Techno Structural
Techno Structural
Techno Structural
These interventions focus on an organization's technology (for example, task methods and job design)
and structure (for example, division of labor and hierarchy). These change methods are receiving
increasing attention in OD, especially in light of current concerns about productivity and organizational
effectiveness. They include approaches to employee involvement, as well as methods for designing
organizations, groups, and jobs. Techno-structural intervention are rooted in the disciplines of
engineering, sociology, and psychology and in the applied fields of socio-technical systems and
organization design, practitioners generally stress both productivity and human fulfillment and expect
that organization effectiveness will result from appropriate work designs and organization structures.
In the coming lectures we will discuss the following three techno-structural interventions concerned
with restructuring organizations:
1. Structural design. This change process concerns the organization's division of labor--how to specialize
task performances. Interventions aimed at structural design include moving from more traditional ways
of dividing the organizations overall work (such as functional, self-contained-unit, and matrix structures)
to more integrative and flexible forms (such as process-based and network-based structures). Diagnostic
guidelines exist to determine which structure is appropriate for particular organizational environments,
technologies, and conditions.
2. Downsizing. This intervention reduces costs and bureaucracy by decreasing the size of the
organization through personnel layouts, organization redesign and outsourcing. Each of these
downsizing methods must be planned with a clear understanding of the organizations strategy.
3. Reengineering. This recent intervention radically redesigns the organization's core work processes to
create tighter linkage and coordination among the different tasks. This work-flow integration results in
faster, more responsive task performance. Reengineering is often accomplished with new information
technology that permits employees to control and coordinate work processes more effectively.
Reengineering often fails if it ignores basic principles and processes of OD.
Employee involvement (El). This broad category of interventions is aimed at improving employee well-
being and organizational effectiveness. It generally attempts to move knowledge, power, information,
and rewards downward in the organization. El includes parallel structures (such as cooperative union
management projects and quality circles), high-involvement plants, and total quality management. Work
design. These change programs are concerned with designing work for work groups and individual jobs.
The intervention includes engineering, motivational, and socio-technical systems approaches that
produce traditionally designed jobs and work groups; enriched jobs that provide employees with greater
task variety, autonomy, and feedback about results; and self-managing teams that can govern their own
task behaviors with limited external control.