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On Memory

The document summarizes key aspects of human memory, including: 1. Sensory memory holds information for a brief period before it is either lost or encoded into short-term memory. 2. Short-term memory can hold a limited amount of information for approximately 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed or encoded into long-term memory. 3. Long-term memory has a much larger storage capacity and can hold information for an indefinite period through mechanisms like encoding and retrieval cues.

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Eugene
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91 views1 page

On Memory

The document summarizes key aspects of human memory, including: 1. Sensory memory holds information for a brief period before it is either lost or encoded into short-term memory. 2. Short-term memory can hold a limited amount of information for approximately 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed or encoded into long-term memory. 3. Long-term memory has a much larger storage capacity and can hold information for an indefinite period through mechanisms like encoding and retrieval cues.

Uploaded by

Eugene
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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c  an active system that receives information from the brain in a connected fashion, with closely related concepts

senses, puts that information into usable forms, and organizes stored closer to each other. The parallel-distributed model
it as it is stored and retrieves it when needed. can explain the speed at which diff. points can be accessed.
General Stages: Retrieving LTM is done with      , or stimuli for
× ?  set of mental operations on sensory info to remembering. Another is    
 , which
1
convert it into forms usable by the brain.? includes         that connects
? ! 
 ?holding into information for some time.? surroundings with information, and the surroundings
 ? J 
?getting stored information into a usable become the cue. In       , information
form.? stored in a certain emotional/ psychological state is
remembered best when in the same state when stored.
c  
 
There are two kinds of retrieval:   10 and     
|? 
      ?model assuming that that
Failure of encoding also happens. In recall, there is   
processing information for memory storage is similar to a
 

 in which info at start/end is more easily


computer, including input, processing, and output?
retrieved than that of the middle, the  

 in
Ê?!
 ?
which info at the beginning is recalled better than the rest,
Ô? !  ?  ?memory that holds information long
and the   

 in which info at the end is recalled


enough to become processed. It has:?
better than the rest. In recognition, there are also errors,
|??    visual sensory memory. ?
which are called
    Another way STM becomes
|??   brief memory of what was heard.??


LTM is through      , in which there is little
Ô? !  ?  ?memory system in which or no effort made to make info into LTM.
information is stored only for a short time while it is
usable. It is usually auditory. It is sometimes called    can be seen through the
    , a
i    which is an active system4 that process graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is fast
STM. It has a ±7 capacity but info can be    and it within the hour of storage. Ebbinghaus also postulated
lasts for 12-30s STM can also be retained through       which aims to space between study

       . It can be interfered, cancelling periods to recall info better.
the STM. Another is through the     
  
brought about by the limited capacity of STM.?
|? ?
  - the information is not attended and
Ô? § ?  ?the memory system into which all
6
info stored in it becomes more permanent . Available, fails to be encoded
but not necessarily accessible. STM can become LTM by |? w 
 - information that isn͛t accessed for some
      Ͷadding a deeper meaning to that time eventually decays
certain info. Its types are: ? |? ÿ 
  ?   ?older info interferes with
|?j 

 ? They are used for steps, procedures retrieval of new information.?
etc. Usually called implicit memory for they are |? J 
  ?    Newer info interferes with
retrieved unconsciously. ? retrieval of old information. ??
|?w 

 ?LTM that is conscious and used for facts. It |? Amnesia- Memory loss that affects explicit memory. It
  

can either be    or  .?
 can be    ,     ?
LTM is  
  in terms of
?
 and concepts

and has a  ?
 . It is presented by the   
i   that assumes information is stored in the

1
Visual code, acoustic code and semantic (meaning) code
2
Studied by George Sperling. It has the capacity to store
everything it can see in one time that lasts for a half second.
There are rare cases, though, that there are people with
     that can store visual memory for more
than 30s. It helps give a constant view of things even if there is
blinking of the eyes/    
3
It has the capacity of what can be heard for one moment and
10
lasts for 2-4s. It enables us to recognise phrases and process what The information needs to be ͞pulled out ͟ from memory with
they mean. cues
4 11
A central system controlling a visual sketchpad and an audio The ability to match a piece of information to a stored fact
12
recorder The tendency to recognize a stimulus that is not actually in
5
Continuously repeating info to be stored as STM memory
6 13
Uses semantic code A kind of which is a
   , which is paired with
7
LTM containing General Knowledge, language and formal strong emotions for the ͞rememberer͟.
14
information Initiated by Hermann Ebbinghaus
8 15
LTM containing personal knowledge and information Memories of the past before injury are forgotten, affects LTM
9 16
In three levels of understanding: Shallow (visual), moderate Memories after injury are forgotten, affects STM.
17
(auditory), deep (semantic) Kinds of     , caused by injury that damages brain

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