HIGHLIGHTS OF THE

REVISED CORPORATION CODE

Coffee Morning Talk
Australian-New Zealand Chamber of Commerce (ANZCHAM)
March 20, 2019

Roderick R.C. Salazar III

Fortun Narvasa & Salazar
Corporate Secretary – ANZCHAM
0917-848-9462; 02812-8670; [email protected]
1. Date of Effectivity/Repeal of Corporation Code:
2. Unchanged Corporate Principles and Concepts:
3. Significant Changes and Introductions:
(A) Ease in doing business;
(B) Process improvements in corporate activities;
(C) Corporate continuity and stability;
(D) Corporate Governance; Directors’ and officers’
accountability;
(E) SEC jurisdiction and authority expansion.
4. Summary
Date of Effectivity/Repeal:
1. The Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines,
Rep. Act No. 11232 (the “Revised Corp. Code” or
the “Law”) became effective on February 23,
2019.
2. Repeals Batas Pambansa Blg. 68, the Corporation
Code of 1980.
Unchanged Corporate Principles and
Concepts:
2. Revised Corp. Code now contains 188 sections compared to the 149
sections of the Old Corp. Code
 Maintains:
 definition of a corporation
 classes of corporations – stock and non-stock
 classification of shares
 management structure of corporations
 corporate powers and capacity
 dissolution process
 mergers and consolidations, and
 licensing of foreign corporations.
Significant Changes and Introductions:
3. Substantive changes in Revised Corp. Code may be classified
into the following main categories:

(A) Ease in doing business;

(B) Process improvements in corporate activities;
(C) Corporate continuity and stability;
(D) Corporate Governance; Directors’ and officers’
accountability;
(E) Expansion of SEC jurisdiction and authority
(A) Contributions to Ease in Doing Business: -
(i) Incorporation facilitated:

(a) Partnerships, associations or corporations, singly or

jointly with others but not more than 15 may now be incorporators
– Sec. 10; but if singly or to be a One Person Corporation (“OPC”),
incorporator must be a natural person, trust or an estate – Sec.
116;
(b) No more residency requirement for
incorporators/directors – Secs. 10 and 22
(c) Professionals or partnerships or associations organized for
the practice of a profession - not allowed to organize as a
corporation – Sec. 10
(d) Changes in contents of the Articles of Incorporation (AOI) –
Secs. 13 and 14 and related sections:
 Corporate Name – must be distinguishable from name
already reserved or registered for use of another
corporation, or is not protected by law; or is not contrary
to existing law, rules and regulations. – Sec. 17
 Requires online verification – Sec. 18
 Ifa One Person Corporation (“OPC”), letters “OPC” must
be indicated either below or at end of corporate name –
Sec. 120
 Principal Office Address – now allows general reference to
city or municipality and not a specific office address;
 Corporate Term – now with perpetual existence unless AOI
provides otherwise – Sec. 11
 For existing corporations – automatically now have
perpetual existence, unless by majority vote of
stockholders, notifies SEC that it elects to retain its specific
corporate term under its present AOI – Sec. 11, 2nd par.
 Effect of non-use of corporate charter, failure to organize or
commence business is now for a period of five (5) years (no
longer for 2 years) from date of incorporation – effect -
deemed revoked certificate of registration – Sec. 21
 Incorporators – May be partnerships, associations or
corporations; may be only one (1) incorporator but still not
more than 15; and no more residency requirement – Sec. 10
 Seventh Article on Capital - No required minimum
capital stock except if required by special law –
Sec.12; - see, e.g. FIA on minimum paid up capital of
foreign corporations in the domestic market.
 Eighth Article on Subscriptions - No more required
25% minimum subscription and paid up capital stock at
incorporation – previous Sec. 13 deleted – but in
increase of authorized capital stock - 25% subscription
and 25% paid up requirements are still imposed – Sec.
37. FIA requires paid-up for foreign corporations.
 Directors/Trustees – No more minimum number of five
(5) and no more residency requirement – Sec. 22
 Arbitration Agreement – may be provided and it governs
dispute resolution between the corporation, its
stockholders or members arising out of implementation
of AOI or by-laws, or from intra-corporate relations;
- criminal offenses and interests of third parties are
not arbitrable;
- binding on corporation, its directors, trustees,
officers, executives and managers; - Sec. 181
 No need for Treasurer’s Affidavit because in Article Ninth
of AOI, the Treasurer is named and he is a signatory to the
AOI thereby certifying the information in the seventh and
eighth clauses of the AOI – Sec. 14.
 Treasurer must be a resident – Sec. 40
 Tenth Article – contains undertaking to change the name of
the corporation and need not be in a separate affidavit.
 Electronic filing – in accordance with SEC rules - Sec. 13
 Deleted requirement for “favorable recommendation of
appropriate government agency” for incorporation or
amendment for public utilities, educational institution and
other corporations governed by special law.
 (d) Adoption of By-laws – no longer required to be done
within one (1) month from incorporation, may still be adopted
and filed prior to incorporation (along with AOI) - Sec. 45
 By-lawsmay provide for modes by which stockholder,
member, director, or trustee may attend meetings
and cast votes – in person; by proxy; by remote
communication or in absentia – Sec. 46
 May provide for arbitration agreement – Sec. 46
(ii) Introduction of OPC as a type of corporation – Secs. 115 to 132 -
corporation with a single stockholder; stock corporation; cannot be a
non-stock corporation;
 Who may form – only natural persons, trust, or an estate;
- banks; quasi-banks, preneed, trust, insurance, public and
publicly-listed companies, and non-chartered GOCCs may NOT
incorporate OPC;
- professionals wanting to exercise profession cannot form OPC;
- foreigners and non-residents may form OPC.
 How much capital – no minimum authorized capital stock except as
required by special law; foreigners need to comply with FIA
requirement of US$200,000 for domestic market enterprise.
 What should be filed - AOI; no need for By-laws; name should
indicate “OPC” either below or at the end of the corporate name.
 Who constitute the OPC –
 single stockholder shall be sole director and
president of OPC;
 within 15 days from issuance of certificate of
incorporation, OPC shall appoint a treasurer, corporate
secretary, and other officers as necessary, and SEC is
notified of appointments within 5 days;
 single stockholder cannot be corporate secretary;
 Single stockholder can be treasurer - posts bond in SEC
required amount, with written undertaking to faithfully
administer OPC’s funds, and to invest and disburse same
according to AOI; bond is renewed every 2 years or as often
required by SEC;

 nominee and alternate nominee stockholders are required

to be designated - takes place of single stockholder as
director and manages corporation’s affairs on death of single
stockholder.

 Corporate secretary has special functions to maintain

minutes and notify in case of death of single stockholder.
 Reports to be filed by OPC – AFS; disclosure of self-dealings and
related party transactions; others required; failure to file for 3
consecutive times or intermittently within a period of 5 years will
result in delinquent status.
 Liability of OPC – Sole shareholder has burden of proving OPC was
adequately financed; and that property of OPC is independent of
stockholder’s personal property – otherwise, sole shareholder is
jointly and severally liable for debts and other liabilities of OPC.
Principle of piercing the veil of corporate fiction applies.
 Conversion from an Ordinary Corporation to an OPC – when a
single stockholder acquires all stocks of an ordinary stock
corporation, he may apply for conversion into OPC; thus, a
certificate of filing of amended articles of incorporation is issued
by SEC to reflect conversion.
 Conversion from an OPC to an Ordinary Stock
Corporation – may also be applied for and granted
through an amendment of AOI.
 Effect of death of single shareholder – nominee or
alternate nominee transfers shares to duly designated
legal heir or estate within 7 days from receipt of either
an Affidavit of heirship or self-adjudication executed
by sole heir; then heirs notify SEC of decision to either
wind up and dissolve OPC or to convert into an ordinary
stock corporation.
(B) Process improvements in corporate activities –

(i) Stockholders/Members Regular/Special Meetings – Written notice

may be sent by means of communications provided by bylaws, by electronic
mail or other SEC allowed manner – Sec. 49 – at least 21 days (instead of 2
weeks)
Notice of meeting is now required to be accompanied by:
(a) Agenda; (b) Proxy form; (c) requirements and procedures for
attendance, participation, and voting by remote communication or in
absentia; (d) requirements and procedure for nomination and election
– Sec. 50
(ii) Voting of Stockholders/Members – remote communication
or in absentia allowed in election of directors, deemed
present for purposes of quorum. Right is recognized in
corporations vested with public interest, even if provision is
absent in by-laws. - Sec. 23.
(iii) Directors/Trustees Meetings – Notice of meetings must
be sent at least two (2)days prior to the scheduled meeting -
no longer one (1) day
- Directors or trustees can participate and vote through
remote communication such as videoconferencing,
teleconferencing, or other alternative modes of
communication.
- Directors or trustees cannot attend or vote by proxy at
board meetings. – Sec. 52

(iv) Electronic Filing of AOI and applications for amendments

– Sec. 13
(C) Corporate continuity and stability –

(i) Perpetual Existence - unless AOI provides otherwise, or for existing

corporations, unless majority of stockholders elect to retain specific
corporate term provided in AOI and advises SEC – Sec. 11 – previously
50 years.
(ii) Revival of Corporate Term - corporation with expired term. Upon
approval by SEC, the corporation shall be deemed revived and a
certificate of revival of existence shall be issued – Sec. 11
(iii) Election of Replacement Directors/Trustees –vacancy due to term
expiration, election should be ON the day of such expiration; when
vacancy due to removal, election held ON same day as removal; but in
both cases, no later than 45 days from vacancy; term of replacement
director or trustee is only for unexpired term – Sec. 28
 Election of an emergency director/emergency board –
now allowed when no quorum in BOD due to resignation,
death or disqualification and emergency action is
required to prevent grave, substantial, and irreparable
loss or damage to corporation. Serves only to address
emergency and ceases when replacement director is
elected. SEC must be notified – Sec. 28
 Corporations are empowered to enter into partnerships,
joint venture or any commercial agreements – Sec. 35(h) –
expands rule in jurisprudence that corporations can enter
into JV only and not partnerships.
(D) Corporate Governance – introduced as a new concept and
recurring theme; also strengthens minority protection;
Directors’ and officers’ accountability;
 term “corporate governance” - not defined in Revised Corp. Code, but
used significantly and new provisions re good governance and
protection of minority stockholders.
 Directed at corporations vested with public interest such as listed
companies, banks, quasi-banks, pawnshops, money service business,
preneed, trust and insurance companies, and other financial
intermediaries.

 SEC Memorandum Circular No. 9, s. 2014 - defined corporate

governance as: “framework of rules, systems and processes in
corporation that governs performance of Board of Directors and
management of their respective duties and responsibilities to
stockholders and other stakeholders which include, among others,
customers, employees, suppliers, financiers, government and
community in which it operates.”
 (i) SEC Mandate - promote corporate governance and
protection of minority investors through, among others,
issuance of rules and regulations consistent with international
best practices – Sec. 179
 (ii) Independent Directors - required for corporations vested
with public interest – Sec. 22
 (iii) Duties of Directors - shall perform their duties as
prescribed by law, rules of good corporate governance, and
by-laws of corporation – Sec. 23
 (iv) Voting by shareholders through remote communication or
in absentia - is now allowed – Sec. 23 and Sec. 49 – protects
minority
(v) Compliance officer - required for corporations vested with
public interest – Sec. 24
(vi) Adds grounds for disqualification of
Directors/Trustees/Officers –
(a) for violating “The Securities Regulation Code”;
(b) found administratively liable for any offense involving fraud
acts; and
(c) by foreign court or equivalent foreign regulatory authority
for similar acts, violations or misconduct resulting in
conviction by final judgment. Sec. 26
(vii) The provision on self-dealing Directors - expanded to cover contracts
of corporation with spouses and relatives within 4th civil degree of
consanguinity or affinity of director of officer – Sec. 31; A director who has
potential interest in any related party transaction must recuse from voting on
the approval of the related party transaction – Sec. 52

(viii) Foreign corporations CANNOT give political donations – Sec. 35 (i)

(xix) Approval of the Philippine Competition Commission for sale or

disposition of corporate assets – Sec. 39; increase or decrease in capital or
incurring or increasing any bonded indebtedness – Sec. 37; or merger or
consolidation, of corporations – Sec. 78
(x) Expanded Information for stockholders at regular
meetings– Sec. 49
(xi) Chairman presides over meetings, unless bylaws provide
otherwise – Sec. 53 – previously, President was recognized by old
Corp. Code as presiding officer.
(xii) Reportorial Requirements – Annual Submission – now
specifically stated – Sec. 177
 (aa) Audited Financial Statements
 (bb) General Information Sheet – new form use is suspended
until June 30, 2019
(xiii) Right of Inspection Expanded - Sec. 73 - (a) AOI, By-
laws and amendments; (b) Current ownership structure and
voting rights, including lists of stockholders or members,
group structures, intra-group relations, ownership data, and
beneficial ownership; (c) Names/Addresses of directors or
trustees/executive officers; (d) Record of all business
transactions; (e) A record of board and stockholders
resolutions; (f) Copies of latest reportorial requirements
submitted to SEC; and (g) Minutes of all meetings of
stockholders or members, or of BOD or trustees – with more
details required.

Right of Inspection is NOT open to non-stockholder or non-

member, or competitor, director, officer, controlling
stockholder or otherwise represents interests of competitor.
 (xiv) Identifies and penalizes new offenses/ increases penalties but
deletes penalty of imprisonment –
 (aa) Unauthorized use of corporate name – Sec. 159
 (bb) Violation of disqualification provision – Sec. 160
 (cc) Violation of duty to maintain records – Sec. 161
 (dd) Willful certification of Incomplete, inaccurate, false or
misleading statements or reports – Sec. 161
 (ee) Collusion of an independent auditor – Sec. 163
 (ff) Obtaining corporate registration through fraud – Sec. 164
 (gg) Fraudulent conduct of business – Sec. 165
 (hh) Acting as intermediaries for graft and corrupt practices – Sec.
166
 (ii) Engaging intermediaries for graft and corrupt practices – Sec.
167
 (jj) Tolerating graft and corrupt practices- Sec. 168
(xv) Retaliation against whistleblowers – Sec. 169 – persons
who provide truthful information relating to the commission or
possible commission of any offense or violation of the Revised
Corp. Code – a person who retaliates against a whistleblower by
interfering with his livelihood, etc. may be penalized with fine
from P100,000 to P1,000,000 – Sec. 169
(xvi) The deposit for issuance of license to a foreign
corporation is increased to P 500,000 and in subsequent fiscal
years, 2% of the amount by which the licensee’s gross income for
that fiscal year exceeds P 10 Million – Sec. 143 – from P100,000
and P5 Million
 (E) SEC jurisdiction and authority expansion –

 (i) Visitorial powers over all corporations

 (ii) Authority over certain intra-corporate disputes:
 (aa) Summary order to hold election of directors if election is not held
unjustifiably.– Sec. 25
 (bb) Removal of a director elected despite a disqualification – Sec. 27
 (cc) Disputes pertaining to denial of right of inspection or reproduction of
corporate records – Sec. 73
 (dd) Motu proprio or upon verified complaint, dissolution of corporation on
grounds provided in Section 138 of Revised Corp. Code.
 (ee) Alleged violation of Revised Corporation Code, or of its rule,
regulation or order – Sec. 154 - subpoena powers – Sec. 155; and contempt
powers – Sec. 157 issuance of a permanent cease and desist order,
suspension or revocation of the certificate of incorporation; and dissolution
of the corporation and forfeiture of its assets – for violations of Revised Corp.
Code, rules or regulations, or any of SEC’s orders – Sec. 159
Thank you.