ASSIGNMENT

ON
USE OF COMPUTER IN
NURSING RESEARCH

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MRS. NANDHINI.D VIJAYALAKSHMI.R
TUTOR, M. Sc NURSING
DEPT.OF.FON 1 ST YEAR
KGNC KGNC

SUBMITTED ON
14.04.2020
 USES OF COMPUTER IN NURSING RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION:

Computers influence every sphere of human activity and bring in many

changes in industry, education, health care, scientific research, social service, law and even in
arts, music and painting.

The computer revolutionized the nursing profession Clinical and technological

advancements nursing informatics the application of computer and information science to
promote and support the practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing care.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF COMPUTERS AND NURSING

•In 1960's, use of computers in healthcare is questioned, but studies on computers in nursing
are started.

1970's, nurses assisted in the design of HIS. Computers are used in financial and management
functions, and several communities developed management information

In 1980's, nursing Informatics is formally accepted as nursing specialty In 1990's, computer

technology became an integral part of the in the year 2000, Clinical Information System
became individualized in the electronic patient record, mobile computing device were
introduced.

COMPUTER:

It means Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Training Education Research

USES OF COMPUTERS IN
CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICE:

 Admission, Discharge And Transfer (ADT) ADT system allows nurses to obtain basic
biographical information on clients before they arrive to the unit.

 When a discharge or transfer is entered in the computer, all the appropriate

departments are automatically notified, thus saves many phone calls, information
about beds and client location on the unit is also readily available.

Nursing administration

 administration records, nursing notes and discharge plans are some of the forms of
nursing administration that are computerized.

 standard nursing care plans in a format determined by the institutions, to be used by

the nurses as the basis for developing individualized client care plan, of this
documentation is legible and it can store

Advantages

 Nursing assessments,
 client care plan,
 medication documentation

USES OF COMPUTER IN EDUCATION

TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS:

 Instructing the students using PowerPoint slides, word documents or web pages and
using hyperlinks for better concept daily.

 Readymade software could give practice material to students.

 Collecting notes from web pages for detailed information and projects/ assignments.

 Saving the documents as soft copy for future use.

 Learning through animations, as they are much near to the students.

  E-books/online libraries/online encyclopedia helps to guide in minutes and saves
precious time and resources

 Publications of pamphlets brochures for awareness with and among

community members.

Testing And Evaluation Process :

 Keeping records of students for their academic scores.

 Keeping records in relation to personal history.

 Creating question bank for students.

 Online testing and evaluation.

 Analysis and interpretation of the data.

Guidance purposes:

Testing for aptitude, interest, psychology using computers data bases and interest.

Library:

 Documents stored as soft copy for students/ faculty members use.

 Online magazines, journals, brochures, research articles.

 Records of the books, record of the books maintained using special library Records of
the issues and returns of the books software.

School Records
 Records of employee of school.

 Accounts of Aid to memory with minimum paper work.

 Circulation of instructions/notices and getting it in printed form

of students personal/academic the institutions,

The Use of Computers in Nursing Research

Research Problem, Purpose, Main Question or Hypothesis

The Internet and Electronic Research Databases provide access to a large
portion of the existing Quantitative and Qualitative literature. This provides foundational
data, theory, and research findings to help shape your Research Purpose and investigate your
selected Problem in depth. By examining the literature, you can begin to identify the gaps in
the literature which can help you to formulate your primary research question(s) and/or
hypotheses.
Exploring Online Research Methods in a Virtual Training Environment
http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/orm/site/home.htm Excellent step by step overview of the process
of using the online environment for research.

Literature Review

 The Literature Review phase of the research process is also facilitated by this
initial search, since a large amount of full text research papers and articles are
available through these Electronic Research Databases. Access through these
databases is usually achieved through academic and health organizations or
through personal or group subscriptions. Examples include CINAHL, Academic
Search Premier, EBSCO, MEDLINE, PsychINFO. And JSTOR.
 There are also some open access databases available on the Internet such as the DOAJ
– Directory of Open Access Journals at http://www.doaj.org/
Conceptual Framework
 Visual display software can be used to create a visual representation in the form of
concept maps, flow charts, or visual models of your research conceptual framework
(either qualitative or quantitative).
 This helps you to accomplish three results:
o a) to visually represent your main concepts and sub-concepts to organize and
guide the research process planning
o b) to visually explain your research proposal to reviewers and funding
agencies and
 o c) to illustrate the conceptual framework that emerges from your data,
especially in qualitative research.
Visual Software for Concept Mapping
 CmapTools version 4.03 for Windows - Open source software for concept mapping
and knowledge sharing, available
http://cmap.ihmc.us/download/index.php?myPlat=Win
 Freemind – Open source JAVA powered software for mind mapping. Maps can also
be published freely online through the site's WIKI.
http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_PageNursing 3220
 Conzilla – The Concept Browser http://www.conzilla.org/wiki/Overview/Main This
JAVA based, open source, versatile knowledge management tool allows you to
create context maps to brainstorm conceptual frameworks, organize and share work
and other brainstorming activities.
 DeepaMehta - http://www.deepamehta.de/ Another JAVA based, open source
knowledge management system that allows you to organize pieces of your research
as concept maps, share files with others, and supports various phases of the research
process.
 Inspiration – http://www.inspiration.com An easy to use concept mapping and visual
display software (cost is about $70).
 Smart Draw – http://www.smartdraw.com/ This software creates complex visual
displays of all kinds, including concept and mind maps, brainstorming displays, flow
charts, and network diagrams (cost is about $200).
Research Design
QUANTITATIVE
Computer programs, new technologies, and the Internet can be used both to facilitate research
design planning and data collection, as well as provide the context for a research study.
Wordprocessing, spreadsheet and database programs can all be applied to plan the study.
Examples of how technology can supply the context for a study are outlined below.
Experimental – An experimental and control group can be randomly selected to
participate in a study focused on the effectiveness of a relaxation multimedia program on
learner retention. The control group would view an alternate multimedia program that was
not designed to promote relaxation. Both groups could then be tested using the same identical
learning tool to test retention.
 Quasi-Experimental – A group of students could be selected to participate in a
videoconference that outlined the principles of health promotion. The group would be
selected using convenience sampling, and given a pretest before the videoconference, and a
post-test after they had participated in the conference. The before and after scores could then
be analysed for changes in the class' retention of the content.
Non-Experimental – An exploratory survey design could be used to investigate
nursing faculty's experiences with teaching online courses. The survey could be uploaded to a
web server so that participants could complete it online.

QUALITATIVE

Phenomenology - An educator could plan to conduct individual interviews with a small

cluster of peer participants to explore their personal experience of integrating technology into
their teaching.
Grounded Theory - A researcher could plan a study to develop theory about the
communication processes that emerge during asynchronous discussion forums between
instructors and students.
Ethnography – A researcher could join an online community to study the cybercultural
patterns of interaction and relationship building.
Feminist – A researcher could explore the experiences of women who are launching web
design businesses.
Action Research – A student could plan an initiative to explore the needs of single mothers,
using both a face-to-face meeting and online support community approach to planning and
action decisions.

Sample Type, Description, Selection

QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING
Random Sampling-
Cryptographically secure random number generators such as Fortuna or Yarrow can
be used to generate true random number selection to facilitate an unbiased random sample
selection for experimental and quasi-experimental studies.
Fortuna: http://www.codeproject.com/cpp/FortunaCSI.asp
Yarrow: http://www.schneier.com/yarrow.html
QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE SAMPLING
Non-probability Techniques
Purposive Sampling – An educator could apply their own discretion or judgment to invite
particular students to participate in an online focus group to discuss their Web Quest
experiences.
Convenience Sampling – A nurse could ask clinic patients to participate in a web based
eMonitor study to assess their monthly blood pressure from their home.
Snowball Sampling - Forms to petition online survey participants to invite a friend to also
participate in the study could be designed to increase the sample size.

Research instruments and Data Collection

Computer programs, the Internet and other technologies can also be used to both
create and/or implement a research instrument in both quantitative and qualitative research.
Surveys – E-mailed or online surveys can be mounted online using web forms or other
software so that participants can complete them and send them to the researcher instantly.
This often elicits a much higher return rate than mailed-out surveys. Software can also be
used to create surveys that are completed in person or printed for mail-out.
● WebSurveyor http://www.websurveyor.com/gateway.asp This is an online survey
development and data collection tool that helps professionals easily design email, web-based,
and poll types of surveys for research purposes. This software is expensive, but may be
accessible through some educational and other institutions.
● PhpESP – Easy Survey Package http://sourceforge.net/projects/phpesp/ This is an open
source PHP script that can be uploaded to a web server to provide online survey development
capabilities.
● LimeSurvey - http://www.limesurvey.org/ This is another open source PHP script based
survey development software that can be freely used to develop web based surveys for
research and viewer input.
● Likert Scaling - http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.htm An easy to
understand overview on how to create likert-scale surveys for paper or web based
nonexperimental designs.
● Patient eCare eMonitor Interface http://www.patientecare.com This web based interface
helps connect patients and caregivers by setting up home based eMonitor equipment (via the
serial port of the patient's computer) such as Blood Pressure, Weight, Peak Flow, or Glucose
eMonitors. Readings from the monitors are then recorded into the software, which could be
used in research focused on client experiences or the effectiveness of telenursing, etc.
● Biofeedback Devices http://www.bio-medical.com/ Biomed.com profiles a number of
technical monitors and software that can be used in research focused on various physiological
and psychological data measures.
● WHMS – Wearable Health Monitoring Systems http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/
A thorough introduction to these new technologies that promise to become invaluable ways
Process monitor physiological measures, and provide data for research.
Interviews
The use of computers to facilitate interviews is becoming quite common, through the use of
chat rooms, forum like settings, “talking” computers that use Flash based, narrative led
interviews, and web video recorded sessions. Researchers find these type of interviews very
suitable when exploring sensitive issues such as violence, sexual behavior, maltreatment, and
interpersonal interactions.
● Snap PDA Interviewer - http://www.snapsurveys.com/software This mobile interviewing
software facilitates face-to-face interviews by allowing the researcher to unobtrusively use
the PDA as a research instrument to collect answers to the interview questions.
Legal and ethical considerations
Informed Consent
All research, including computer assisted or focused research must include the means to
provide enough information to research participants to agree to give informed consent before
being involved in the study. The actual consent form can be created on a computer using a
word processing program. It can also be included as a downloadable file through email or the
Internet.
● Office for Health and Human Services, Office for Human Research Protections
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/ This site provides comprehensive information on how to acquire
properly informed consent from research subjects and participants.
● Sample Consent Form for a Web-Based Study
http://www.socialpsychology.org/consentform.htm Social Psychology Network provides a
sample form to help demonstrate the critical elements and techniques to use to gather
informed consent from participants who partake in online surveys, interviews or other
research studies.
● Ethical and Legal Aspects of Human Subjects Research on the Internet
http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/projects/intres/report.pdf This report is a cumulation of the
discussions from a conference workshop held in Washington, DC in 1999 and sponsored by
the U.S. Office for Protection from Research Risks.
Confidentiality and Data Security
A key consideration of all research studies is the issue of participant confidentiality
and security of all collected data, both demographic and study related. When computers are
used to collect the data, this issue becomes even more critical, since potential illegal access to
the information becomes more likely.
● Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data: Report of a Workshop http://
www.nap.edu/catalog/9958.html#toc The National Academies Press offers this online book
free for viewing and download.
● eHealth Code of Ethics - http://www.ihealthcoalition.org/ethics/ehcode.html Designed by
the eHealth Ethics Initiative, this International Code of Ethics was created to guide
researchers and eHealth providers in the process of ensuring confidentiality and data security.
Data Analysis methods
One of the most profound influences that technology has had on research is in data
analysis applications. Literally hundreds of hours can be saved by using the appropriate
analysis software in both quantitative and qualitative research. More rigorous testing can be
achieved plus a huge reduction in analyst error.
QUANTITATIVE STATISTICS
● SPSS – http://www.spss.com/spss/ This software has been considered the premier
non/parametric data analysis software for several decades. Once available only by main
frame computer, PC versions are now available. Examples of statistics that can easily be
calculated: Chi Squares, Correlation, T Tests, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
● Web based Calculators – Vassar Stats http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/VassarStats.html A
variety of web based programs are now available on the Internet for calculating various
quantitative data sets. By far, the prime site for this is Vassar Stats, created by Richard
Lowry, a psychology professor at Vassar College in New York. Robust java based calculators
quickly analyze Chi Squares, T Tests, Correlation, Z tests, and ANOVA tests from anywhere
that web access is possible.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
  http://www.qsrinternational.com/products/productoverview/product_overview.htm
QSR, an Australian company offers two elite qualitative analysis software packages
particularly suited to analyzing phenomenological, action, grounded theory, and
mixed methods data.
 WEFT QDA - http://www.pressure.to/qda/ This Open Source qualitative analysis tool
works much like N6 above, but in a simpler, more straightforward manner. It is free to
use, and allows the research to organize narrative and interview data into themes,
matrixes, frequency counts, and to apply boolean queries.
 AtlasTi - http://www.atlasti.com/ This “knowledge workbench” software is excellent
for analyzing text, video, and audio and other multimedia qualitative data.
 HyperResearchhttp://www.researchware.com/?gclid=CObppvTO6YgCFSZmYwodh
VuSow This software also analyzes both text and multimedia data, enabling the
researcher to code, retrieve, theorize, and conduct data analyses.
Discussion of Findings, Recommendations, Implications, Limitations,
Summary
Preparing Tables and Visual Data Displays, Publishing, Presentations
Word processing software like Microsoft Office or the open source software, Open Office
can be used to create text documents, spreadsheets, tables, graphs and charts as well as
Powerpoint presentations for preparing tables and visual displays of the research study
findings.
● Open Office - http://www.openoffice.org/ This robust, free, office suite includes all of the
features of other more expensive office suites, plus is compatible with all of them (e.g. Can
export files as a Word document) and allows you to publish your files as PDFs without
buying a PDF converter.
● Writer's Block - http://www.writersblocks.com/wb3download.htm This software is meant
to help researchers organize their findings into blocks of text to help with the final writing in
a clear and logical way.

Budget
An important part of any research proposal is an accurate and easy to follow budget,
especially when the researcher is seeking funding. Various spreadsheet software can help
with this, including the spreadsheet available in Open Office (listed above) or Microsoft
Excel that comes with MS Office. As well, budget software such as Quicken can also be
useful for this part of the research process.
Spreadsheet Add-Ons
● NSF Budget Calculation Sheet for Excel or Open Office
http://durango.research.usf.edu/images/uploads/NSF_Budget.xls This worksheet can be
downloaded and imported into either Excel or Open Office to assist researchers to calculate
the proposed research budget.
● OSG Sample Budget Calculation Sheet for Excel or Open Office
http://www.research.uh.edu/Online_Forms/OCG_Sample_budget.xls Another sample
worksheet that can be imported into Excel or Open Office spreadsheet software.

References and Bibliography

Researchers often use style and databased software to help them to organize their reference
resources and to format their reference and bibliography lists correctly using the common
citation styles such as APA or Chicago Style.
● End Note X http://www.endnote.com/ This popular bibliographic software is used by many
academic institutions and researchers to provide a robust reference database. Also helps you
to import citations into Microsoft Word when writing the research paper or proposal.
● Biblioscape Research Information Manager http://www.biblioscape.com/ Another software
package for organizing research and paper citations and reference data.
Style Guide Aids
● Microsoft Office (or Open Office) APA document template
http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/APATemplate.doc This downloadable Word document (doc) can
be imported to Word or Open Office to guide the researcher in writing a research report using
APA 5th edition style.
● MLAGEN - MLA Auto-Generator http://mlagen.sourceforge.net/ This freeware
bibliographic program helps to apply the MLA Style to documents and references.

CONCLUSION:
Computer programs, new technologies, and the internet can be used both to
facilitate research design planning and data collection , as well as provide the context for a
research study.
 Computers are now in use in many areas of nursing .nursing research is one
area where much of the ground work in the use of computers in research has been undertaken
by other disciplines such as psychology and the natural sciences.

REFERENCES:
BOOK REFERENCES:

 Shebeer. P.Basheer, S.Yaseen khan, a concise text book of advanced nursing practice.
2nd edition, 2012 published by EMMESS medical publishers. Page .No. 780-809
 NC.Jain & MS.Sakshi. Computer for nurses. 2004. AIBS publishers. India. Pg.no:1-8,
26-28.
 Suresh k sharma ‘nursing research and statistics’, 2 nd edition published by Elsevier
publishers. Page no 372-374.

JOURNAL REFERANCES:

(International Journal of Research in Science and Technology http: / ww.ijrst.com (IJRST)

October-December ISSN: 22490604
2014, Vol. No. 3, Issue No. V,

NET REFERANCES:

www.asrn.org/advancedpractice.in nursing

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.nursing-informatics.com/kwantlen/overview.html