands a Turtle
to draw a square:

import galapagos.*;

class Square {
public static void main( String[] args ) {
Turtle turtle;
turtle = new Turtle();

turtle.move( 50 ); //move 50 pixels

turtle.turn( 90 ); //turn 90 deg counterclockwise

turtle.move( 50 );
turtle.turn( 90 );

turtle.move( 50 );
turtle.turn( 90 );

turtle.move( 50 );
 }
}

Write a program to draw a triangle. Read the documentation and see if you can find
a way to draw the square in a different color and line thickness.

See Exercise2_29.java

You can use the penSize and penColor methods to change the thickness and
color of the Turtle’s pen.

30. Using the Turtle introduced in exercise 29, draw a star.

See Exercise2_30.java

31. Using the Turtle introduced in Exercise 29, draw a big letter J. You can draw a big J
by drawing one horizontal line, one vertical line, and one semicircle as follows:

See Exercise2_31.java

32. Using the Turtle introduced in Exercise 29, draw three nested rectangles.

See Exercise2_32.java

33. Using the Turtle from Exercise 29, write a Java program that displays the text Hello
as illustrated here:
 See Exercise2_33.java

Development Exercises

34. Follow the incremental development methodology explained in this chapter to

implement a program for the following problem statement. You must clearly write
down the program tasks, create a design document with class descriptions, and draw
the program diagram. Identify the development steps. State any assumptions you
must make about the input. Articulate any design alternatives and justify your
selection. Be sure to perform adequate testing at the end of each development step.

Problem Statement: Write a program that asks the user for his or her birth date and
replies with the day of the week on which he or she was born.

We learned in this chapter that we can create a Date object for today’s date by
writing

import java.util.*;
…
Date today = new Date();

To create a Date object for a date other than today, we can use the Date class from
the java.sql package. (A more general and flexible way to deal with a date by using
the GregorianCalendar class is introduced in Chapter 3.) Notice that there are two
distinct classes with the same name Date, but from different packages – one from
java.util and another from java.sql. To distinguish the two we will use the fully
qualified names. To create a new java.util.Date object, we can call the class method
valueOf of the java.sql.Date class with the string representation of a date. The
string representation must be in the format yyyy-MM-dd. For example, to create a
java.util.Date object for July 4, 1776, we write
 java.util.Date bdate = java.sql.Date.valueOf("1776-07-04");

Notice that valueOf is a class method of the Data class in the java.sql package.
Calling it with a correct argument will return a java.util.Date object for the specified
date.

See Exercise2_34.java

Design Document: Birthday Program

Class Purpose
Exercise2_34 The main class of the program.
JOptionPane The showInputDialog method is used for
getting the birth date. The
showMessageDialog method is used for
displaying the day of the week.
java.util.Date Used to hold the date the user was born
java.sql.Date Used to generate the java.util.Date version
of the user’s birth date.
SimpleDateFormat Used to display the day of the week
to the user.

Assumptions: The user enters valid input in the form yyyy-mm-dd

Development Step 1: Getting Input

Alternative: Get the month, date, and year separately
Development Step 2: Computing and Displaying the Day of the Week

JOptionPane
35. yyy
yyy

See Exercise2_YY.java
java.sql.Date
27. yyy
yyy
Exercise2_34
See Exercise2_YY.java
java.util.Date
27. yyy
yyy

See Exercise2_YY.java
SimpleDateFormat
27. Using a Turtle from Exercise 23 and employing the incremental development steps,
build a Java application that draws a house.
\

35. Repeat Exercise 34 for this problem statement:

Problem Statement: Write a program that asks the user for her or his full name
in the format
first middle last

and replies with the name in the format

last, first middle-initial.

where the last name is followed by a comma and the middle initial is followed by a
period.

For example, if the input is

Decafe Chai Latte

then the output is

Latte, Decafe C.

See Exercise2_35.java

Design Document: Name Manipulation

Class Purpose
Exercise2_35 The main class of the program.
JOptionPane The showInputDialog method is used for
getting the user’s full name. The
showMessageDialog method is used for
displaying the result.
String The class is used for String manipulation,
extracting the first name, last name, and
middle initial.

Assumptions: The user enters valid input in the form first middle last

Development Step 1: Getting Input

Alternative: Get the first, middle, and last names separately
Development Step 2: Computing and Displaying the reformatted name
 JOptionPane

String

Exercise2_35

36. Repeat Exercise 34 for this problem statement:

Problem Statement: Using the Turtle from exercise 29, write a program that draws a
house.

See Exercise2_36.java

Design Document: Name Manipulation

Class Purpose
Exercise2_36 The main class of the program.
Turtle The class is used to draw the house,
using the jumpTo, turn, and move
methods.

Assumptions: The galapagos package is available

Development Step 1: Draw the roof.
Development Step 2: Draw the main portion of the house.
Development Step 3: Draw the door.
Development Step 4: Draw the windows. JOptionPane
Alternative: The house components can be drawn in a different order.

Turtle

Exercise2_36