POWER SYSTEMS LECTURE SERIES

PART VII. UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

(OPEN CASE)

Prepared by:
Michael C. Pacis Ph.D.
BSEE (Mapua University)
MEng’g-EE (Mapua University)
PhD-EEE (University of the Philippines-Diliman)

1
 Types of Fault Calculations
I. Symmetrical Faults
II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Line to Line Fault
b. Line to Ground Fault
c. Double Line to Ground Fault

2
 I. Symmetrical Faults
Consider: Sequence Network:

Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0

Ia1
Ia
3Ǿfault
Ea
Ib

Ic

Ia1 = positive sequence component of 3 phase or symmetrical fault current

for symmetrical or balance, “ only the positive sequence is present”

Hence, Isc3Ǿ = [Ia] = [Ib] = [Ic]

but: Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2

Therefore, Ia = Ia1

3
 I. Symmetrical Faults
From the sequence component network,
Ia1 = Ea / X1
Isc3Ǿ = VǾ / X1 Amps or Isc3Ǿpu= Vpu / XTH pu

Recall, %X = IǾrated X1 / VǾrated x 100%

X1 = %X1 / 100 (VǾrated / IǾrated)

Substitute X1 to Isc3Ǿ

Isc3Ǿ = IǾrated ( 100%/%X1 )

where: %X1 = percent positive reactance

IǾrated = base current
VǾrated = base voltage at fault

4
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘a’ grounded to neutral)
Ia
Va
a

Ea
n
Eb

Ec Ib
Zn Vb
b
Ic
c Vc
Fault Conditions: Va = 0; Ib = 0; Ic = 0

5
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘a’ grounded to neutral)
Recall: Symmetrical Components
Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) = 1/3 Ia
Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + AIb + A2 Ic) = 1/3 Ia
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + A2 Ib + A2 Ic) = 1/3 Ia
Thus, Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2
Sequence Network:
Recall: Va1 = Ea – Ia1Z1; Va2 = -Ia2Z2; Va0= -Ia0Z0 X0 3Zn
- + X1 X2
Ea
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Va1 Va2 Va0

6
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘a’ grounded to neutral)
Isc L-G = [ Ia ]
but Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
but Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 ; since Ib and Ic = 0
then, Ia = 3 Ia1 = 3Ia2 = 3Ia0
from loop 1
- Ea + Ia1X1 + Ia2X2 + Ia0 (X0 + 3Zn) = 0
therefore, Ia1 = Ea / X1 + X2 + X0 + 3Zn Amps

Isc L-G = 3VǾ / X1 + X2 + X0 + 3ZN Amps

Isc L-G pu = 3Vpu / X1pu + X2pu + X0pu + 3ZNpu

here: Vpu = 1 if solidly grounded; Zn = 0

7
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘a’ grounded to neutral)
but , X1 = %X1 / 100 (VǾrated / IǾrated) , ohms
X2 = %X2 / 100 (VǾrated / IǾrated), ohms
X0 = %X0 / 100 (VǾrated / IǾrated), ohms
ZN = %Xn / 100 (VǾrated / IǾrated), ohms

Note: If solidly grounded, %ZN = 0

Substitute, X1, X2, X0 and ZN to equation 18

Isc L-G = 3 IǾrated x 100% Amps

%X1 + %X2 + %X0 + 3%Zn

8
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Single Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘a’ grounded to neutral)

- Substituting the value of Ia sequence components of voltage

Va1, Va2, Va0 can be computed and the terminal voltage of
phases B and C can be computed from the ff. equations:
Vb = Va0 + A2 Va1 + A Va2
Vc = Va0 + A Va1 + A2 Va2

9
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Line to Line Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded)
Ia
Va
a

Ea
n
Eb

Ec Ib
Vb
b
Ic
IscLL
c Vc
Fault Conditions: Vb = Vc; Ia = 0; Ib = -Ic

10
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Line to Line Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded)
Recall:
Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) = 0
Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + AIb + A2 Ic) = 1/3 (AIb – A2 Ib) = 1/3 AIb ( 1 – A )
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + A2 Ib + A2 Ic) = 1/3 (A2 Ib - AIb ) = - 1/3 AIb ( 1 – A )

Thus, Ia1= - Ia2

Also,
Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc) = 0
Va1 = 1/3 (Va + AVb + A2 Vc) = 1/3 (Va + AVb + A2 Vb)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + A2 Vb + A Vc) = 1/3 (Va + A2 Vb + A Vb)

Thus, Va1= Va2

11
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Line to Line Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded)
Sequence Network:

Ea Va2
Va1
+
X2
X1 1

Ia2
Ia1

12
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Line to Line Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded)
Isc L-L = [Ib] = [Ic]
but Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 Ia1 = - Ia2 or Ia2 = - Ia1
from loop 1 -Ea + Ia1X1 – Ia2 X2 = 0
-Ea + Ia1X1 – (-Ia1) X2 = 0

Ia1 = Ea / X1 + X2 Amps

Consider Ib;Ib = Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2

Ib = A2Ia1 + AIa2
IscL-L = Ib = A2Ia1 – AIa1 = √3Ia1

13
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Line to Line Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded)

IscL-L = √3Ia1 = √3 VǾ / X1 + X2 Amps

IscL-Lpu = √3 Vpu / X1pu + X2pu

IscL-L = √3 IǾrated x 100 / %X1 + %X2 Amps

14
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
a. Line to Line Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded)
- Knowing the values of sequence components of current, we
can compute for the components of the voltage, Va1 and Va2
(Va0 = 0), from the derived equations. Thus, phase terminal
voltages are:
Vb = A2 Va1 + A Va2
= (A2 + A) Va1
Vb = - Va1
Vc = - Va1

15
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded to neutral)
Ia
Va
a

Ea
n
Eb

Ec Ib
Zn Vb
b
Ic
c Vc
Ifault

Fault Conditions: Vb = Vc = 0; Ia = 0; If = Ib + Ic
16
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded to neutral)
Recall:
Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc) = 1/3 Va
Va1 = 1/3 (Va + AVb + A2 Vc) = 1/3 Va
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + A2 Vb + A Vc) = 1/3 Va
Thus, Va0 = Va1 = Va2 also, Ia1 = - (Ia0 + Ia2)
Sequence Network:

Ea Va1 Va2 Va0

X2 X0
+
X1

Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

17
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded to neutral)
Ia1 = Ea / X1 + X2X0 / (X2 + X0);
Ia1 = Ea (X2 + X0) / (X1X2 + X1X0 + X2X0)
by CDP (Current Divider Principle)
Ia0 = Ia1 ( X2 / (X2 + X0))

Ia0 = Ea X2 / (X1X2 + X1X0 + X2X0)

but; Ia0 = 1/3 ( Ia + Ib+ Ic )

Ia0 = 1/3 ( Ib+ Ic ) Ifault

IscDLG = 3 Ia0

18
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded to neutral)

substitute to equation Ia0

IscDLG = 3 Ea X2 / (X1X2 + X1X0 + X2X0)

IscDLGpu = 3 Vpu X2pu / (X1puX2pu + X1puX0pu + X2puX0pu)

IscDLG = 3 IǾrated X2 pu
X1puX2pu + X1puX0pu + X2puX0pu

The formula here must be (-) negative value, since the flow of
Ia0 is opposing, we just use an absolute value . 19
 II. Unsymmetrical Faults
c. Double Line to Ground Fault
(phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ grounded to neutral)
- Knowing the sequence components of Ia0, Ia1 and Ia2, we can
find Ib and Ic,
since,
Ib = Ia0 + A2 Ia1 + A Ia2
Ic = Ia0 + A Ia1 + A2 Ia2
The line to ground current or fault current is equal to neutral
current
If = In = 3Ia0
Knowing the value of Ia0, we can find the value of Va0,
Va = 3Va0

20
 Sample Problems
1. A 3 phase AC generator rated 125 MVA, 13.8kV, has a positive, negative, and zero
reactances of 5%, 5%, and 2 % respectively. If this generator is grounded through a reactance
of 0.2 ohm. Calculate the following:
a. fault current for a three phase fault
b. fault current for a two phase fault
c. fault current for a single line to ground fault
d. fault current for a double line to ground fault

2. A 3 phase, 11kV, 30 MVA turbo alternator has a positive equal to negative reactance of
0.15 pu and zero sequence reactance of 0.02 pu. Calculate the fault current for a line to line
fault.

3. At a certain point of a power system network of positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, and 0.30 pu respectively. The base MVA is 100. The voltage
level at that point is 34.5 kV. Determine the zero sequence component for a one line to
ground fault.

21
 Solution to Problems
1. Given:
MVAb = 125 KVb=13.8
%X1 = 5 %X2 = 5 %X0 = 2
Zn =j 0.2 ohms
Recall:
%Zn = KVA(Z) / 10 KV2
Converting Zn to %Zn
= (125000) (0.2) / 10 (13.8)2
%Zn = j13.127%
 Solution to Problems
a.) Isc3Ө = Ibase x (100 / %X1 )
Ibase = 125000 K / 1.732 (13.8 K) = 5229.62 A
Isc3Ө = 5229.62 (100/j5) = 104.592 cis -90 KA
Ia1 = Ia = Isc3Ө = 104.592 cis -90 KA (answer)
Ia0 = Ia2 = 0A
b.) IscLL = √3 Ibase x ( 100 / %X1 + %X2 )
= √3 (5229.62) X ( 100 / j5 + j5 )
IscLL = 90.5796 cis -90 KA (answer)
Ia1 = Ia2 = IscLL / √3 = 52.296 cis -90 KA
 Solution to Problems
c. IscSLG = 3 Ibase ( 100% / %X1 + %X2 + %X0 + 3 %Zn )
= 3 (5229.62) ( 100 / j5 +j 5 + j2 + 3(j13.127) )
IscSLG = 30.534 cis -90 KA (answer)
Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 = 10.178 cis-90 KA
d. IscDLG = 3 Ibase %X2 ( 100% / %X2 %X1 + %X2 %X0 ‘+ %X1 %X0’ )
where: %X0’ = %X0 + 3 %Zn
%X0’ = j2 + 3(j13.127) = j41.381
= 3 (5229.62) (5) (100) / (5)(5) + (2)(5) (41.381)
IscDLG = 17876 .598 cis -90 A* (answer)

*using absolute value

 Solution to Problems
Ia0 = IscDLG / 3 = 5958.866 cis – 90 A
recall by CDP and apply to sequence network
Ia0 = Ia1 ( X2 / X2 + X0 ‘ )
Ia1 = 55275.63 cis -90
Ia2 = Ia1 ( X0 / X2 + X0 ‘ )
Ia2 = 49316.7667 cis -90

since Ia1 = - (Ia0 + Ia2)

Ia0 = 5958.866 cis 90 A

Ia1 = 55275.63 cis -90 A
Ia2 = 49316.7667 cis 90 A

Checking: Ia0+Ia1+Ia2 = 0.
if using the negative value of IscDLG , no need for –(Ia0 + Ia2)!.
 Problem Set 3
1. The three phase power system is shown below. Use the typical values for the computation of the zero, positive and
negative sequences of all system equipments. Determine the zero, positive and negative Thevenin’s impedance if the
fault point occurs on the load side and it’s corresponding CB with 5 cycle duty ratings.

region 1 region 2 region 3

G
Xline = 2 ohm LOAD
T2 0.9 + j 0.2 ohm
T1
G1 = 220V
20 KVA
30 KVA
%X=0.1
460/115 V
240/480 V
10MVA
Xeq = 0.10 pu
Xeq = 0.10 pu
Xn=j0.2ohms

2. Problem 2 of lecture no.6. Solve also for the phase voltage at ‘a’ for a line to line fault.
3. Problem 3 of lecture no.6. Solve also for the phase voltage at ‘a’ for a single line to ground fault.

26