Southern Methodist University

SMU EETS 8306, Fall 2003

Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications
http://www.engr.smu.edu/~ebird/

Lecture 6: Cellular Design & Planning

Instructor: Eric Bird, Ericsson Inc.

[email protected]
(972) 583-0122

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 1

Overview

Traffic dimensioning

Traffic Theory

Erlang B Table

Cellular concepts

Reuse

Sectorization

Interference

Co-Channel interference

Adjacent channel interference

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 2
 Traffic Theory

Traffic Intensity, E = λth Erlangs (Danish Mathematician)

λ = call arrival rate (calls/hour)

th = mean holding time (hours/call)

⇒ 1 Erlang = 1 channel occupied continuously

Example: Assume 100 subscribers with the following traffic profile:

20 make 1 call/hour for 6 min. 20x1x(6/60) = 2 E

20 make 3 calls/hour for ½ min. 20x3x(½/60) = ½ E
60 make 1 call/hour for 1 min 60x1x(1/60) = 1 E
100 3.5 E

⇒ 100 subscribers use 3.5 E... = 35 mE per subscriber

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 3

Mobile Traffic Characteristics

Mobile subscribers traditionally use an average of 25-35 mE during busy hour

Busy hour traditionally was 10am-noon and 1pm-3pm

Just like “rush hour”, the word “hour” in this context means a period, and not
necessarily 60 minutes

Subscriber characteristics are changing however

Traditional subscribers are no longer employees on the move, making calls
during working hours

Mobiles are becoming much more popular for personal reasons

Busy Hour shifted to commuting hours (4-7pm is best)

Some carriers are seeing another shift in Busy Hour, due to free long
distance and free evenings/weekends.

Erlangs per subscriber have increased a little

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 4
 Typical Traffic Profile
Sample Traffic - Sunday to Saturday
Normal “Busy hour” peak – 5pm Traffic Accident peak – 6pm
600

500
Free Minutes – 9pm
400
Erlan g

300

200

100

0
0
n 11 : 00

ida 7: 0
id 1: 0
M d ay : 00 0

es 23 :00

T u s da 3: 00 0

ida 5: 0
id 9 0
t u 23 00

Sa urda 3:0 0
Sa rda 7:00 0
S a rd a 1 : 0 0
n d 1 5 : 00
n d 1 9 00
on 3 0

n 3 0

T u day : 00 0
T u day 1 : 00 0
T u day 5 : 00 0
W es d 19 : :00
W nes 23 : :00
W dne ay 3 0:00

T h sda 7: 0 0
T h sda 1:0 0
T h sda 5:0 00
sd 9 : 0
F r 23 :00
F r y 3 :00

rd a 5 : 0
9: 0 00
0
on y 7 : 0

F r day 00:0
F r y 1 00:0
on 1 :0
on 1 :0

:0
es y 7 : 0
es 1 : 0

F r y 1 0: 0
F r y 1 0: 0

0
tu y 0 :0
tu y 1 :0
M ay 2 00: 0
M o d ay 00: 0

es 1 :0

ur ay 0: 0
ur y 1 0: 0
W nes ay 7 0: 0
W nes y 11 0: 0

ur y 1 0 :0

t u y 1 0: 0

0: 0
W nes y 15 0:0
0
ur 2 :0

T h r sd 3 : 0 0

Sa ay :00:
Sa rda :00:
Su ay :00:

ur y 1 0 :
M d a :0 0
Mo d a y : 0 0
M d ay : 00

T u ay : 00
T u day : 00

ne y 1 0:

y 1 0 0:
e d ay 00
Su ay :00

T h d ay 9: 00
T h sd a 3 : 0 0

ay 00

0
0

a 0
0
ed da :0
ed da :0
e d sd :0
e d d a :0

i da :0
:
:
:

5
d 9
nd 11

t y
y
Su a y

e d

i
nd

u
Su

Date and hour

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 5

Why Do We Need to Know the Traffic?

The amount of traffic during peak hours allows us to dimension our
wireless system for a certain grade of service

If the system is not dimensioned to support the traffic, subscribers will
be blocked from making a call

The Grade of Service (GOS) is the probability of having a call blocked
during busy hour*

In a wireless system, the design target is typically 2% (0.02), or less.
It is 1% or less if the wireless system is competing for wireline
business (such as low-tier PCS).

Traffic Tables tell us how many channels are required for a minimum
GOS

* This GOS definition applies when using the Erlang B traffic formula

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 6
 Traffic Tables

3 types of tables could be used in mobile wireless

Erlang B Table Blocked calls are not held
Erlang C Table Blocked calls are held in the queue indefinitely

Blocked calls are held in the queue for a time

Poisson Table equal to the mean holding time of a call

The tables are drafted from probability equations such as the one
below for Erlang B

Pb = AN/N! N = total number of channels

N A = traffic intensity = λt
Σ AK/K!
k=0

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 7

Erlang B Table

The Erlang B Table is typically used in mobile wireless

Most systems do not queue blocked calls, and except for some users who
make multiple re-try attempts, the traffic is best approximated using Erlang B

Example: How many channels

are required to support 100 users
with a GOS of 2% if the average
traffic per user is 30 mE?
100x30mE = 3 Erlangs
3 Erlangs @ 2% GOS =
8 channels

On-line Erlang B tables:

http://mmc.et.tudelft.nl/~frits/Erlang.htm

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 8
 Cellular Concept
The cellular concept was developed by AT&T in 1947
Cells allow frequency or code reuse, leading to much greater
capacity
Hexagons are used to provide contiguous coverage
But we can’t propagate a signal in the shape of a hexagon

Cellular
Grid Design

Theoretical
Propagation Actual Cellular
Pattern Grid Layout

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 9

Frequency/Code Reuse &

Sectorization

By reusing a frequency or code we can increase the
capacity of a system without increasing the amount of
available spectrum

By further subdividing a site into “sectors” we can increase
the capacity even more
3-sector sites most common
(each sector is 120°). Each
sector is often called a cell,
although some engineers
refer to the ‘site’ as a cell.
2-sector sites common on rural
highways
Each color represents a
different frequency/ code, or Most sites are oriented such
set of frequencies/codes that one cell faces due-north

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 10
 Cellular Shapes

Originally, cells were omni-directional and a single cell-site was represented
by one hexagon (A).

With the advent of sectorization, cells take on a rhombus shape (B).

Some designers, however, prefer to use a hexagon to represent each cell
(sector).

Traditional omni- Rhombus- Hexagon-

directional shaped shaped
cell-site sectors sectors

(A) (B) (C)

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 11

Frequency Reuse Patterns

A group of cells in which each cell has a different frequency

(or frequencies) is called a “cluster”
Cell Radius = R D/R = √3N
No. of sites per cluster = N

R
D
D
4/12 Reuse 7/21 Reuse
4 sites, 3 sectors each 7 sites, 3 sectors each
12 Frequency Groups 21 Frequency Groups
N=4 N=7
© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 12
 D3 B3
Frequency Allocation D2
D1
C3 B2
B1
F3 E3
C1 F1 E1
F3 C2 E3 F2 G3 E2
F1 E1 G1

E3 F2 G3 E2 A3 G2 D3
Once a technology and reuse E1 G1 A1 D1
pattern are known, frequencies E2 A3
A1
G2 D3
D1
A2 B3 D2
B1
must be assigned to the cells D3 A2 B3 D2 C3 B2 F3
using a frequency chart D1 B1 C1 F1
D2 C3 B2 F3 C2 E3 F2
Example: Allocate frequencies for C1 F1 E1
a GSM operator in the PCS B-block F3 C2 E3 F2 G3 E2 A3
F1 E1 G1 A1
using a 7/21 pattern
F2 G3 E2 A3 G2 D3 A2
G1 A1 D1
A3 G2 D3 A2 B3 D2 C3
A1 D1 B1 C1
A2 B3 D2 C3 B2 F3 C2
B1 C1 F1
B2 C2 F2

Frequency Chart. 612-685 represent B-block frequencies for GSM

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3
612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632
633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653
654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674

675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 13

Example Frequency Band Strategies

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3
312 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315 314 313

311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292
291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271
270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250
249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229
228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208
207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 191
190 189 188 187
186 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166
165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145
144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124
123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103
102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82
81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61
60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1023 1022 1021
1020 1019 1018 1017 1016 1015 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 1009 1008 1007 1006 1005 1004 1003 1002 1001 1000
999 998 997 996 995 994 993 992 991 716 715 714 713 712 711 710 709 708 707 706 705
704 703 702 701 700 699 698 697 696 695 694 693 692 691 690 689 688 687 686 685 684
683 682 681 680 679 678 677 676 675 674 673 672 671 670 669 668 667

CDPD
DIG VOICE
DCCH Upper
DCCH Lower
ANA VOICE
GUARD
© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 14
 U.S. Cellular Frequency Bands * Spectrum is not
contiguous due

2 licenses, 12.5 MHz per link per license* to “add-on”
spectrum
991-1023 1-333 667-716
A’’ A B A’ B’ A’’ A B A’ B’

824 849 869 894 MHz

Cellular Operators:
A Band Awarded
B Band Wireline Incumbant

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 15

Frequency Strategies - Continued

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3
333 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315 314 313
312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292
291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271
270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250
249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229
228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208
207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 191 190 189 188 187
186 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173
12 channel co mbiner separat io n conflict area

172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158
157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143
142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128
127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113
112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98
97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83
82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68
67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53
52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38
37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1023 1022 1021 1020 1019 1018 1017 1016
1015 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 1009 1008 1007 1006 1005 1004 1003 1002 1001
1000 999 998 997 996 995 994 993 992 991 716 715 714 713 712
711 710 709 708 707 706 705 704 703 702 701 700 699 698 697
696 695 694 693 692 691 690 689 688 687 686 685 684 683 682
681 680 679 678 677 676 675 674 673 672 671 670 669 668 667

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 16
 Advanced Reuse Techniques

With features such as frequency hopping, DTX, and power control, technologies
such as GSM and EDGE can use even tighter reuse patterns

1/3 and 1/1 are possible using fractional loading

Overlaid/Underlaid feature can be used

Diagram right shows 1, 4, 7, 10,...

underlaid cells using
1/3 reuse pattern with
13, 14, 15 ...
overlaid cells using 1/1.
Fractional loading 13, 14, 15 ...
required on both. 13, 14, 15 ...
D
3/9 Reuse 3, 6, 9, 12... 2, 5, 8, 11...
3 sites, 3 sectors each
9 Frequency Groups

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 17

Multiple Reuse Patterns (MRP)

A technique to vary the reuse pattern for different

channels and different levels of quality

Combines conservative control channel reuse with
aggressive traffic channel reuse to achieve a tighter
average reuse

Frequency Hopping, Power Control and DTX are necessary

Frequencies can be reserved for microcells

Best used with lots of spectrum

Performance results with 15 MHz are better than for 5 MHz
because there are more frequencies to hop across

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 18
 MRP Example with 5 MHz of Spectrum
24 GSM RF carriers (excluding one for guard band)
12/7/5 reuse. Therefore, average reuse = 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

BCCH Frequencies TCH Group 1 TCH Group 2

Note: MRPs are more suitable for larger

bandwidths and for easy growth of a
network, not for 5 MHz or very high
capacity. 5 MHz is used here for simplicity.
Tighter reuse patterns are better for 5 MHz.

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 19

Code Reuse in CDMA

In CDMA, each cell is identified by a “PN Offset”

All traffic on the cell is multiplied by a short PN sequence which is 215-1
chips in length (32,768 chips)

If the short code is “shifted” it generates a different code

In TIA/EIA-95 CDMA, “offsets” (shifts) of 64 chips are allowed, yielding
512 unique PN Offsets (64x512 = 32,768)

If the codes in adjacent cells are too close, a user cannot determine which
cell they are in

• Operators typically use 1/3

or 1/4 of the 512 codes to
provide a greater chip
separation 2 chips delay 1 chip delay
- PILOT_INC Parameter
© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 20
 Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel Interference

Co-Channel interference is the interference from a cell

using the same frequency (or code)

Adjacent Channel interference is the interference from a
cell using a frequency (or code) adjacent to the one we are
using
Adjacent Channel
Interference for omni-cells:
di = distance to interferer
Adjacent dc = distance to cell
5, 10, 15…. Interference
 γ
 
Co-Channel ACI = −10 Log  di   + Filter Isolation
6, 11, 16….  dc  

Interference  
Co-Channel
 γ
5, 10, 15…. Interference for C 1 D 
= 10 Log  •   
omni-cells: I  j R 
 
j = No. of interferers

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 21

Relationship Between C/I and

Capacity
20.00 17.3
15.4
15.00
11.1
C/I dB

8.9
R 10.00

D
5.00
0.6

0.00
1.00 3.00 4.00 7.00 9.00

N
Traditional 4/12
 γ
C 1 D
D/R = √3N = 10 Log  •   
I  j R  
 

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 22
 Additional Information

Links

On-line Erlang B table

http://mmc.et.tudelft.nl/~frits/Erlang.htm

© 2003 A. Triggs & E. Bird SMU EETS 8306 Wireless, Cellular, & Personal Telecommunications - Fall 2003 Lecture 6, Rev. A, Slide 23