Structural Dynamics

Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF)

System (8)
Response to Periodic Loading
Lecture 9

M.E. in Earthquake Engineering

Khwopa Engineering College,
Bhaktapur
2020
 Trigonometric Form of Fourier Loading
 
p t  nT p  pt . n  1,2,3......... 1
2
 n  n  n 2
  Tp
2n 2n 
pt    a n cos
 t  bn sin t 3

n 0  Tp T p 
 
pt   a 0   a n cos n t   bn sin n t 4
n 1 n 1
 is called the fundamental loading frequency and the subsequent
frequencies n (for n ≥ 2) are called the harmonics.

Arbitrary periodic loading

 Fourier Constants
In which the constants are given by:
Tp

 pt dt
1
a0 
Tp 0
Tp

 pt cos
2
an  n t dt n  1,2,3,...
Tp 0
Tp

 pt sin
2
bn  n t dt n  1,2,3,...
Tp 0

The constants are determined with the use of the

following relationships for the trigonometric integrals.
Fourier Constants
Tp
2

 cos nt cos mtdt  o mn 5

Tp

2
Tp
2

 ntdt  T p 2
cos 2
n0 6
Tp

2
Tp
2

 sin nt sin mtdt  o mn 7 

Tp

2
Tp
2

 ntdt  T p 2
sin 2
n0 8
Tp

2
 Fourier Constants

Tp
2

 cos nt sin mtdt  0 9

Tp

2
Tp
2

 cos ntdt  0 n0 10

Tp

2
Tp
2

 sin ntdt  0 11

Tp

2
 Fourier Constants
• To determine the constant a0, the series in (4) is
integrated over a period interval [from t = -Tp/2 to t =
Tp/2 or from t = 0 to t = Tp]
Tp Tp Tp Tp

 pt tdt  a  dt  a  costtdt  .......  a  cos ntdt  .......

0
0
0
1
0
n
0
Tp Tp

b1  sin ttdt  .......  bn  sin nttdt  ....... 12

0 0

According to equations (10) and (11), all right-hand terms

are equal to zero except for the first term which is equal to
a0Tp.
 Fourier Constants
Tp

 pt dt 13

1
a0 
Tp 0

To determine constants an(n = 1, 2, 3, …..), equation (4)

is multiplied by cos nt and integrated over a period
interval.
Tp Tp Tp Tp

 pt  cos ntdt  a 0  cos ntdt  a1  cost cos ntdt  .......  a n  cos 2 ntdt  .......
0 0 0 0
Tp Tp

b1  sin t cos ntdt  .......  bn  sin nt cos ntdt  ....... 14
0 0
 Fourier Constants
• Using equations (5), (9) and (10), all right-hand cosine2
terms are equal to zero except for a single term in cos nt
,that, according to equation (6), is equal to Tp/2.

Tp

pt  cos ntdt 15

2
an 
Tp 
0

Similarly, to obtain constants bn(n=1, 2, 3, ….), equation

(4) is multiplied by sin nt and integrated over a period
interval.
 Fourier Constants
Tp Tp Tp Tp

 pt sin ntdt  a  sin ndt  a  cost sin ntdt  .......  a  cos nt sin ndt  .......
0
0
0
1
0
n
0
Tp Tp

b1  sin t sin ndt  .......  bn  sin 2 nttdt  ....... 16

0 0

Again, using equations (7), (9) and (11), all terms in the
second member of the resulting equation are equal to zero
except for a single term in sin 2 n t that, according to
equation (8) is equal to TP/2.

Tp

pt  sin ntdt 17

2
bn 
Tp 
0
 Fourier Constants
• The Fourier Coefficients (13), (15) and (17) are known
as Euler Formulas or Euler – Fourier Formulas.
Equation (4), alternatively can be expressed as

pt   p0   pn cosnt   n  18
n 1

Where, p0 = a0 and the amplitude of the nth harmonics

pn  a n2  bn2
b 
 n  tan 1

 19
 an 
- Phase angle
 Response to Periodic Loading

    
pt     a n cos P1
2 n 2 n
t  bn sin t

n 0  T T 
p p 
 
pt   a 0   a n cos n t   bn sin n t
n 1 n 1
 Response to Periodic Loading
Tp

pt dt
1
a0 
Tp 
0
Tp

 pt cos P2 

2
an  n t dt n  1,2,3,...
Tp 0
Tp

 pt sin
2
bn  n t dt n  1,2,3,...
Tp 0
 Response to Fourier Series Loading

The Fourier Series, representing an

arbitrary periodic loading, as expressed by
the equations in the earlier slides consists
of:
 a constant load (the average load value
represented by a0)
 a series of harmonic loads (sine and
cosine terms) of frequencies  n and
amplitudes an and bn.
 Response to Fourier Series Loading
• The steady-state response produced in an un-
damped SDOF by each sine term is given by:

v n t   P3a 
bn 1
sin n 1 t

k 1 n
2

• Refer:
v t   A cos t  B sin t 
p0 1
sint

k 1  2

2n
Where as  n n 1 Tp nT
n   
  2 Tp
T
 Response to Fourier Series Loading

• Similarly, the steady-state response to each

cosine term is given by:

v n t   P3b 
an 1
cos n 1 t

k 1 n
2

• The steady-state response to the constant
load component is merely the static deflection:

v0 
a0
P3c
k
Response to Fourier Series Loading

• The total periodic response of the un-

damped structure can be expressed as
the sum of the individual response
expressions for all terms of the loading
series:
 

v t   a 0  
1 1
an cos n  1 t  bn sin n 1 t  P3
n1 1   n 
2
k 

Where the load-amplitude coefficients

are given by the Fourier series
expressions of (P2).
Response to Fourier Series Loading
• In case of damped SDOF, the response
due to sine term:

v n t  
bn 1
   P4a
    n sin n t  2 n cos n t
2
1

k 1   n2  2 n 
2 2

due to cosine term:

v n t  
an 1
    P4b
       n cos n t
2
2 sin t 1

k 1   n2  2 n 
2 2 n n
 Response to Fourier Series Loading

• The total steady-state response (Damped

SDOF):

  
 a n 2 n  bn 1   n2 sin n n t  
 
   

 
vt 
1
a0  
1
 a n 1   n  bn 2 n cos n 1 t 
2
P4 
k n 1 1     2 
2
n n
2
 
 
 Response to Fourier Series Loading
Example E4 -1. As an example of the response
analysis of a periodically loaded structure,
consider the system and loading shown in Fig.
E41. The loading in this case consists of the
positive portion of a simple sine function.
Exponential Form of Fourier Series Solution

• Using 1  ix
sin x   i e  e  ix
2
 
1 ix
and cos x  e  e ix
2
  P5
Equations (P1) and (P2) can be written in exponential form,

pt   C n expin 1 t  P6 
n  

where

pt  exp in 1 t dt P7 

1

Tp
Cn 
Tp 0
Exponential Form of Fourier Series Solution

mvt   cvt   kvt   expit  P8

Steady-state solution:

v t   H  expit  P9
Complex –frequency-response function:

H    P10
1
  m  i c  k
2
Exponential Form of Fourier Series Solution

H    P11
1

k   2  2 i   1
H n 1   P12
1

k   1 n 2  2in 1  1 
1
where  1 


v t    H n 1 C n expin 1 t  P13
